32 research outputs found
A review of compressive sensing in information security field
The applications of compressive sensing (CS) in the fi eld of information security have captured a great deal of researchers\u27 attention in the past decade. To supply guidance for researchers from a comprehensive perspective, this paper, for the fi rst time, reviews CS in information security field from two aspects: theoretical security and application security. Moreover, the CS applied in image cipher is one of the most widespread applications, as its characteristics of dimensional reduction and random projection can be utilized and integrated into image cryptosystems, which can achieve simultaneous compression and encryption of an image or multiple images. With respect to this application, the basic framework designs and the corresponding analyses are investigated. Speci fically, the investigation proceeds from three aspects, namely, image ciphers based on chaos and CS, image ciphers based on optics and CS, and image ciphers based on chaos, optics, and CS. A total of six frameworks are put forward. Meanwhile, their analyses in terms of security, advantages, disadvantages, and so on are presented. At last, we attempt to indicate some other possible application research topics in future
A novel multipurpose watermarking scheme capable of protecting and authenticating images with tamper detection and localisation abilities
Technologies that fall under the umbrella of Industry 4.0 can be classified into one of its four significant components: cyber-physical systems, the internet of things (IoT), on-demand availability of computer system resources, and cognitive computing. The success of this industrial revolution lies in how well these components can communicate with each other, and work together in finding the most optimised solution for an assigned task. It is achieved by sharing data collected from a network of sensors. This data is communicated via images, videos, and a variety of other signals, attracting unwanted attention of hackers. The protection of such data is therefore pivotal, as is maintaining its integrity. To this end, this paper proposes a novel image watermarking scheme with potential applications in Industry 4.0. The strategy presented is
multipurpose; one such purpose is authenticating the transmitted image, another is curtailing the illegal distribution of the image by providing copyright protection. To this end, two new watermarking methods are introduced, one of which is for embedding the robust watermark, and the other is related to the fragile watermark. The robust watermark's embedding is achieved in the frequency domain, wherein the frequency coefficients are selected using a novel mean-based coefficient selection procedure. Subsequently, the selected coefficients are manipulated in equal proportion to embed the robust watermark. The fragile watermark's embedding is achieved in the spatial domain, wherein self-generated fragile watermark(s) is embedded by directly altering the pixel bits of the host image. The effective combination of two domains results in a hybrid scheme and attains the vital balance between the watermarking requirements of imperceptibility, security and capacity. Moreover, in the case of tampering, the proposed scheme not only authenticates and provides copyright protection to images but can also detect tampering and localise the tampered regions. An extensive evaluation of the proposed scheme on typical images has proven its superiority over existing state-of-the-art methods
Towards Optimal Copyright Protection Using Neural Networks Based Digital Image Watermarking
In the field of digital watermarking, digital image watermarking for copyright protection has attracted a lot of attention in the research community. Digital watermarking contains varies techniques for protecting the digital content. Among all those techniques,Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) provides higher image imperceptibility and robustness. Over the years, researchers have been designing watermarking techniques with robustness in mind, in order for the watermark to be resistant against any image processing techniques. Furthermore, the requirements of a good watermarking technique includes a tradeoff between robustness, image quality (imperceptibility) and capacity. In this paper, we have done an extensive literature review for the existing DWT techniques and those combined with other techniques such as Neural Networks. In addition to that, we have discuss the contribution of Neural Networks in copyright protection. Finally we reached our goal in which we identified the research gaps existed in the current watermarking schemes. So that, it will be easily to obtain an optimal techniques to make the watermark object robust to attacks while maintaining the imperceptibility to enhance the copyright protection
Application and Theory of Multimedia Signal Processing Using Machine Learning or Advanced Methods
This Special Issue is a book composed by collecting documents published through peer review on the research of various advanced technologies related to applications and theories of signal processing for multimedia systems using ML or advanced methods. Multimedia signals include image, video, audio, character recognition and optimization of communication channels for networks. The specific contents included in this book are data hiding, encryption, object detection, image classification, and character recognition. Academics and colleagues who are interested in these topics will find it interesting to read
Optimisation of Tamper Localisation and Recovery Watermarking Techniques
Digital watermarking has found many applications in many fields, such as:
copyright tracking, media authentication, tamper localisation and recovery,
hardware control, and data hiding. The idea of digital watermarking is to embed
arbitrary data inside a multimedia cover without affecting the perceptibility of the
multimedia cover itself. The main advantage of using digital watermarking over
other techniques, such as signature based techniques, is that the watermark is
embedded into the multimedia cover itself and will not be removed even with the
format change.
