A survey of 5G technologies: regulatory, standardization and industrial perspectives

In recent years, there have been significant developments in the research on 5th Generation (5G) networks. Several enabling technologies are being explored for the 5G mobile system era. The aim is to evolve a cellular network that is intrinsically flexible and remarkably pushes forward the limits of legacy mobile systems across all dimensions of performance metrics. All the stakeholders, such as regulatory bodies, standardization authorities, industrial fora, mobile operators and vendors, must work in unison to bring 5G to fruition. In this paper, we aggregate the 5G-related information coming from the various stakeholders, in order to i) have a comprehensive overview of 5G and ii) to provide a survey of the envisioned 5G technologies; their development thus far from the perspective of those stakeholders will open up new frontiers of services and applications for next-generation wireless networks. Keywords: 5G, ITU, Next-generation wireless network

Device discovery in D2D communication: A survey

Device to Device (D2D) communication was first considered in out-band to manage energy issues in the wireless sensor networks. The primary target was to secure information about system topology for successive communication. Now the D2D communication has been legitimated in in-band by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). To initiate D2D communication, Device Discovery (DD) is a primary task and every D2D application benefits from DD as an end to end link maintenance and data relay when the direct path is obstructed. The DD is facing new difficulties because of the mobility of the devices over static systems, and the mobility makes it more challenging for D2D communication. For in-band D2D, DD in a single cell and multi-cell, and dense area is not legitimated properly, causing latency, inaccuracy, and energy consumption. Among extensive studies on limiting energy consumption and latency, DD is one of the essential parts concentrating on access and communication. In this paper, a comprehensive survey on DD challenges, for example single cell/multi-cell and dense area DD, energy consumption during discovery, discovery delay, and discovery security, etc., has been presented to accomplish an effective paradigm of D2D networks. In order to undertake the device (user) needs, an architecture has been projected, which promises to overwhelm the various implementation challenges of DD. The paper mainly focuses on DD taxonomy and classification with an emphasis on discovery procedures and algorithms, a summary of advances and issues, and ways for potential enhancements. For ensuring a secure DD and D2D, auspicious research directions have been proposed, based on taxonomy

D2.2 Draft Overall 5G RAN Design

This deliverable provides the consolidated preliminary view of the METIS-II partners on the 5 th generation (5G) radio access network (RAN) design at a mid-point of the project. The overall 5G RAN is envisaged to operate over a wide range of spectrum bands comprising of heterogeneous spectrum usage scenarios. More precisely, the 5G air interface (AI) is expected to be composed of multiple so-called AI variants (AIVs), which include evolved legacy technology such as Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) as well as novel AIVs, which may be tailored to particular services or frequency bands.Arnold, P.; Bayer, N.; Belschner, J.; Rosowski, T.; Zimmermann, G.; Ericson, M.; Da Silva, IL.... (2016). D2.2 Draft Overall 5G RAN Design. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17831.1424

A Comprehensive Review of D2D Communication in 5G and B5G Networks

The evolution of Device-to-device (D2D) communication represents a significant breakthrough within the realm of mobile technology, particularly in the context of 5G and beyond 5G (B5G) networks. This innovation streamlines the process of data transfer between devices that are in close physical proximity to each other. D2D communication capitalizes on the capabilities of nearby devices to communicate directly with one another, thereby optimizing the efficient utilization of available network resources, reducing latency, enhancing data transmission speed, and increasing the overall network capacity. In essence, it empowers more effective and rapid data sharing among neighboring devices, which is especially advantageous within the advanced landscape of mobile networks such as 5G and B5G. The development of D2D communication is largely driven by mobile operators who gather and leverage short-range communications data to propel this technology forward. This data is vital for maintaining proximity-based services and enhancing network performance. The primary objective of this research is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent progress in different aspects of D2D communication, including the discovery process, mode selection methods, interference management, power allocation, and how D2D is employed in 5G technologies. Furthermore, the study also underscores the unresolved issues and identifies the challenges associated with D2D communication, shedding light on areas that need further exploration and developmen

