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    λ‹¨μ–΄μž„λ² λ”©μ„ μ΄μš©ν•œ 일본어와 ν•œκ΅­μ–΄μ—μ„œμ˜ μ˜μ–΄ μ™Έλž˜μ–΄ μ˜λ―ΈλΆ„μ„

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μΈλ¬ΈλŒ€ν•™ μ–Έμ–΄ν•™κ³Ό, 2021. 2. μ‹ νš¨ν•„.μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ ν™œλ°œν•œ λ¬Έν™” ꡐλ₯˜κ°€ 이루어짐에 따라 μ™Έλž˜μ–΄κ°€ 일반적으둜 자주 μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ”λ°, μ™Έλž˜μ–΄μ˜ 수용 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 언어적 ν˜„μƒμ΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚œλ‹€. μ™Έλž˜μ–΄κ°€ μˆ˜μš©λ¨μ— 따라 μ›λž˜ μ°¨μš©μ£Όμ— μ‘΄μž¬ν–ˆλ˜ 단어가 사라지기도 ν•˜κ³ , μ°¨μš©μ–΄μ˜ 접미사와 단어가 차용주의 단어와 κ²°ν•©ν•˜μ—¬ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 단어λ₯Ό μƒμ„±ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜λ©°, μ°¨μš©μ–΄μ˜ μ „μΉ˜μ‚¬κ°€ μ™Έλž˜μ–΄λ‘œμ„œ κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜κΈ°λ„ ν•œλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, μ™Έλž˜μ–΄ μžμ²΄λŠ” 차용주의 언어적 μ œμ•½μœΌλ‘œ 인해 μ™Έλž˜μ–΄μ˜ μ •μ°© κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ ν˜•νƒœ, 음운 및 의미 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ²ͺλŠ”λ‹€. 이와 같이, μ™Έλž˜μ–΄μ˜ 수용 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ μ°¨μš©μ£Όμ™€ μ°¨μš©μ–΄μ˜ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ³€ν™”κ°€ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ™Έλž˜μ–΄λŠ” μ—­μ‚¬μ–Έμ–΄ν•™μ˜ ν˜•νƒœλ‘ , 음운둠, 의미둠과 같은 μ—¬λŸ¬ λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ²Œ μ—°κ΅¬λ˜λŠ” 주제 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ΄λ‹€. μ™Έλž˜μ–΄λŠ” 주둜 차용주의 λ‹¨μ–΄λ‘œλŠ” ν‘œν˜„ν•  수 μ—†λŠ” μ™„μ „νžˆ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ™Έκ΅­ μ œν’ˆλͺ…μ΄λ‚˜ κ°œλ…μ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ” 데 μ‚¬μš©λœλ‹€. 그런데 ν•œνŽΈμœΌλ‘œλŠ” 이미 κ³ μœ μ–΄λ‘œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” 단어λ₯Ό μ’€ 더 κ³ κΈ‰μŠ€λŸ½κ³  ν•™μˆ μ μΈ μ΄λ―Έμ§€λ‘œ λ°”κΎΈκΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ™Έλž˜μ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜λŠ”λ°, μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ™Έλž˜μ–΄μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒμ–Έμ–΄ν•™μ  역할은 졜근 특히 μ£Όλͺ©μ„ λ°›κ³  μžˆλ‹€. λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ™Έλž˜μ–΄ μ„ ν–‰μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ™Έλž˜μ–΄μ˜ λ§Žμ€ 예λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ§‘ν•˜κ³  μ–Έμ–΄λ³€ν™” νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ μ •λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 졜근 λ§λ­‰μΉ˜ 기반의 μ •λŸ‰μ  μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 단어 길이와 같은 언어학적인 μš”μΈλ“€μ΄ μ™Έλž˜μ–΄κ°€ μ°¨μš©μ£Όμ— μ„±κ³΅μ μœΌλ‘œ μ •μ°©ν•˜λŠ” 과정에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ”μ§€ ν†΅κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” 방법이 많이 μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ‹¨μ–΄μ˜ λΉˆλ„κΈ°λ°˜ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” λ‹¨μ–΄μ˜ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 의미 정보λ₯Ό μ •λŸ‰ν™”ν•˜λŠ” λ°μ—λŠ” 어렀움이 μžˆμ–΄ μ™Έλž˜μ–΄ 의미 ν˜„μƒμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ •λŸ‰μ  λΆ„μ„μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 아직 μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ™Έλž˜μ–΄μ™€ κ΄€λ ¨λœ 의미 ν˜„μƒμ„ μ •λŸ‰μ μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„μ„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ λ‹¨μ–΄μž„λ² λ”©(Word Embedding) 기반의 방법을 μ œμ•ˆν•œλ‹€. 단어 μž„λ² λ”© 방법은 λ”₯ λŸ¬λ‹ 방법과 μ–Έμ–΄ 빅데이터λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹¨μ–΄μ˜ 의미 λ¬Έλ§₯ 정보λ₯Ό 벑터 κ°’μœΌλ‘œ 효과적으둜 λ³€ν™˜ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. 