Image watermarking techniques are categorised according to their robustness
against modification into: fragile, semi-fragile, and robust watermarking. In fragile
watermarking any change to the image will affect the watermark, this makes fragile
watermarking very useful in image authentication applications, as in medical and
forensic fields, where any tampering of the image is: detected, localised, and
possibly recovered. Fragile watermarking techniques are also characterised by a
higher capacity when compared to semi-fragile and robust watermarking. Semifragile
watermarking techniques resist some modifications, such as lossy
compression and low pass filtering. Semi-fragile watermarking can be used in
authentication and copyright validation applications whenever the amount of
embedded information is small and the expected modifications are not severe.
Robust watermarking techniques are supposed to withstand more severe
modifications, such as rotation and geometrical bending. Robust watermarking is
used in copyright validation applications, where copyright information in the image
must remains accessible even after severe modification.
This research focuses on the application of image watermarking in tamper
localisation and recovery and it aims to provide optimisation for some of its
aspects. The optimisation aims to produce watermarking techniques that enhance
one or more of the following aspects: consuming less payload, having better
recovery quality, recovering larger tampered area, requiring less calculations, and
being robust against the different counterfeiting attacks. Through the survey of the main existing techniques, it was found that most of them
are using two separate sets of data for the localisation and the recovery of the
tampered area, which is considered as a redundancy. The main focus in this
research is to investigate employing image filtering techniques in order to use only
one set of data for both purposes, leading to a reduced redundancy in the
watermark embedding and enhanced capacity. Four tamper localisation and
recovery techniques were proposed, three of them use one set of data for
localisation and recovery while the fourth one is designed to be optimised and
gives a better performance even though it uses separate sets of data for
localisation and recovery.
The four techniques were analysed and compared to two recent techniques in the
literature. The performance of the proposed techniques vary from one technique to
another. The fourth technique shows the best results regarding recovery quality
and Probability of False Acceptance (PFA) when compared to the other proposed
techniques and the two techniques in the literature, also, all proposed techniques
show better recovery quality when compared to the two techniques in the
literature
Privacy-preserving information hiding and its applications
The phenomenal advances in cloud computing technology have raised concerns about data privacy. Aided by the modern cryptographic techniques such as homomorphic encryption, it has become possible to carry out computations in the encrypted domain and process data without compromising information privacy. In this thesis, we study various classes of privacy-preserving information hiding schemes and their real-world applications for cyber security, cloud computing, Internet of things, etc.
Data breach is recognised as one of the most dreadful cyber security threats in which private data is copied, transmitted, viewed, stolen or used by unauthorised parties. Although encryption can obfuscate private information against unauthorised viewing, it may not stop data from illegitimate exportation. Privacy-preserving Information hiding can serve as a potential solution to this issue in such a manner that a permission code is embedded into the encrypted data and can be detected when transmissions occur.
Digital watermarking is a technique that has been used for a wide range of intriguing applications such as data authentication and ownership identification. However, some of the algorithms are proprietary intellectual properties and thus the availability to the general public is rather limited. A possible solution is to outsource the task of watermarking to an authorised cloud service provider, that has legitimate right to execute the algorithms as well as high computational capacity. Privacypreserving Information hiding is well suited to this scenario since it is operated in the encrypted domain and hence prevents private data from being collected by the cloud.
Internet of things is a promising technology to healthcare industry. A common framework consists of wearable equipments for monitoring the health status of an individual, a local gateway device for aggregating the data, and a cloud server for storing and analysing the data. However, there are risks that an adversary may attempt to eavesdrop the wireless communication, attack the gateway device or even access to the cloud server. Hence, it is desirable to produce and encrypt the data simultaneously and incorporate secret sharing schemes to realise access control. Privacy-preserving secret sharing is a novel research for fulfilling this function.