LTE 기반 기기간 통신 성능 향상 연구

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 전기·컴퓨터공학부, 2016. 2. 최성현.Recently, Device-to-Device (D2D) communication has attracted much attention as an emerging solution to cope with heavy cellular traffic caused by the proliferation of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet PCs along with the increased demands for high data rate services. D2D communication is a promising technique which is introduced to one of the technology in Fifth Generation (5G) mobile network. In this scenario, allowing User Equipments (UEs) to reuse cellular resources can boost up the network performance in terms of the system capacity. In addition, reduced number of hops and shorter communication distance via direct communication between proximity UEs implies reduced energy consumption and communication delay. Moreover, D2D communications can help offload cellular traffic and avoid congestion in cellular network. This dissertation dealt with various aspects of problems under D2D network. For performance enhancement, various schemes and algorithms for D2D discovery and communication are proposed and evaluated via simulation. First of all, we investigate the interference problem occurring during D2D discovery. Every D2D-UE (D-UE) chooses the discovery resource randomly. Therefore, if the same resource is selected by more than one D-UE, mutual interference by collision is inevitable. Moreover, the collided D-UEs can not recognize the collision event in distributed D2D network. To reduce such mutual interference, interference mitigation technique is necessary. This study proposes two schemes to improve the discovery performance by alleviating the mutual interference. Since the proposed schemes are considered to operate in distributed manner, additional signaling or resources are not needed. In addition, performance evaluation of the proposed schemes and algorithm are conducted by incorporating in recent specification. Secondly, this study proposes the D2D discovery and link setup protocol model working in an LTE network. In addition, propose discovery synchronization, beacon resource and energy efficient RRC IDLE state discovery. These proposed model and discovery design in LTE-based is the first study in academia. Even though, the demand for D2D communication has increased, energy consumption is a growing concern as well. A device has to support both cellular and D2D communication, meaning that additional energy is required. Due to the energy concerns, we comparatively analyze the performance of the D2D discovery and link setup in RRC CONNECTED and RRC IDLE states. The performance analysis is conducted by utilizing the real measurement results with commercialized LTE smartphones. Lastly, we design a spatial reuse scheme which is well-known as one of the advantages in proximity D2D communication. The spatial reuse scheme is allowed to reuse one resource by sharing multiple transmitters. However, sharing the spectrum is carefully allowed due to the generating interference mutually. Especially, when two (or more than) devices reuse in proximity. This study investigate the spatial reuse problem under D2D multicast transmission and solve it with distributed manner. Moreover, this study proposes novel resource reusing schemes by multiple transmitters to increase spectrum efficiency. The performance evaluation of the proposed schemes are conducted by incorporating in recent specification, thus the simulation results demonstrate that proposed schemes outperform the baseline scheme.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Device-to-Device (D2D) Network 2 1.1.1 D2D Discovery 2 1.1.2 D2D Communication 3 1.2 Overview of Existing Approaches 4 1.2.1 LTE in 3GPP Standard 4 1.2.2 D2D in 3GPP Standard 4 1.2.3 Approaches for D2D Communication 5 1.2.4 Approaches for D2D Discovery 6 1.2.5 Approaches for D2D Spatial Reuse 6 1.3 Main Contributions 7 1.3.1 Interference Mitigation 7 1.3.2 Discovery Protocol Design 8 1.3.3 Spatial Reuse Operation 8 1.4 Organization of the Dissertation 9 Chapter 2 Interference Mitigation for D2D Discovery 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Background 11 2.2.1 Resource Selection 11 2.2.2 Resource Collision 13 2.2.3 Motivation 14 2.3 System Model 15 2.3.1 D2D System 15 2.3.2 Criteria of Discovery Success 16 2.4 Problem Formulation 17 2.5 Power Control Scheme 18 2.5.1 Power Control Performance 18 2.5.2 Proposed Power Control Algorithm 19 2.6 Collision Resolution Scheme 22 2.6.1 Beacon Design 22 2.6.2 Collision Resolution Scheme 23 2.7 Performance Evaluation 25 2.8 Summary 27 Chapter 3 Protocol Design for D2D Discovery 31 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Background 32 3.2.1 Radio Resource Control (RRC) 32 3.2.2 Discontinuous Reception (DRX) 33 3.2.3 Motivation 34 3.3 System Model 35 3.3.1 D2D Beacon 35 3.3.2 D2D Discovery 36 3.3.3 Synchronization 36 3.3.4 D2D Link Setup 38 3.4 Numerical Analysis 39 3.4.1 Average Power Model 39 3.4.2 Base Power Model 40 3.4.3 D2D Link Setup Delay 41 3.5 Performance Evaluation 42 3.6 Summary 42 Chapter 4 Spatial Reuse for D2D Communication 46 4.1 Introduction 46 4.2 Background 48 4.2.1 D2D Communication 48 4.2.2 D2D Group Communication 49 4.2.3 Motivation 51 4.3 Problem Statement 53 4.3.1 Criteria of Successful D2D link 53 4.3.2 Spatial Reuse Interference 54 4.4 Proposed Spatial Reuse Scheme 55 4.4.1 Range-Based Approach 55 4.4.2 Spatial Reuse Scenario 56 4.4.3 Upper Bound and Lower Bound . 58 4.5 Spatial Reuse Operation 60 4.5.1 Spatial Reuse Procedure 60 4.5.2 Spatial Reuse Grant 61 4.6 SR with Multiple Transmitters 63 4.6.1 PS-SR Scheme 64 4.6.2 P-SR Scheme 65 4.7 Performance Evaluation 67 4.8 Comparison of PS-SR and P-SR Schemes 72 4.8.1 Overhead Comparison 72 4.9 Summary 74 Chapter 5 Conclusion 75 5.1 Summary 75 5.2 Future Work 77 Bibliography 79 Abstract (In Korean) 87Docto

