95 research outputs found
An overview of internet engineering task force mobility management protocols: approaches and its challenges
In recent years, internet protocol mobility management has become one of the most popular research areas in networking. Mobility management protocols are in charge of preserving continuing communications as a user roam between different networks. All existing internet protocols (IP), like MIPv6, and PMIPv6, rely on a centralized mobility anchor to control mobile node traffic and signaling. The disadvantages of centralized mobility management (CMM) include ineffectiveness in handling massive volumes of traffic, poor scalability, wasteful use of network resources, and packet delay. When CMM is required to handle mobile media, which demands a huge amount of information and frequently needs quality of services (QoS) such as session continuance and reduced latency, these difficulties become apparent. It drives the need for distributed mobility management protocol (DMM) systems to manage the growing amount of mobile data, the overwhelming of this is video communication. DMM approaches could be regarded as an innovative and effective method to deal with mobility. An overview of the CMM protocol and its drawbacks are analyzed. This study examines the various DMM protocol techniques and their performance metrics are compared to highlight similarities and differences. The study reveals the network-based DMM protocol improves overall handoff time and packet loss
Simulated Annealing
The book contains 15 chapters presenting recent contributions of top researchers working with Simulated Annealing (SA). Although it represents a small sample of the research activity on SA, the book will certainly serve as a valuable tool for researchers interested in getting involved in this multidisciplinary field. In fact, one of the salient features is that the book is highly multidisciplinary in terms of application areas since it assembles experts from the fields of Biology, Telecommunications, Geology, Electronics and Medicine
Radio Communications
In the last decades the restless evolution of information and communication technologies (ICT) brought to a deep transformation of our habits. The growth of the Internet and the advances in hardware and software implementations modiïŹed our way to communicate and to share information. In this book, an overview of the major issues faced today by researchers in the ïŹeld of radio communications is given through 35 high quality chapters written by specialists working in universities and research centers all over the world. Various aspects will be deeply discussed: channel modeling, beamforming, multiple antennas, cooperative networks, opportunistic scheduling, advanced admission control, handover management, systems performance assessment, routing issues in mobility conditions, localization, web security. Advanced techniques for the radio resource management will be discussed both in single and multiple radio technologies; either in infrastructure, mesh or ad hoc networks
Ultra-low power IoT applications: from transducers to wireless protocols
This dissertation aims to explore Internet of Things (IoT) sensor nodes in various application scenarios with different design requirements. The research provides a comprehensive exploration of all the IoT layers composing an advanced device, from transducers to on-board processing, through low power hardware schemes and wireless protocols for wide area networks.
Nowadays, spreading and massive utilization of wireless sensor nodes pushes research and industries to overcome the main limitations of such constrained devices, aiming to make them easily deployable at a lower cost. Significant challenges involve the battery lifetime that directly affects the device operativity and the wireless communication bandwidth. Factors that commonly contrast the system scalability and the energy per bit, as well as the maximum coverage.
This thesis aims to serve as a reference and guideline document for future IoT projects, where results are structured following a conventional development pipeline. They usually consider communication standards and sensing as project requirements and low power operation as a necessity.