In summary, this thesis presents novel schemes and algorithms, including:
• two privacy-preserving reversible information hiding schemes based upon symmetric cryptography using arithmetic of quadratic residues and lexicographic permutations, respectively.
• two privacy-preserving reversible information hiding schemes based upon asymmetric cryptography using multiplicative and additive privacy homomorphisms, respectively.
• four predictive models for assisting the removal of distortions inflicted by information hiding based respectively upon projection theorem, image gradient, total variation denoising, and Bayesian inference.
• three privacy-preserving secret sharing algorithms with different levels of generality
Design of a secure architecture for the exchange of biomedical information in m-Health scenarios
El paradigma de m-Salud (salud móvil) aboga por la integración masiva de las más avanzadas tecnologías de comunicación, red móvil y sensores en aplicaciones y sistemas de salud, para fomentar el despliegue de un nuevo modelo de atención clínica centrada en el usuario/paciente. Este modelo tiene por objetivos el empoderamiento de los usuarios en la gestión de su propia salud (p.ej. aumentando sus conocimientos, promocionando estilos de vida saludable y previniendo enfermedades), la prestación de una mejor tele-asistencia sanitaria en el hogar para ancianos y pacientes crónicos y una notable disminución del gasto de los Sistemas de Salud gracias a la reducción del número y la duración de las hospitalizaciones. No obstante, estas ventajas, atribuidas a las aplicaciones de m-Salud, suelen venir acompañadas del requisito de un alto grado de disponibilidad de la información biomédica de sus usuarios para garantizar una alta calidad de servicio, p.ej. fusionar varias señales de un usuario para obtener un diagnóstico más preciso. La consecuencia negativa de cumplir esta demanda es el aumento directo de las superficies potencialmente vulnerables a ataques, lo que sitúa a la seguridad (y a la privacidad) del modelo de m-Salud como factor crítico para su éxito. Como requisito no funcional de las aplicaciones de m-Salud, la seguridad ha recibido menos atención que otros requisitos técnicos que eran más urgentes en etapas de desarrollo previas, tales como la robustez, la eficiencia, la interoperabilidad o la usabilidad. Otro factor importante que ha contribuido a retrasar la implementación de políticas de seguridad sólidas es que garantizar un determinado nivel de seguridad implica unos costes que pueden ser muy relevantes en varias dimensiones, en especial en la económica (p.ej. sobrecostes por la inclusión de hardware extra para la autenticación de usuarios), en el rendimiento (p.ej. reducción de la eficiencia y de la interoperabilidad debido a la integración de elementos de seguridad) y en la usabilidad (p.ej. configuración más complicada de dispositivos y aplicaciones de salud debido a las nuevas opciones de seguridad). Por tanto, las soluciones de seguridad que persigan satisfacer a todos los actores del contexto de m-Salud (usuarios, pacientes, personal médico, personal técnico, legisladores, fabricantes de dispositivos y equipos, etc.) deben ser robustas y al mismo tiempo minimizar sus costes asociados. Esta Tesis detalla una propuesta de seguridad, compuesta por cuatro grandes bloques interconectados, para dotar de seguridad a las arquitecturas de m-Salud con unos costes reducidos. El primer bloque define un esquema global que proporciona unos niveles de seguridad e interoperabilidad acordes con las características de las distintas aplicaciones de m-Salud. Este esquema está compuesto por tres capas diferenciadas, diseñadas a la medidas de los dominios de m-Salud y de sus restricciones, incluyendo medidas de seguridad adecuadas para la defensa contra las amenazas asociadas a sus aplicaciones de m-Salud. El segundo bloque establece la extensión de seguridad de aquellos protocolos estándar que permiten la adquisición, el intercambio y/o la administración de información biomédica -- por tanto, usados por muchas aplicaciones de m-Salud -- pero no reúnen los niveles de seguridad detallados en el esquema previo. Estas extensiones se concretan para los estándares biomédicos ISO/IEEE 11073 PHD y SCP-ECG. El tercer bloque propone nuevas formas de fortalecer la seguridad de los tests biomédicos, que constituyen el elemento esencial de muchas aplicaciones de m-Salud de carácter clínico, mediante codificaciones novedosas. Finalmente el cuarto bloque, que se sitúa en paralelo a los anteriores, selecciona herramientas genéricas de seguridad (elementos de autenticación y criptográficos) cuya integración en los otros bloques resulta idónea, y desarrolla nuevas herramientas de seguridad, basadas en señal -- embedding y keytagging --, para reforzar la protección de los test biomédicos.The paradigm of m-Health (mobile health) advocates for the massive integration of advanced mobile communications, network and sensor technologies in healthcare applications and systems to foster the deployment