이 방법을 ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ™Έλž˜μ–΄μ™€ κ΄€λ ¨λœ 의미 ν˜„μƒμ˜ μ„Έ 가지 주제, μ–΄νœ˜ 경쟁, 의미적 적응, μ‚¬νšŒμ  의미 κΈ°λŠ₯κ³Ό 문화적 κ²½ν–₯ 변화에 μ΄ˆμ μ„ λ§žμΆ”μ–΄ 연ꡬλ₯Ό μ§„ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 첫 번째 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ™Έλž˜μ–΄μ™€ 차용주의 λ™μ˜μ–΄ κ°„μ˜ μ–΄νœ˜κ²½μŸμ— 쀑점을 λ‘”λ‹€. λΉˆλ„κΈ°λ°˜μ˜ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ–΄νœ˜ 경쟁의 μœ ν˜•(단어 λŒ€μ²΄ λ˜λŠ” 의미 λΆ„ν™”)을 ꡬ별할 수 μ—†λ‹€. μ–΄νœ˜ 경쟁의 μœ ν˜•μ„ νŒλ‹¨ν•˜λ €λ©΄ μ™Έλž˜μ–΄μ™€ 차용주 λ™μ˜μ–΄ κ°„μ˜ λ¬Έλ§₯ 곡유 μƒνƒœλ₯Ό νŒŒμ•…ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. λ¬Έλ§₯ 곡유 μƒνƒœλ₯Ό μ •λŸ‰μ μœΌλ‘œ λͺ¨λΈλ§ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ  κ°œλ…μ„ μ μš©ν•œλ‹€. μ œμ•ˆλœ κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ  단어 μž„λ² λ”© 기반 λͺ¨λΈμ€ μ™Έλž˜μ–΄μ™€ μˆ˜μš©μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ λ™μ˜μ–΄ μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” μ–΄νœ˜ κ²½μŸμ„ μ •λŸ‰μ μœΌλ‘œ νŒλ‹¨ν•¨μ„ 확인할 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. 두 번째 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 일본어와 ν•œκ΅­μ–΄μ—μ„œμ˜ μ˜μ–΄ μ™Έλž˜μ–΄μ˜ 의미 적응에 쀑점을 λ‘”λ‹€. μ˜μ–΄ μ™Έλž˜μ–΄λŠ” μ°¨μš©μ£Όμ— μ •μ°©ν•˜λŠ” 과정을 톡해 의미 적응을 κ²ͺλŠ”λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ™Έλž˜μ–΄μ™€ μ˜μ–΄ κ³ μœ μ–΄μ™€μ˜ 의미 차이λ₯Ό λΉ„κ΅ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ³€ν™˜ ν–‰λ ¬ 방법을 μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ˜μ–΄ μ™Έλž˜μ–΄μ˜ 일본어와 ν•œκ΅­μ–΄μ—μ„œμ˜ 의미 적응 차이λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, μ˜μ–΄ λ‹¨μ–΄μ˜ λ‹€μ˜μ„±μ΄ μ˜λ―Έμ μ‘μ— μ£ΌλŠ” 영ν–₯을 ν†΅κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ„Έ 번째 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 일본과 ν•œκ΅­μ˜ μ΅œμ‹  문화적 κ²½ν–₯을 λ°˜μ˜ν•˜λŠ” μ™Έλž˜μ–΄μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒ 의미적 역할에 μ΄ˆμ μ„ λ§žμΆ˜λ‹€. 일본과 ν•œκ΅­ μ‚¬νšŒμ˜ λ―Έλ””μ–΄μ—μ„œλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 문화적인 κ²½ν–₯μ΄λ‚˜ μ΄μŠˆκ°€ 생겼을 λ•Œ μ™Έλž˜μ–΄λ₯Ό 자주 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ―€λ‘œ, μ™Έλž˜μ–΄κ°€ 일본과 ν•œκ΅­μ˜ 문화적 κ²½ν–₯을 λ°˜μ˜ν•˜λŠ” 역할을 κ°€μ§ˆ 것이 μ˜ˆμƒλœλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ™Έλž˜μ–΄κ°€ 문화적 κ²½ν–₯의 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό λ°˜μ˜ν•˜λŠ” μ§€ν‘œλ‘œμ„œμ˜ 역할을 ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 가섀을 μ œμ•ˆν•œλ‹€. 이 가섀을 κ²€μ¦ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 사전 ν›ˆλ ¨λœ λ¬Έλ§₯ μž„λ² λ”© λͺ¨λΈ(BERT)을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  μ‹œκ°„μ— λ”°λ₯Έ μ™Έλž˜μ–΄μ˜ λ¬Έλ§₯ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μΆ”μ ν•˜λŠ” 방법을 μ œμ•ˆν•œλ‹€. μ‹€ν—˜ κ²°κ³Ό, μ œμ•ˆλœ 방법을 톡해 μ™Έλž˜μ–΄μ˜ λ¬Έλ§₯ λ³€ν™” 좔적을 톡해 문화적 κ²½ν–₯의 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό 감지할 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 기본적으둜 일본어와 ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ 데이터λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이것은 μ „μ‚° λ‹€κ΅­μ–΄ λŒ€μ‘° μ–Έμ–΄μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ κ°€λŠ₯성을 보여쀀닀. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 단어 μž„λ² λ”© 기반의 의미 뢄석 방법은 λ‹€μ–Έμ–΄ κ³„μ‚°μ˜λ―Έλ‘  및 κ³„μ‚°μ‚¬νšŒμ–Έμ–΄ν•™μ˜ λ°œμ „μ— λ§Žμ€ κΈ°μ—¬λ₯Ό ν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ˜ˆμƒλœλ‹€.Through cultural exchanges with foreign countries, a lot of foreign words have entered another country with a foreign culture. These foreign words, loanwords, have broadly prevailed in languages all over the world. Historical linguistics has actively studied the loanword because loanword can trigger the linguistic change within the recipient language. Loanwords affect existing words and grammar: native words become obsolete, foreign suffixes and words coin new words and phrases by combining with the native words in the recipient language, and foreign prepositions are used in the recipient language. Loanwords themselves also undergo language changes-morphological, phonological, and semantic changes-because of linguistic constraints of recipient languages through the process of integration and adaptation in the recipient language. Several fields of linguistics-morphology, phonology, and