1,681 research outputs found
Generalization Error in Deep Learning
Deep learning models have lately shown great performance in various fields
such as computer vision, speech recognition, speech translation, and natural
language processing. However, alongside their state-of-the-art performance, it
is still generally unclear what is the source of their generalization ability.
Thus, an important question is what makes deep neural networks able to
generalize well from the training set to new data. In this article, we provide
an overview of the existing theory and bounds for the characterization of the
generalization error of deep neural networks, combining both classical and more
recent theoretical and empirical results
Chromatic PAC-Bayes Bounds for Non-IID Data: Applications to Ranking and Stationary -Mixing Processes
Pac-Bayes bounds are among the most accurate generalization bounds for
classifiers learned from independently and identically distributed (IID) data,
and it is particularly so for margin classifiers: there have been recent
contributions showing how practical these bounds can be either to perform model
selection (Ambroladze et al., 2007) or even to directly guide the learning of
linear classifiers (Germain et al., 2009). However, there are many practical
situations where the training data show some dependencies and where the
traditional IID assumption does not hold. Stating generalization bounds for
such frameworks is therefore of the utmost interest, both from theoretical and
practical standpoints. In this work, we propose the first - to the best of our
knowledge - Pac-Bayes generalization bounds for classifiers trained on data
exhibiting interdependencies. The approach undertaken to establish our results
is based on the decomposition of a so-called dependency graph that encodes the
dependencies within the data, in sets of independent data, thanks to graph
fractional covers. Our bounds are very general, since being able to find an
upper bound on the fractional chromatic number of the dependency graph is
sufficient to get new Pac-Bayes bounds for specific settings. We show how our
results can be used to derive bounds for ranking statistics (such as Auc) and
classifiers trained on data distributed according to a stationary {\ss}-mixing
process. In the way, we show how our approach seemlessly allows us to deal with
U-processes. As a side note, we also provide a Pac-Bayes generalization bound
for classifiers learned on data from stationary -mixing distributions.Comment: Long version of the AISTATS 09 paper:
http://jmlr.csail.mit.edu/proceedings/papers/v5/ralaivola09a/ralaivola09a.pd
A Tight Excess Risk Bound via a Unified PAC-Bayesian-Rademacher-Shtarkov-MDL Complexity
We present a novel notion of complexity that interpolates between and
generalizes some classic existing complexity notions in learning theory: for
estimators like empirical risk minimization (ERM) with arbitrary bounded
losses, it is upper bounded in terms of data-independent Rademacher complexity;
for generalized Bayesian estimators, it is upper bounded by the data-dependent
information complexity (also known as stochastic or PAC-Bayesian,
complexity. For
(penalized) ERM, the new complexity reduces to (generalized) normalized maximum
likelihood (NML) complexity, i.e. a minimax log-loss individual-sequence
regret. Our first main result bounds excess risk in terms of the new
complexity. Our second main result links the new complexity via Rademacher
complexity to entropy, thereby generalizing earlier results of Opper,
Haussler, Lugosi, and Cesa-Bianchi who did the log-loss case with .
Together, these results recover optimal bounds for VC- and large (polynomial
entropy) classes, replacing localized Rademacher complexity by a simpler
analysis which almost completely separates the two aspects that determine the
achievable rates: 'easiness' (Bernstein) conditions and model complexity.Comment: 38 page
Sample Compressed PAC-Bayesian Bounds and learning algorithms
Dans le domaine de la classification, les algorithmes d'apprentissage par compression d'échantillons sont des algorithmes qui utilisent les données d'apprentissage disponibles pour construire l'ensemble de classificateurs possibles. Si les données appartiennent seulement à un petit sous-espace de l'espace de toutes les données «possibles», ces algorithmes possédent l'intéressante capacité de ne considérer que les classificateurs qui permettent de distinguer les exemples qui appartiennent à notre domaine d'intérêt. Ceci contraste avec d'autres algorithmes qui doivent considérer l'ensemble des classificateurs avant d'examiner les données d'entraînement. La machine à vecteurs de support (le SVM) est un algorithme d'apprentissage très performant qui peut être considéré comme un algorithme d'apprentissage par compression d'échantillons. Malgré son succès, le SVM est actuellement limité par le fait que sa fonction de similarité doit être un noyau symétrique semi-défini positif. Cette limitation rend le SVM difficilement applicable au cas où on désire utiliser une mesure de similarité quelconque.In classification, sample compression algorithms are the algorithms that make use of the available training data to construct the set of possible predictors. If the data belongs to only a small subspace of the space of all "possible" data, such algorithms have the interesting ability of considering only the predictors that distinguish examples in our areas of interest. This is in contrast with non sample compressed algorithms which have to consider the set of predictors before seeing the training data. The Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a very successful learning algorithm that can be considered as a sample-compression learning algorithm. Despite its success, the SVM is currently limited by the fact that its similarity function must be a symmetric positive semi-definite kernel. This limitation by design makes SVM hardly applicable for the cases where one would like to be able to use any similarity measure of input example. PAC-Bayesian theory has been shown to be a good starting point for designing learning algorithms. In this thesis, we propose a PAC-Bayes sample-compression approach to kernel methods that can accommodate any bounded similarity function. We show that the support vector classifier is actually a particular case of sample-compressed classifiers known as majority votes of sample-compressed classifiers. We propose two different groups of PAC-Bayesian risk bounds for majority votes of sample-compressed classifiers. The first group of proposed bounds depends on the KL divergence between the prior and the posterior over the set of sample-compressed classifiers. The second group of proposed bounds has the unusual property of having no KL divergence when the posterior is aligned with the prior in some precise way that we define later in this thesis. Finally, for each bound, we provide a new learning algorithm that consists of finding the predictor that minimizes the bound. The computation times of these algorithms are comparable with algorithms like the SVM. We also empirically show that the proposed algorithms are very competitive with the SVM
A review of domain adaptation without target labels
Domain adaptation has become a prominent problem setting in machine learning
and related fields. This review asks the question: how can a classifier learn
from a source domain and generalize to a target domain? We present a
categorization of approaches, divided into, what we refer to as, sample-based,
feature-based and inference-based methods. Sample-based methods focus on
weighting individual observations during training based on their importance to
the target domain. Feature-based methods revolve around on mapping, projecting
and representing features such that a source classifier performs well on the
target domain and inference-based methods incorporate adaptation into the
parameter estimation procedure, for instance through constraints on the
optimization procedure. Additionally, we review a number of conditions that
allow for formulating bounds on the cross-domain generalization error. Our
categorization highlights recurring ideas and raises questions important to
further research.Comment: 20 pages, 5 figure
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