of a new, user/patient-centered healthcare model enabling the empowerment of users in the management of their health (e.g. by increasing their health literacy, promoting healthy lifestyles and the prevention of diseases), a better home-based healthcare delivery for elderly and chronic patients and important savings for healthcare systems due to the reduction of hospitalizations in number and duration. It is a fact that many m-Health applications demand high availability of biomedical information from their users (for further accurate analysis, e.g. by fusion of various signals) to guarantee high quality of service, which on the other hand entails increasing the potential surfaces for attacks. Therefore, it is not surprising that security (and privacy) is commonly included among the most important barriers for the success of m-Health. As a non-functional requirement for m-Health applications, security has received less attention than other technical issues that were more pressing at earlier development stages, such as reliability, eficiency, interoperability or usability. Another fact that has contributed to delaying the enforcement of robust security policies is that guaranteeing a certain security level implies costs that can be very relevant and that span along diferent dimensions. These include budgeting (e.g. the demand of extra hardware for user authentication), performance (e.g. lower eficiency and interoperability due to the addition of security elements) and usability (e.g. cumbersome configuration of devices and applications due to security options). Therefore, security solutions that aim to satisfy all the stakeholders in the m-Health context (users/patients, medical staff, technical staff, systems and devices manufacturers, regulators, etc.) shall be robust and, at the same time, minimize their associated costs. This Thesis details a proposal, composed of four interrelated blocks, to integrate appropriate levels of security in m-Health architectures in a cost-efcient manner. The first block designes a global scheme that provides different security and interoperability levels accordingto how critical are the m-Health applications to be implemented. This consists ofthree layers tailored to the m-Health domains and their constraints, whose security countermeasures defend against the threats of their associated m-Health applications. Next, the second block addresses the security extension of those standard protocols that enable the acquisition, exchange and/or management of biomedical information | thus, used by many m-Health applications | but do not meet the security levels described in the former scheme. These extensions are materialized for the biomedical standards ISO/IEEE 11073 PHD and SCP-ECG. Then, the third block proposes new ways of enhancing the security of biomedical standards, which are the centerpiece of many clinical m-Health applications, by means of novel codings. Finally the fourth block, with is parallel to the others, selects generic security methods (for user authentication and cryptographic protection) whose integration in the other blocks results optimal, and also develops novel signal-based methods (embedding and keytagging) for strengthening the security of biomedical tests. The layer-based extensions of the standards ISO/IEEE 11073 PHD and SCP-ECG can be considered as robust, cost-eficient and respectful with their original features and contents. The former adds no attributes to its data information model, four new frames to the service model |and extends four with new sub-frames|, and only one new sub-state to the communication model. Furthermore, a lightweight architecture consisting of a personal health device mounting a 9 MHz processor and an aggregator mounting a 1 GHz processor is enough to transmit a 3-lead electrocardiogram in real-time implementing the top security layer. The extra requirements associated to this extension are an initial configuration of the health device and the aggregator, tokens for identification/authentication of users if these devices are to be shared and the implementation of certain IHE profiles in the aggregator to enable the integration of measurements in healthcare systems. As regards to the extension of SCP-ECG, it only adds a new section with selected security elements and syntax in order to protect the rest of file contents and provide proper role-based access control. The overhead introduced in the protected SCP-ECG is typically 2{13 % of the regular file size, and the extra delays to protect a newly generated SCP-ECG file and to access it for interpretation are respectively a 2{10 % and a 5 % of the regular delays. As regards to the signal-based security techniques developed, the embedding method is the basis for the proposal of a generic coding for tests composed of biomedical signals, periodic measurements and contextual information. This has been adjusted and evaluated with electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram-based tests, proving the objective clinical quality of the coded tests, the capacity of the coding-access system to operate in real-time (overall delays of 2 s for electrocardiograms and 3.3 s for electroencephalograms) and its high usability. Despite of the embedding of security and metadata to enable m-Health services, the compression ratios obtained by this coding range from ' 3 in real-time transmission to ' 5 in offline operation. Complementarily, keytagging permits associating information to images (and other signals) by means of keys in a secure and non-distorting fashion, which has been availed to implement security measures such as image authentication, integrity control and location of tampered areas, private captioning with role-based access control, traceability and copyright protection. The tests conducted indicate a remarkable robustness-capacity tradeoff that permits implementing all this measures simultaneously, and the compatibility of keytagging with JPEG2000 compression, maintaining this tradeoff while setting the overall keytagging delay in only ' 120 ms for any image size | evidencing the scalability of this technique. As a general conclusion, it has been demonstrated and illustrated with examples that there are various, complementary and structured manners to contribute in the implementation of suitable security levels for m-Health architectures with a moderate cost in budget, performance, interoperability and usability. The m-Health landscape is evolving permanently along all their dimensions, and this Thesis aims to do so with its security. Furthermore, the lessons learned herein may offer further guidance for the elaboration of more comprehensive and updated security schemes, for the extension of other biomedical standards featuring low emphasis on security or privacy, and for the improvement of the state of the art regarding signal-based protection methods and applications
Security and Privacy for Modern Wireless Communication Systems
The aim of this reprint focuses on the latest protocol research, software/hardware development and implementation, and system architecture design in addressing emerging security and privacy issues for modern wireless communication networks. Relevant topics include, but are not limited to, the following: deep-learning-based security and privacy design; covert communications; information-theoretical foundations for advanced security and privacy techniques; lightweight cryptography for power constrained networks; physical layer key generation; prototypes and testbeds for security and privacy solutions; encryption and decryption algorithm for low-latency constrained networks; security protocols for modern wireless communication networks; network intrusion detection; physical layer design with security consideration; anonymity in data transmission; vulnerabilities in security and privacy in modern wireless communication networks; challenges of security and privacy in node–edge–cloud computation; security and privacy design for low-power wide-area IoT networks; security and privacy design for vehicle networks; security and privacy design for underwater communications networks
A Framework for Facilitating Secure Design and Development of IoT Systems
The term Internet of Things (IoT) describes an ever-growing ecosystem of physical objects
or things interconnected with each other and connected to the Internet. IoT devices
consist of a wide range of highly heterogeneous inanimate and animate objects. Thus, a
thing in the context of the IoT can even mean a person with blood pressure or heart rate
monitor implant or a pet with a biochip transponder. IoT devices range from ordinary
household appliances, such as smart light bulbs or smart coffee makers, to sophisticated
tools for industrial automation. IoT is currently leading a revolutionary change in many
industries and, as a result, a lot of industries and organizations are adopting the paradigm
to gain a competitive edge. This allows them to boost operational efficiency and optimize
system performance through real-time data management, which results in an optimized
balance between energy usage and throughput. Another important application area is
the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), which is the application of the IoT in industrial
settings. This is also referred to as the Industrial Internet or Industry 4.0, where Cyber-
Physical Systems (CPS) are interconnected using various technologies to achieve wireless
control as well as advanced manufacturing and factory automation. IoT applications
are becoming increasingly prevalent across many application domains, including smart
healthcare, smart cities, smart grids, smart farming, and smart supply chain management.
Similarly, IoT is currently transforming the way people live and work, and hence
the demand for smart consumer products among people is also increasing steadily. Thus,
many big industry giants, as well as startup companies, are competing to dominate the
market with their new IoT products and services, and hence unlocking the business value
of IoT.