Device-to-device communications for 5G Radio Access Networks

Nowadays it is very popular to share video clips and images to one’s social network in the proximity. Direct device-to-device (D2D) communication is one of the means to respond to this requirement. D2D offers users improved end-to-end latency times, and additionally can provide higher data rates. At the same time the overall cellular network congestion decreases. D2D is also known as Proximity Services (ProSe). LTE is missing direct D2D communication. Currently D2D for 5G is standardised in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Releases 12, and in parallel Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society (METIS) project has D2D as one of its research topics. Multiple articles have been published about D2D communication. This thesis is a literature based thesis following D2D communication in 5G literature. The scope is to describe similarities and differences found in Technical Reports and Technical Specifications of the 3GPP Release 12, in deliverables written in METIS project and in some selected D2D related publications about D2D communications. 3GPP Release 12 concentrates on ProSe at least for public safety. ProSe communication out-of-coverage is only for public safety purposes. METIS provides multiple solutions for diverse D2D topics, for example, device discovery, radio resource management, mobility management and relaying. METIS provides solutions for D2D communication not yet mature enough for development and implementation but which might be realized in the future.Nykyisin on suosittua lähettää lyhyitä videoita tai kuvia läheisyydessä oleville ystäville. Laitteiden välinen suora kommunikointi eli D2D-viestintä tuo ratkaisun tähän vaatimukseen. D2D-viestinnän ansiosta viive lyhenee ja lisäksi siirtonopeudet kasvavat. Samaan aikaan koko verkon kuormitus vähenee. Suora kahden laitteen välinen kommunikointi puuttuu LTE:stä. Tällä hetkellä 3GPP Release 12 standardisoi suoraa kahden laitteen välistä kommunikointia. Samanaikaisesti Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society (METIS) –projektin yhtenä tutkimuskohteenaan on kahden laitteen välinen suora kommunikointi, Lisäksi on lukuisia julkaisuja liittyen D2D-viestintään. Tämä diplomityö perustuu kirjallisuuteen. Sen tavoitteena on selvittää, miten kahden laitteen välistä suoraa kommunikointia on kuvattu 3GPP Release 12:ta teknisissä spesifikaatioissa, METIS-projektin julkaisuissa sekä muutamassa valitussa tieteellisessä julkaisussa. Tavoitteena on selvittää D2D-viestinnän yhtäläisyyksiä sekä poikkeamia. 3PGG Release 12 standardointi keskittyy D2D-viestinnän käyttöön ainakin julkisessa pelastustyössä. D2D-viestinnän tulee ainakin julkisessa pelastustyössä toimia myös siellä missä matkapuhelinverkko ei toimi tai sitä ei ole olemassa. METIS tarjoaa useita ratkaisuja D2D-viestinnän eri osa-alueille, esimerkiksi laitteiden tunnistamiseen, resurssien hallintaan, liikkuvuuden hallintaa ja viestien edelleen lähettämiseen. METIS-projekti on tuottanut D2D-viestinnän ratkaisuja, joiden toteuttaminen on järkevää ja mahdollista vasta tulevaisuudessa

Building upon NB-IoT networks : a roadmap towards 5G new radio networks

Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a type of low-power wide-area (LPWA) technology standardized by the 3rd-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and based on long-term evolution (LTE) functionalities. NB-IoT has attracted significant interest from the research community due to its support for massive machine-type communication (mMTC) and various IoT use cases that have stringent specifications in terms of connectivity, energy efficiency, reachability, reliability, and latency. However, as the capacity requirements for different IoT use cases continue to grow, the various functionalities of the LTE evolved packet core (EPC) system may become overladen and inevitably suboptimal. Several research efforts are ongoing to meet these challenges; consequently, we present an overview of these efforts, mainly focusing on the Open System Interconnection (OSI) layer of the NB-IoT framework. We present an optimized architecture of the LTE EPC functionalities, as well as further discussion about the 3GPP NB-IoT standardization and its releases. Furthermore, the possible 5G architectural design for NB-IoT integration, the enabling technologies required for 5G NB-IoT, the 5G NR coexistence with NB-IoT, and the potential architectural deployment schemes of NB-IoT with cellular networks are introduced. In this article, a description of cloud-assisted relay with backscatter communication, a comprehensive review of the technical performance properties and channel communication characteristics from the perspective of the physical (PHY) and medium-access control (MAC) layer of NB-IoT, with a focus on 5G, are presented. The different limitations associated with simulating these systems are also discussed. The enabling market for NB-IoT, the benefits for a few use cases, and possible critical challenges related to their deployment are also included. Finally, present challenges and open research directions on the PHY and MAC properties, as well as the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis of NB-IoT, are presented to foster the prospective research activities.http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=6287639pm2021Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineerin