Are the immunomodulatory properties of Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 peptidoglycan common for all Lactobacilli during respiratory infection in malnourished mice?

Previously, we reported that Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 peptidoglycan (PG05) improves the innate immune response in immunocompromised-malnourished mice after Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. This study extends those previous findings by demonstrating that the dietary recovery of malnourished mice with nasal administration of PG05 improves not only the innate immune response but the respiratory and systemic adaptive humoral response as well. PG05 enhanced the Th2 response, the recovery of B cells, and the concentration and opsonophagocytic activity of anti-pneumococcal antibodies. In addition, by performing comparative studies with the peptidoglycans from lactobacilli of the same species (L. rhamnosus CRL534) or with similar immunomodulatory properties (L. plantarum CRL1506), we demonstrated here that PG05 has unique immunomodulatory properties that cannot be extended to peptidoglycans from other probiotic strains. However, the knowledge of the molecular characteristics of PG05 is indispensable to understand immunomodulatory abilities of L. rhamnosus CRL1505.Fil: Kolling, Yanina Noralí. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; ArgentinaFil: Salva, Maria Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; ArgentinaFil: Villena, Julio Cesar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; ArgentinaFil: Alvarez, Gladis Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentin

Defenses to International Antitrust Suits: An Aggregate Approach

Part I of this Comment will discuss briefly the cases in which the defenses have been asserted. Part I will examine the underlying policies of each defense. In Part II of this Comment each of the defenses will be applied separately to the facts of a recent antitrust case, In re Uranium Antitrust Litigation. Finally, in Part III, the application of the separatist approach to those facts will be critiqued, and an alternative approach to the defenses will be discussed

Defenses to International Antitrust Suits: An Aggregate Approach

Part I of this Comment will discuss briefly the cases in which the defenses have been asserted. Part I will examine the underlying policies of each defense. In Part II of this Comment each of the defenses will be applied separately to the facts of a recent antitrust case, In re Uranium Antitrust Litigation. Finally, in Part III, the application of the separatist approach to those facts will be critiqued, and an alternative approach to the defenses will be discussed