Despite its increasing popularity, potential benefits, and proven capabilities, IoT is still in
its infancy and fraught with challenges. The technology is faced with many challenges, including
connectivity issues, compatibility/interoperability between devices and systems,
lack of standardization, management of the huge amounts of data, and lack of tools for
forensic investigations. However, the state of insecurity and privacy concerns in the IoT
are arguably among the key factors restraining the universal adoption of the technology.
Consequently, many recent research studies reveal that there are security and privacy issues
associated with the design and implementation of several IoT devices and Smart Applications
(smart apps). This can be attributed, partly, to the fact that as some IoT device
makers and smart apps development companies (especially the start-ups) reap business
value from the huge IoT market, they tend to neglect the importance of security. As a
result, many IoT devices and smart apps are created with security vulnerabilities, which
have resulted in many IoT related security breaches in recent years.
This thesis is focused on addressing the security and privacy challenges that were briefly
highlighted in the previous paragraph. Given that the Internet is not a secure environ ment even for the traditional computer systems makes IoT systems even less secure due
to the inherent constraints associated with many IoT devices. These constraints, which are
mainly imposed by cost since many IoT edge devices are expected to be inexpensive and
disposable, include limited energy resources, limited computational and storage capabilities,
as well as lossy networks due to the much lower hardware performance compared
to conventional computers. While there are many security and privacy issues in the IoT
today, arguably a root cause of such issues is that many start-up IoT device manufacturers
and smart apps development companies do not adhere to the concept of security by
design. Consequently, some of these companies produce IoT devices and smart apps with
security vulnerabilities.
In recent years, attackers have exploited different security vulnerabilities in IoT infrastructures
which have caused several data breaches and other security and privacy incidents
involving IoT devices and smart apps. These have attracted significant attention
from the research community in both academia and industry, resulting in a surge of proposals
put forward by many researchers. Although research approaches and findings may
vary across different research studies, the consensus is that a fundamental prerequisite for
addressing IoT security and privacy challenges is to build security and privacy protection
into IoT devices and smart apps from the very beginning. To this end, this thesis investigates
how to bake security and privacy into IoT systems from the onset, and as its main
objective, this thesis particularly focuses on providing a solution that can foster the design
and development of secure IoT devices and smart apps, namely the IoT Hardware Platform
Security Advisor (IoT-HarPSecA) framework. The security framework is expected to
provide support to designers and developers in IoT start-up companies during the design
and implementation of IoT systems. IoT-HarPSecA framework is also expected to facilitate
the implementation of security in existing IoT systems.
To accomplish the previously mentioned objective as well as to affirm the aforementioned
assertion, the following step-by-step problem-solving approach is followed. The first step
is an exhaustive survey of different aspects of IoT security and privacy, including security requirements in IoT architecture, security threats in IoT architecture, IoT application domains
and their associated cyber assets, the complexity of IoT vulnerabilities, and some
possible IoT security and privacy countermeasures; and the survey wraps up with a brief
overview of IoT hardware development platforms. The next steps are the identification of
many challenges and issues associated with the IoT, which narrowed down to the abovementioned
fundamental security/privacy issue; followed by a study of different aspects of
security implementation in the IoT. The remaining steps are the framework design thinking
process, framework design and implementation, and finally, framework performance
evaluation.
IoT-HarPSecA offers three functionality features, namely security requirement elicitation security best practice guidelines for secure development, and above all, a feature that recommends
specific Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithms (LWCAs) for both software and
hardware implementations. Accordingly, IoT-HarPSecA is composed of three main components,
namely Security Requirements Elicitation (SRE) component, Security Best Practice
Guidelines (SBPG) component, and Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithms Recommendation
(LWCAR) component, each of them servicing one of the aforementioned features.