semantics-have studied these changes caused by the invasion of loanwords. Mainly loanwords introduce to the recipient language a completely new foreign product or concept that can not be expressed by the recipient language words. However, people often use loanwords for giving prestigious, luxurious, and academic images. These sociolinguistic roles of loanwords have recently received particular attention in sociolinguistics and pragmatics. Most previous works of loanwords have gathered many examples of loanwords and summarized the linguistic change patterns. Recently, corpus-based quantitative studies have started to statistically reveal several linguistic factors such as the word length influencing the successful integration and adaptation of loanwords in the recipient language. However, these frequency-based researches have difficulties quantifying the complex semantic information. Thus, the quantitative analysis of the loanword semantic phenomena has remained undeveloped. This research sheds light on the quantitative analysis of the semantic phenomena of loanwords using the Word Embedding method. Word embedding can effectively convert semantic contextual information of words to vector values with deep learning methods and big language data. This study suggests several quantitative methods for analyzing the semantic phenomena related to the loanword. This dissertation focuses on three topics of semantic phenomena related to the loanword: Lexical competition, Semantic adaptation, and Social semantic function and the cultural trend change. The first study focuses on the lexical competition between the loanword and the native synonym. Frequency can not distinguish the types of a lexical competition: Word replacement or Semantic differentiation. Judging the type of lexical competition requires to know the context sharing condition between loanwords and the native synonyms. We apply the geometrical concept to modeling the context sharing condition. This geometrical word embedding-based model quantitatively judges what lexical competitions happen between the loanwords and the native synonyms. The second study focus on the semantic adaptation of English loanwords in Japanese and Korean. The original English loanwords undergo semantic change (semantic adaptation) through the process of integration and adaptation in the recipient language. This study applies the transformation matrix method to compare the semantic difference between the loanwords and the original English words. This study extends this transformation method for a contrastive study of the semantic adaptation of English loanwords in Japanese and Korean. The third study focuses on the social semantic role of loanwords reflecting the current cultural trend in Japanese and Korean. Japanese and Korean society frequently use loanwords when new trends or issues happened. Loanwords seem to work as signals alarming the cultural trend in Japanese and Korean. Thus, we propose the hypothesis that loanwords have a role as an indicator of the cultural trend change. This study suggests the tracking method of the contextual change of loanwords through time with the pre-trained contextual embedding model (BERT) for verifying this hypothesis. This word embedding-based method can detect the cultural trend change through the contextual change of loanwords. Throughout these studies, we used our methods in Japanese and Korean data. This shows the possibility for the computational multilingual contrastive linguistic study. These word embedding-based semantic analysis methods will contribute a lot to the development of computational semantics and computational sociolinguistics in various languages.Abstract i Contents iv List of Tables viii List of Figures xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview of Loanword Study 1 1.2 Research Topics in this Dissertation 6 1.2.1 Lexical Competition between