2,455 research outputs found

    Negative-sequence voltage elimination for distributed generators in grid-feeding operation mode

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    © 2020 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.A major concern of the power quality in distributed systems is related to the mitigation of voltage imbalances. This function can be implemented directly in the control system of the distributed generation power converters working simultaneously with the standard operation modes. This study presents a negative-sequence voltage elimination technique for distributed generators in grid-feeding operation mode. The proposal guarantees a complete elimination of the negativesequence voltage, while operating without a priori in-depth knowledge of the grid configuration and its characteristics. The proposed control architecture is presented together with its pseudocode, a controller flowchart and a discussion of the implementation aspects. A closed-loop modelling is derived based on a complex transfer function approach, which is used to determine stability margins and control design guidelines. A laboratory setup was implemented to verify the performance of the proposed strategy.This work was supported by the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain and by the European Regional Development Fund under project RTI2018-100732-B-C22.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

    POWER CONDITIONING UNIT FOR SMALL SCALE HYBRID PV-WIND GENERATION SYSTEM

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    Small-scale renewable energy systems are becoming increasingly popular due to soaring fuel prices and due to technological advancements which reduce the cost of manufacturing. Solar and wind energies, among other renewable energy sources, are the most available ones globally. The hybrid photovoltaic (PV) and wind power system has a higher capability to deliver continuous power with reduced energy storage requirements and therefore results in better utilization of power conversion and control equipment than either of the individual sources. Power conditioning units (p.c.u.) for such small-scale hybrid PV-wind generation systems have been proposed in this study. The system was connected to the grid, but it could also operate in standalone mode if the grid was unavailable. The system contains a local controller for every energy source and the grid inverter. Besides, it contains the supervisory controller. For the wind generator side, small-scale vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are attractive due to their ability to capture wind from different directions without using a yaw. One difficulty with VAWTs is to prevent over-speeding and component over-loading at excessive wind velocities. The proposed local controller for the wind generator is based on the current and voltage measured on the dc side of the rectifier connected to the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control is provided in normal operation under the rated speed using a dc/dc boost converter. For high wind velocities, the suggested local controller controls the electric power in order to operate the turbine in the stall region. This high wind velocity control strategy attenuates the stress in the system while it smoothes the power generated. It is shown that the controller is able to stabilize the nonlinear system using an adaptive current feedback loop. Simulation and experimental results are presented. The PV generator side controller is designed to work in systems with multiple energy sources, such as those studied in this thesis. One of the most widely used methods to maximize the output PV power is the hill climbing technique. This study gives guidelines for designing both the perturbation magnitude and the time interval between consecutive perturbations for such a technique. These guidelines would improve the maximum power point tracking efficiency. According to these guidelines, a variable step MPPT algorithm with reduced power mode is designed and applied to the system. The algorithm is validated by simulation and experimental results. A single phase H-bridge inverter is proposed to supply the load and to connect the grid. Generally, a current controller injects active power with a controlled power factor and constant dc link voltage in the grid connected mode. However, in the standalone mode, it injects active power with constant ac output voltage and a power factor which depends on the load. The current controller for both modes is based on a newly developed peak current control (p.c.c.) with selective harmonic elimination. A design procedure has been proposed for the controller. Then, the method was demonstrated by simulation. The problem of the dc current injection to the grid has been investigated for such inverters. The causes of dc current injection are analyzed, and a measurement circuit is then proposed to control the inverter for dc current injection elimination. Characteristics of the proposed method are demonstrated, using simulation and experimental results. At the final stage of the study, a supervisory controller is demonstrated, which manages the different operating states of the system during starting, grid-connected and standalone modes. The operating states, designed for every mode, have been defined in such a hybrid model to allow stability and smooth transition between these states. The supervisory controller switches the system between the different modes and states according to the availability of the utility grid, renewable energy generators, the state of charge (SOC) of energy storage batteries, and the load. The p.c.u. including the supervisory controller has been verified in the different modes and states by simulation

    Modular Battery Systems for Electric Vehicles based on Multilevel Inverter Topologies - Opportunities and Challenges

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    Modular battery systems based on multilevel inverter (MLI) topologies can possibly overcome some shortcomings of two-level inverters when used for vehicle propulsion. The results presented in this thesis aim to point out the advantages and disadvantages, as well as the technical challenges, of modular vehicle battery systems based on MLIs in comparison to a conventional, two-level IGBT inverter drivetrain. The considered key aspects for this comparative investigation are the drive cycle efficiency, the inverter cost, the fault tolerance capability of the drivetrain and the conducted electromagnetic emissions. Extensive experiments have been performed to support the results and conclusions.In this work, it is shown that the simulated drive cycle efficiency of different low-voltage-MOSFET-based, cascaded seven-level inverter types is improved in comparison to a similarly rated, two-level IGBT inverter drivetrain. For example, the simulated WLTP drive cycle efficiency of a cascaded double-H-bridge (CDHB) inverter drivetrain in comparison to a two-level IGBT inverter, when used in a small passenger car, is increased from 94.24% to 95.04%, considering the inverter and the ohmic battery losses. In contrast, the obtained efficiency of a similar rated seven-level cascaded H-bridge (CHB) drivetrain is almost equal to that of the two-level inverter drivetrain, but with the help of a hybrid modulation technique, utilizing fundamental selective harmonic elimination at lower speeds, it could be improved to 94.85%. In addition, the CDHB and CHB inverters’ cost, in comparison to the two-level inverter, is reduced from 342€ to 202€ and 121€, respectively. Furthermore, based on a simple three-level inverter with a dual battery pack, it is shown that MLIs inherently allow for a fault tolerant operation. It is explained how the drivetrain of a neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter can be operated under a fault condition, so that the vehicle can drive with a limited maximum power to the next service station, referred to as limp home mode. Especially, the detection and localization of open circuit faults has been investigated and verified through simulations and experiments.Moreover, it is explained how to measure the conducted emissions of an NPC inverter with a dual battery pack according to the governing standard, CISPR 25, because the additional neutral point connection forms a peculiar three-wire DC source. To separate the measured noise spectra into CM, line-DM and phase-DMquantities, two hardware separators based on HF transformers are developed and utilized. It is shown that the CM noise is dominant. Furthermore, the CM noise is reduced by 3dB to 6dB when operating the inverter with three-level instead of two-level modulation

    Time-Domain Minimization of Voltage and Current Total Harmonic Distortion for a Single-Phase Multilevel Inverter with a Staircase Modulation

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    This paper presents the optimization technique for minimizing the voltage and current total harmonic distortion (THD) in a single-phase multilevel inverter controlled by staircase modulation. The previously reported research generally considered the optimal THD problem in the frequency domain, taking into account a limited harmonic number. The novelty of the suggested approach is that voltage and current minimal THD problems are being formulated in the time domain as constrained optimization ones, making it possible to determine the optimal switching angles. In this way, all switching harmonics can be considered. The target function expression becomes very compact and existing efficient solvers for this kind of optimization problems can find a solution in negligible processor time. Current THD is understood as voltage frequency weighted THD that assumes pure inductive load—this approximation is practically accurate for inductively dominant RL-loads. In this study, the optimal switching angles and respective minimal THD values were obtained for different inverter level counts and overall fundamental voltage magnitude (modulation index) dynamic range. Developments are easily modified to cover multilevel inverter grid-connected applications. The results have been verified by experimental tests

    Source current harmonic mitigation of distorted voltage source by using shunt active power filter

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    In this paper, three-phase, four-wire shunt active power filter (SAPF) is utilized to mitigate system harmonics of distorted voltage source for unbalanced and nonlinear loads. Basically, the source voltage should be pure sinusoidal waveform to get a good mitigation of source current harmonics. In this under study system, the source voltage is assumed to be harmonic distortion non-sinusoidal voltage source. The phase locked loop (PLL) control circuit is wielded for extracting the fundamental component of the distorted source voltage to use it as an input signal to the SAPF control. Another input signal to the SAPF is the distorted load current. The SAPF control system uses (p-q) theory to calculate the optimum instantaneous current to be injected by the SAPF to mitigate the source current harmonics even the source voltage is harmonic distorted. MATLAB/SIMULINK software package is utilized to simulate the system under study. The effect of SAPF is tested when it’s used with and without the PLL control circuit. The simulation results show that, the THD of source current when using the PLL control circuit is improved to comply with the harmonic limits given in the IEEE 519-1992 and IEC 61000-4-7 standards

    POWER QUALITY CONTROL AND COMMON-MODE NOISE MITIGATION FOR INVERTERS IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES

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    Inverters are widely utilized in electric vehicle (EV) applications as a major voltage/current source for onboard battery chargers (OBC) and motor drive systems. The inverter performance is critical to the efficiency of EV system energy conversion and electronics system electro-magnetic interference (EMI) design. However, for AC systems, the bandwidth requirement is usually low compared with DC systems, and the control impact on the inverter differential-mode (DM) and common-mode (CM) performance are not well investigated. With the wide-band gap (WBG) device era, the switching capability of power electronics devices drastically improved. The DM/CM impact that was brought by the WBG device-based inverter becomes more serious and has not been completely understood. This thesis provides an in-depth analysis of on-board inverter control strategies and the corresponding DM/CM impact on the EV system. The OBC inverter control under vehicle-to-load (V2L) mode will be documented first. A virtual resistance damping method minimizes the nonlinear load harmonics, and a neutral balancing method regulates the unbalanced load impact through the fourth leg. In the motor drive system, a generalized CM voltage analytical model and a current ripple prediction model are built for understanding the system CM and DM stress with respect to different modulation methods, covering both 2-level and 3-level topologies. A novel CM EMI damping modulation scheme is proposed for 6-phase inverter applications. The performance comparison between the proposed methods and the conventional solution is carried out. Each topic is supported by the corresponding hardware platform and experimental validation

    New techniques to improve power quality and evaluate stability in modern all-electric naval ship power systems

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    This dissertation focuses on two crucial issues in the design and analysis of the power electronic systems on modern all-electric naval ships, i.e., power quality control and stability evaluation. It includes three papers that deal with active power filter topology, active rectifier control, and impedance measurement techniques, respectively. To mitigate harmonic currents generated by high-power high-voltage shipboard loads such as propulsion motor drives, the first paper proposes a novel seven-level shunt active power filter topology, which utilizes tapped reactors for parallel operations of switching devices. The multi-level system has been implemented in both regular digital simulation and real-time digital simulator for validation. In the second paper, a harmonic compensation algorithm for three-phase active rectifiers is proposed. Based on the theory of multiple reference frames, it provides fast and accurate regulation of selected harmonic currents so that the rectifier draws balanced and sinusoidal currents from the source, even when the input voltages are unbalanced and contain harmonics. Extensive laboratory tests on a 2 kW prototype system verifies the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. The last paper presents a new technique for impedance identification of dc and ac power electronic systems, which significantly simplifies the procedure for stability analysis. Recurrent neural networks are used to build dynamic models of the system based on a few signal injections, then the impedance information can be extracted using off-line training and identification algorithms. Both digital simulation and hardware tests were used to validate the technique --Abstract, page iv
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