The author has implemented a command-line tool in C++ to serve as an interface
between users and the security framework. This thesis presents a detailed description,
design, and implementation of the SRE, SBPG, and LWCAR components of the security
framework. It also presents real-world practical scenarios that show how IoT-HarPSecA
can be used to elicit security requirements, generate security best practices, and recommend
appropriate LWCAs based on user inputs. Furthermore, the thesis presents performance
evaluation of the SRE, SBPG, and LWCAR components framework tools, which
shows that IoT-HarPSecA can serve as a roadmap for secure IoT development.O termo Internet das coisas (IoT) é utilizado para descrever um ecossistema, em expansão,
de objetos físicos ou elementos interconetados entre si e à Internet. Os dispositivos
IoT consistem numa gama vasta e heterogénea de objetos animados ou inanimados e,
neste contexto, podem pertencer à IoT um indivíduo com um implante que monitoriza a
frequência cardíaca ou até mesmo um animal de estimação que tenha um biochip. Estes
dispositivos variam entre eletrodomésticos, tais como máquinas de café ou lâmpadas inteligentes,
a ferramentas sofisticadas de uso na automatização industrial. A IoT está a
revolucionar e a provocar mudanças em várias indústrias e muitas adotam esta tecnologia
para incrementar as suas vantagens competitivas. Este paradigma melhora a eficiência
operacional e otimiza o desempenho de sistemas através da gestão de dados em tempo
real, resultando num balanço otimizado entre o uso energético e a taxa de transferência.
Outra área de aplicação é a IoT Industrial (IIoT) ou internet industrial ou Indústria 4.0,
ou seja, uma aplicação de IoT no âmbito industrial, onde os sistemas ciberfísicos estão interconectados
a diversas tecnologias de forma a obter um controlo de rede sem fios, bem
como fabricações avançadas e automatização fabril. As aplicações da IoT estão a crescer
e a tornarem-se predominantes em muitos domínios de aplicação inteligentes como sistemas
de saúde, cidades, redes, agricultura e sistemas de fornecimento. Da mesma forma,
a IoT está a transformar estilos de vida e de trabalho e assim, a procura por produtos inteligentes
está constantemente a aumentar. As grandes indústrias e startups competem
entre si de forma a dominar o mercado com os seus novos serviços e produtos IoT, desbloqueando
o valor de negócio da IoT.
Apesar da sua crescente popularidade, benefícios e capacidades comprovadas, a IoT está
ainda a dar os seus primeiros passos e é confrontada com muitos desafios. Entre eles,
problemas de conectividade, compatibilidade/interoperabilidade entre dispositivos e sistemas,
falta de padronização, gestão das enormes quantidades de dados e ainda falta de
ferramentas para investigações forenses. No entanto, preocupações quanto ao estado de
segurança e privacidade ainda estão entre os fatores adversos à adesão universal desta
tecnologia. Estudos recentes revelaram que existem questões de segurança e privacidade
associadas ao design e implementação de vários dispositivos IoT e aplicações inteligentes
(smart apps.), isto pode ser devido ao facto, em parte, de que alguns fabricantes e empresas
de desenvolvimento de dispositivos (especialmente startups) IoT e smart apps., recolham
o valor de negócio dos grandes mercados IoT, negligenciando assim a importância
da segurança, resultando em dispositivos IoT e smart apps. com carências e violações de
segurança da IoT nos últimos anos.
Esta tese aborda os desafios de segurança e privacidade que foram supra mencionados.
Visto que a Internet e os sistemas informáticos tradicionais são por vezes considerados inseguros,
os sistemas IoT tornam-se ainda mais inseguros, devido a restrições inerentes a tais dispositivos. Estas restrições são impostas devido ao custo, uma vez que se espera que
muitos dispositivos de ponta sejam de baixo custo e descartáveis, com recursos energéticos
limitados, bem como limitações na capacidade de armazenamento e computacionais,
e redes com perdas devido a um desempenho de hardware de qualidade inferior, quando
comparados com computadores convencionais. Uma das raízes do problema é o facto
de que muitos fabricantes, startups e empresas de desenvolvimento destes dispositivos e
smart apps não adiram ao conceito de segurança por construção, ou seja, logo na conceção,
não preveem a proteção da privacidade e segurança. Assim, alguns dos produtos e
dispositivos produzidos apresentam vulnerabilidades na segurança.