A detailed overview of five leading IoT wireless protocols, together with custom solutions to overcome the throughput limitations and decrease the power consumption, are some of the topic discussed. Low power hardware engineering in multiple applications is also introduced, especially focusing on improving the trade-off between energy, functionality, and on-board processing capabilities. To enhance these features and to provide a bottom-top overview of an IoT sensor node, an innovative and low-cost transducer for structural health monitoring is presented. Lastly, the high-performance computing at the extreme edge of the IoT framework is addressed, with special attention to image processing algorithms running on state of the art RISC-V architecture. As a specific deployment scenario, an OpenCV-based stack, together with a convolutional neural network, is assessed on the octa-core PULP SoC
Energy efficiency in short and wide-area IoT technologiesâA survey
In the last years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a key application context in the design and evolution of technologies in the transition toward a 5G ecosystem. More and more IoT technologies have entered the market and represent important enablers in the deployment of networks of interconnected devices. As network and spatial device densities grow, energy efficiency and consumption are becoming an important aspect in analyzing the performance and suitability of different technologies. In this framework, this survey presents an extensive review of IoT technologies, including both Low-Power Short-Area Networks (LPSANs) and Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs), from the perspective of energy efficiency and power consumption. Existing consumption models and energy efficiency mechanisms are categorized, analyzed and discussed, in order to highlight the main trends proposed in literature and standards toward achieving energy-efficient IoT networks. Current limitations and open challenges are also discussed, aiming at highlighting new possible research directions
Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks
Being infrastructure-less and without central administration control, wireless ad-hoc networking is playing a more and more important role in extending the coverage of traditional wireless infrastructure (cellular networks, wireless LAN, etc). This book includes state-of the-art techniques and solutions for wireless ad-hoc networks. It focuses on the following topics in ad-hoc networks: vehicular ad-hoc networks, security and caching, TCP in ad-hoc networks and emerging applications. It is targeted to provide network engineers and researchers with design guidelines for large scale wireless ad hoc networks
Enabling intuitive and efficient physical computing
Making tools for technology accessible to everyone is important for diverse and inclusive innovation. Significant effort has already been made to make software innovation more accessible, and this effort has created a movement of citizen developers. These citizen developers have the drive to create, but not necessarily the technical skill to innovate with technology. Software, however, has limited impact in the real world compared to hardware and here, physical computing is democratising access to technological innovation. Using microcontroller programming and networking, citizens can now build interactive devices and systems that respond to the real world. But building a physical computing device is riddled with complexity. Memory efficient but hard to use low-level programming languages are used to program microcontrollers, implementation efficient but hard to use wired protocols are used to compose microcontrollers and peripherals, and energy efficient but hard to configure wireless protocols are used to network devices to each other and to the Internet. This consistent trade off between efficiency and ease of use means that physical computing is inaccessible to some. This thesis seeks to democratise microcontroller programming and networking in order to make physical computing accessible to all. It provides a deep exploration of three areas fundamental to physical computing: programming, hardware composition, and wireless networking, drawing parallels with consumer technologies throughout. Based upon these parallels, it presents requirements for each area that may lead to a more intuitive physical computing experience. It uses these requirements to compare existing work in the space and concludes that no existing technology correctly strikes the balance between efficient operation for microcontrollers and intuitive experiences for citizen developers. It therefore goes onto describe and evaluate three new technologies designed to make physical computing accessible to everyone
Designing and Deploying Internet of Things Applications in the Industry: An Empirical Investigation
RĂSUMĂ : LâInternet des objets (IdO) a pour objectif de permettre la connectivitĂ© Ă presque tous les objets trouvĂ©s dans lâespace physique. Il Ă©tend la connectivitĂ© aux objets de tous les jours et oËre la possibilitĂ© de surveiller, de suivre, de se connecter et dâintĂ©ragir plus eĂżcacement avec les actifs industriels. Dans lâindustrie de nos jours, les rĂ©seaux de capteurs connectĂ©s surveillent les mouvements logistiques, fabriquent des machines et aident les organisations Ă amĂ©liorer leur eĂżcacitĂ© et Ă rĂ©duire les coĂ»ts. Cependant, la conception et lâimplĂ©mentation dâun rĂ©seau IdO restent, aujourdâhui, une tĂąche particuliĂšrement diĂżcile. Nous constatons un haut niveau de fragmentation dans le paysage de lâIdO, les dĂ©veloppeurs se complaig-nent rĂ©guliĂšrement de la diĂżcultĂ© Ă intĂ©grer diverses technologies avec des divers objets trouvĂ©s dans les systĂšmes IdO et lâabsence des directives et/ou des pratiques claires pour le dĂ©veloppement et le dĂ©ploiement dâapplication IdO sĂ»res et eĂżcaces. Par consĂ©quent, analyser et comprendre les problĂšmes liĂ©s au dĂ©veloppement et au dĂ©ploiement de lâIdO sont primordiaux pour permettre Ă lâindustrie dâexploiter son plein potentiel.
Dans cette thĂšse, nous examinons les interactions des spĂ©cialistes de lâIdO sur le sites Web populaire, Stack Overflow et Stack Exchange, afin de comprendre les dĂ©fis et les problĂšmes auxquels ils sont confrontĂ©s lors du dĂ©veloppement et du dĂ©ploiement de diËĂ©rentes appli-cations de lâIdO. Ensuite, nous examinons le manque dâinteropĂ©rabilitĂ© entre les techniques dĂ©veloppĂ©es pour lâIdO, nous Ă©tudions les dĂ©fis que leur intĂ©gration pose et nous fournissons des directives aux praticiens intĂ©ressĂ©s par la connexion des rĂ©seaux et des dispositifs de lâIdO pour dĂ©velopper divers services et applications. Dâautre part, la sĂ©curitĂ© Ă©tant essen-tielle au succĂšs de cette technologie, nous Ă©tudions les diËĂ©rentes menaces et dĂ©fis de sĂ©curitĂ© sur les diËĂ©rentes couches de lâarchitecture des systĂšmes de lâIdO et nous proposons des contre-mesures.
Enfin, nous menons une sĂ©rie dâexpĂ©riences qui vise Ă comprendre les avantages et les incon-vĂ©nients des dĂ©ploiements âserverfulâ et âserverlessâ des applications de lâIdO afin de fournir aux praticiens des directives et des recommandations fondĂ©es sur des Ă©lĂ©ments probants relatifs Ă de tels dĂ©ploiements. Les rĂ©sultats prĂ©sentĂ©s reprĂ©sentent une Ă©tape trĂšs importante vers une profonde comprĂ©hension de ces technologies trĂšs prometteuses. Nous estimons que nos recommandations et nos suggestions aideront les praticiens et les bĂątisseurs technologiques Ă amĂ©liorer la qualitĂ© des logiciels et des systĂšmes de lâIdO. Nous espĂ©rons que nos rĂ©sultats pourront aider les communautĂ©s et les consortiums de lâIdO Ă Ă©tablir des normes et des directives pour le dĂ©veloppement, la maintenance, et lâĂ©volution des logiciels de lâIdO.----------ABSTRACT : Internet of Things (IoT) aims to bring connectivity to almost every object found in the phys-ical space. It extends connectivity to everyday things, opens up the possibility to monitor, track, connect, and interact with industrial assets more eĂżciently. In the industry nowadays, we can see connected sensor networks monitor logistics movements, manufacturing machines, and help organizations improve their eĂżciency and reduce costs as well. However, designing and implementing an IoT network today is still a very challenging task. We are witnessing a high level of fragmentation in the IoT landscape and developers regularly complain about the diĂżculty to integrate diverse technologies of various objects found in IoT systems, and the lack of clear guidelines andâor practices for developing and deploying safe and eĂżcient IoT applications. Therefore, analyzing and understanding issues related to the development and deployment of the Internet of Things is utterly important to allow the industry to utilize its fullest potential. In this thesis, we examine IoT practitionersâ discussions on the popular Q&A websites, Stack Overflow and Stack Exchange, to understand the challenges and issues that they face when developing and deploying diËerent IoT applications. Next, we examine the lack of interoper-ability among technologies developed for IoT and study the challenges that their integration poses and provide guidelines for practitioners interested in connecting IoT networks and de-vices to develop various services and applications. Since security issues are center to the success of this technology, we also investigate diËerent security threats and challenges across diËerent layers of the architecture of IoT systems and propose countermeasures. Finally, we conduct a series of experiments to understand the advantages and trade-oËs of serverful and serverless deployments of IoT applications in order to provide practitioners with evidence-based guidelines and recommendations on such deployments. The results presented in this thesis represent a first important step towards a deep understanding of these very promising technologies. We believe that our recommendations and suggestions will help practitioners and technology builders improve the quality of IoT software and systems. We also hope that our results can help IoT communities and consortia establish standards and guidelines for the development, maintenance, and evolution of IoT software and systems
Recommended from our members
Neural network design for intelligent mobile network optimisation