Loanword and Native Synonym 6 1.2.2 Semantic Adaptation of Loanwords 8 1.2.3 Social Semantic Function and the Cultural Trend Change 11 1.3 Methodological Background 14 1.3.1 The Vector Space Model 14 1.3.2 The Bag of Words Model 15 1.3.3 Neural Network and Neural Probabilistic Language Model 15 1.3.4 Distributional Model and Word2vec 18 1.3.5 The Contextual Word Embedding and BERT 21 1.4 Summary of this Chapter 23 2 Word Embeddings for Lexical Changes Caused by Lexical Competition between Loanwords and Native Words 25 2.1 Overview 25 2.2 Related Works 28 2.2.1 Lexical Competition in Loanword 28 2.2.2 Word Embedding Model and Semantic Change 30 2.3 Selection of Loanword and Korean Synonym Pairs 31 2.3.1 Viable Loanwords 31 2.3.2 Previous Approach: The Relative Frequency 31 2.3.3 New Approach: The Proportion Test 32 2.3.4 Technical Challenges for Performing the Proportion Test 32 2.3.5 Filtering Procedures 34 2.3.6 Handling Errors 35 2.3.7 Proportion Test and Questionnaire Survey 36 2.4 Analysis of Lexical Competition 38 2.4.1 The Geometrical Model for Analyzing the Lexical Competition 39 2.4.2 Word Embedding Model for Analyzing Lexical Competition 44 2.4.3 Result and Discussion 44 2.5 Conclusion and Future Work 48 3 Applying Word Embeddings to Measure the Semantic Adaptation of English Loanwords in Japanese and Korean 51 3.1 Overview 51 3.2 Methodology 54 3.3 Data and Experiment 55 3.4 Result and Discussion 58 3.4.1 Japanese 59 3.4.2 Korean 63 3.4.3 Comparison of Cosine Similarities of English Loanwords in Japanese and Korean 68 3.4.4 The Relationship Between the Number of Meanings and Cosine Similarities 75 3.5 Conclusion and Future Works 77 4 Detection of the Contextual Change of Loanwords and the Cultural Trend Change in Japanese and Korean through Pre-trained BERT Language Models 78 4.1 Overview 78 4.2 Related Work 81 4.2.1 Loanwords and Cultural Trend Change 81 4.2.2 Word Embeddings and Semantic Change 81 4.2.3 Contextualized Embedding and Diachronic Semantic Representation 82 4.3 The Framework 82 4.3.1 Sense Representation 82 4.3.2 Tracking the Contextual Changes 85 4.3.3 Evaluation of Frame Work 86 4.3.4 Discussion for Framework 89 4.4 The Cultural Trend Change Analysis through Loanword Contextual Change Detection 89 4.4.1 Methodology 89 4.4.2 Result and Discussion 91 4.5 Conclusion and Future Work 96 5 Conclusion and Future Works 97 5.1 Summary 97 5.2 Future Works 99 5.2.1 Revealing Statistical Law 99 5.2.2 Computational Contrastive Linguistic Study 100 5.2.3 Application to Other Semantics Tasks 100 A List of Loanword Having One Synset and One Definition in Korean CoreNet in Chapter 2 112 Abstract (In Korean) 118Docto

    Analysing Timelines of National Histories across Wikipedia Editions: A Comparative Computational Approach

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    Portrayals of history are never complete, and each description inherently exhibits a specific viewpoint and emphasis. In this paper, we aim to automatically identify such differences by computing timelines and detecting temporal focal points of written history across languages on Wikipedia. In particular, we study articles related to the history of all UN member states and compare them in 30 language editions. We develop a computational approach that allows to identify focal points quantitatively, and find that Wikipedia narratives about national histories (i) are skewed towards more recent events (recency bias) and (ii) are distributed unevenly across the continents with significant focus on the history of European countries (Eurocentric bias). We also establish that national historical timelines vary across language editions, although average interlingual consensus is rather high. We hope that this paper provides a starting point for a broader computational analysis of written history on Wikipedia and elsewhere
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