Employing Variable Cross-Reference Prediction and Iterative Dispatch to Raise Dynamic Branch Prediction Accuracy

[[abstract]]To improve branch prediction accuracy for the two-level adaptive branch predictor, two schemes dealing respectively with the prediction and dispatch parts, are presented in this paper. The proposed VCR prediction scheme is able to achieve desirable prediction accuracy, with reasonably low time complexity and no extra hardware cost, by variably cross-referring traces in the PHT to make predictions. The Iterative dispatch approach utilizes the PHT history to do dispatching for an additional layer of pattern history which helps providing more information for making better predictions. To attain desirable prediction accuracy at reduced cost, a combined predictor formed by the proposed VCR scheme and the optimal PPM algorithm is also considered. Extensive trace-driven simulation runs have been conducted to evaluate the performance of our proposed schemes and other predictors. As the results indicate, our proposed schemes compare favorably in most of the situations in terms of prediction accuracy.[[notice]]補正完畢[[incitationindex]]E

A–C Estrogens as Potent and Selective Estrogen Receptor-Beta Agonists (SERBAs) to Enhance Memory Consolidation under Low-Estrogen Conditions

Estrogen receptor-beta (ERβ) is a drug target for memory consolidation in postmenopausal women. Herein is reported a series of potent and selective ERβ agonists (SERBAs) with in vivo efficacy that are A–C estrogens, lacking the B and D estrogen rings. The most potent and selective A–C estrogen is selective for activating ER relative to seven other nuclear hormone receptors, with a surprising 750-fold selectivity for the β over α isoform and with EC50s of 20–30 nM in cell-based and direct binding assays. Comparison of potency in different assays suggests that the ER isoform selectivity is related to the compound’s ability to drive the productive conformational change needed to activate transcription. The compound also shows in vivo efficacy after microinfusion into the dorsal hippocampus and after intraperitoneal injection (0.5 mg/kg) or oral gavage (0.5 mg/kg). This simple yet novel A–C estrogen is selective, brain penetrant, and facilitates memory consolidation