This thesis was submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel University LondonThe mobile networks usersâ demands for data services are increasing exponentially, this is due to two main factors: the first is the evolution of smart phones and their application, and the second is the emerging new technologies for internet of things, smart citiesâŠetc, which keeps pumping more data into the network; âthough most of the data routed in the current mobile network is non-live dataâ. This increasing of demands arise the necessity for the mobile network operators to keep improving their network to satisfy it, this improvement takes place via adding hardware or increasing the resources or a combination of both. The radio resources are strictly limited due to spectrum licensing and availability, therefore efficient spectrum utilization is a major goal to be achieved for both network operators and developers. Simultaneous and multiple channel access,and adding more cells to the network are ways used to increase the data exchanged between the network nodes. The current 4G mobile system is based on the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) for accessing the medium and the intercell interference degrades the link quality at the cell edge, with the introduction of heterogeneity concept to the LTE in Release 10 of the 3GPP the handover process became even more complex. To mitigate the intercell interference at the cell edge, coordinated multipoint and carrier aggregation techniques are utilized for dual connectivity. This work is focused on designing and proposing enhancing features to improve network performance and sustainability, these features comprises of distributing small cells for data only transmission, handover schemes performance evaluation at cell edge with dual connectivity, and Artificial Intelligence technology for balancing and prediction. In the proposed model design the data and controls of the Small eNodeB (SeNodeB) are processed at the network edge using a Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) server and the SeNodeBs are used to boost services provided to the users, also the concept of caching data has been investigated, the caching units where implemented in different network levels. The proposed system and resource management are simulated using the OPNET modeller and evaluated through multiple scenarios with and without full load, the UE is reconfigured to accommodate dual connectivity and have two separate connections for uplink and downlink, while maintaining connection to the Macro cell via uplink, the downlink is dedicated for small cells when content is requested from the cache. The results clearly show that the proposed system can decrease the latency while the total throughput delivered by the network has highly improved when SeNodeBs are deployed in the system, rising throughput will incur the rise of overall capacity which leads to better services being provided to the users or more users to join and benefit from the network. Handover improvement is also considered in this work, with the help of two Artificial Intelligence (AI) entities better handover performance are achieved. Balanced load over the SeNodeBs results in less frequent handover, the proposed load balancer is based on artificial neural network clustering model with self-organizing map as a hidden layer, itâs trained to forecast the network condition and learn to reduce the number of handovers especially for the UEs at the cell edge by performing only necessary ones, and avoid handovers to the Macro cell for the downlink direction. The examined handovers concern the downlinks when routing non live video stored at the small cellâs cache, and a reduction in the frequent handovers was achieved when running the balancer. Keep revolving in the handover orbit, another way to preserve and utilize network resources is by predicting the handovers before they occur, and allocate the required data in the target SeNodeB, the predictor entity in the proposed system architecture combines the features of Radial Basis Function Neural Network and neural network time series tool to create and update prediction list from the systemâs collected data and learn to predict the next SeNodeB to associate with. The prediction entity is simulated using MATLAB, and the results shows that the system was able to deliver up to 92% correct predictions for handovers which led to overall throughput improvement of 75%
Implementation of MHMIP and Comparing the Performance With MIP and DHMIP in Mobile Networks
Managing the mobility efficiently in wireless networks causes critical issue, in order to support mobile users. To support global mobility in IP networks The Mobile Internet Protocol (MIP) has been proposed. The Hierarchical MIP (HMIP) and Dynamic HMIP (DHMIP) strategies are also proposed for providing high signaling delay. Our proposal approach âMulticast HMIP strategyâ limits the registration processes in the GFAs. For high-mobility MTs, MHMIP provides lowest mobility signaling delay compared to the HMIP and DHMIP approaches. However, it is resource consuming strategy unless for frequent MT mobility. Hence, we propose an analytic model to evaluate the mean signaling delay and the mean bandwidth per call according to the type of MT mobility. In our analysis, the MHMIP gives the best performance among the DHMIP and MIP strategies in almost all the studied cases. The main contribution of this paper is to implement the MHMIP and provide the analytic model that allows the comparison of MIP, DHMIP and MHMIP mobility management approaches
- âŠ