Nos últimos anos, hackers maliciosos têm explorado diferentes vulnerabilidades de segurança
nas infraestruturas da IoT, causando violações de dados e outros incidentes de
privacidade envolvendo dispositivos IoT e smart apps. Estes têm atraído uma atenção significativa
por parte das comunidades académica e industrial, que culminaram num grande
número de propostas apresentadas por investigadores científicos. Ainda que as abordagens
de pesquisa e os resultados variem entre os diferentes estudos, há um consenso e
pré-requisito fundamental para enfrentar os desafios de privacidade e segurança da IoT,
que buscam construir proteção de segurança e privacidade em dispositivos IoT e smart
apps. desde o fabrico. Para esta finalidade, esta tese investiga como produzir segurança
e privacidade destes sistemas desde a produção, e como principal objetivo, concentra-se
em fornecer soluções que possam promover a conceção e o desenvolvimento de dispositivos
IoT e smart apps., nomeadamente um conjunto de ferramentas chamado Consultor
de Segurança da Plataforma de Hardware da IoT (IoT-HarPSecA). Espera-se que o conjunto
de ferramentas forneça apoio a designers e programadores em startups durante a
conceção e implementação destes sistemas ou que facilite a integração de mecanismos de
segurança nos sistemas préexistentes.
De modo a alcançar o objetivo proposto, recorre-se à seguinte abordagem. A primeira fase
consiste num levantamento exaustivo de diferentes aspetos da segurança e privacidade na
IoT, incluindo requisitos de segurança na arquitetura da IoT e ameaças à sua segurança,
os seus domínios de aplicação e os ativos cibernéticos associados, a complexidade das
vulnerabilidades da IoT e ainda possíveis contramedidas relacionadas com a segurança e
privacidade. Evolui-se para uma breve visão geral das plataformas de desenvolvimento
de hardware da IoT. As fases seguintes consistem na identificação dos desafios e questões
associadas à IoT, que foram restringidos às questões de segurança e privacidade. As demais
etapas abordam o processo de pensamento de conceção (design thinking), design e
implementação e, finalmente, a avaliação do desempenho.
O IoT-HarPSecA é composto por três componentes principais: a Obtenção de Requisitos
de Segurança (SRE), Orientações de Melhores Práticas de Segurança (SBPG) e a recomendação
de Componentes de Algoritmos Criptográficos Leves (LWCAR) na implementação de software e hardware. O autor implementou uma ferramenta em linha de comandos
usando linguagem C++ que serve como interface entre os utilizadores e a IoT-HarPSecA.
Esta tese apresenta ainda uma descrição detalhada, desenho e implementação das componentes
SRE, SBPG, e LWCAR. Apresenta ainda cenários práticos do mundo real que
demostram como o IoT-HarPSecA pode ser utilizado para elicitar requisitos de segurança,
gerar boas práticas de segurança (em termos de recomendações de implementação) e recomendar
algoritmos criptográficos leves apropriados com base no contributo dos utilizadores.
De igual forma, apresenta-se a avaliação do desempenho destes três componentes,
demonstrando que o IoT-HarPSecA pode servir como um roteiro para o desenvolvimento
seguro da IoT
Cybersecurity and the Digital Health: An Investigation on the State of the Art and the Position of the Actors
Cybercrime is increasingly exposing the health domain to growing risk. The push towards a strong connection of citizens to health services, through digitalization, has undisputed advantages. Digital health allows remote care, the use of medical devices with a high mechatronic and IT content with strong automation, and a large interconnection of hospital networks with an increasingly effective exchange of data. However, all this requires a great cybersecurity commitment—a commitment that must start with scholars in research and then reach the stakeholders. New devices and technological solutions are increasingly breaking into healthcare, and are able to change the processes of interaction in the health domain. This requires cybersecurity to become a vital part of patient safety through changes in human behaviour, technology, and processes, as part of a complete solution. All professionals involved in cybersecurity in the health domain were invited to contribute with their experiences. This book contains contributions from various experts and different fields. Aspects of cybersecurity in healthcare relating to technological advance and emerging risks were addressed. The new boundaries of this field and the impact of COVID-19 on some sectors, such as mhealth, have also been addressed. We dedicate the book to all those with different roles involved in cybersecurity in the health domain