Rethinking state-society relationships: emergence of civil society at Canton in late Qing, 1896-1911.

by Cheng Chi-man, Francis.Thesis submitted in: December 1998.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 177-199).Abstract also in Chinese.Acknowledgments --- p.iAbstract --- p.iiiList of Figures --- p.vChapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTIONBackground of This Study --- p.1Aims and Objectives --- p.6Conceptual Framework --- p.7Civil Organization --- p.12Civil Society --- p.14State-Society Relationship --- p.15justification of this study --- p.20A Methodological Note --- p.24Chapter Outline --- p.26Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- CONCEPT OF CIVIL SOCIETY REVISITEDIntroduction --- p.30Western Tradition --- p.35Political Society and Civil Society --- p.36Economic Society and Civil Society --- p.37Paradoxes of Civil Society --- p.39Western Definition of Civil Society --- p.43Eastern Europe Tradition --- p.45Civil Society in Poland --- p.45Chinese Tradition --- p.48Philosophical-moral Reflection in China --- p.50Historical-sociological Reflection in China --- p.53Concluding Remarks --- p.56Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- "STATE OVERWHELMED SOCIETY: STATE- MERCHANTS RELATIONSHIP FROM EARLY TO MIDDLE QING,"Introduction --- p.59Autocratic Legacies of Qing Dynasty --- p.61Merchants under Autocratic Tradition --- p.64Co-hong System： Representation of State-Merchants Relationship --- p.69Guilds of Merchant： A Long Haul --- p.76Concluding Remarks --- p.80Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- "GENERAL BACKGROUND OF MERCHANTS' ORGANIZATIONS AT CANTON IN THE LATE QING,1896-1911"Introduction --- p.84Popular Type of Merchants' Organization --- p.86Semi-official Type of Merchants' Organization --- p.89Concluding Remarks --- p.93Chapter CHAPTER FIVE: --- ANALYSIS OF CANTON GENERAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE: REALIZATION OF MERCHANTS' AUTONOMY?Introduction --- p.96Autonomy over Election and Decision Making Process --- p.98Autonomy over Finance --- p.103Autonomy over Activities --- p.106Functions of the Chamber --- p.108Participation in Public Affairs --- p.114Concluding Remarks --- p.120Chapter CHAPTER SIX: --- "DISCUSSION OF POLITICAL-ECONOMIC- CULTURAL DYNAMIC: AN EXPLANATION FOR RISE OF INTERPENETRATED MODE OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN CANTON IN THE LATE QING,1896-1911"Introduction --- p.125Decline of State --- p.128Acceleration of Commercialization --- p.135Integration of Merchant Culture --- p.142Concluding Remarks --- p.149Chapter CHAPTER SEVEN: --- CONCLUSIONConcluding Review of Study --- p.154Suffocation of Emerged Civil Society --- p.164Achievement of Idea of Civil Society --- p.167Limitations of Study and Future Development --- p.169Appendices --- p.171Bibliography --- p.177Chinese Bibliography --- p.193Glossary --- p.20

Generals of the South: the foundation and early history of the Three Kingdoms state of Wu

This work was first published in 1990 as No. 16 of the Asian Studies Monographs: New Series of the Faculty of Asian Studies at the Australian National University.The present volume is concerned with one aspect of that great tradition: the development of the state of Wu, under control of the Sun family, in the territory south of the Yangzi. The establishment of this separate state, and its maintenance for the best part of a hundred years, was a critical factor for the centuries that followed. On the one hand, the independence of Wu prevented Cao Cao, victor of the civil war in the north, from restoring the unity which had been lost by the last emperors of Han. At the same time, however, by confirming and developing a Chinese presence in that frontier territory, the generals of Wu established the conditions not just for their own short-lived political survival, but also for the dynasties which took refuge there after the overthrow of Western Jin at the beginning of the fourth century, and which maintained their cultural heritage through the next three hundred years

a new variant of time memory trade-off on the improvement of thing and ying's attack

In this paper, we present a rigorous evaluation of Thing and Ying's attack (TY attack) [11] along with practical implementations. We find that the cryptanalysis time of their attack is too high to be practical. We also propose a more general time memory trade-off by combining the distinguished points strategy with TY attack. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results show that our new design can save about 53.7% cryptanalysis time compared to TY attack and can reduce about 35.2% storage requirement compared to the original rainbow attack. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.In this paper, we present a rigorous evaluation of Thing and Ying's attack (TY attack) [11] along with practical implementations. We find that the cryptanalysis time of their attack is too high to be practical. We also propose a more general time memory trade-off by combining the distinguished points strategy with TY attack. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results show that our new design can save about 53.7% cryptanalysis time compared to TY attack and can reduce about 35.2% storage requirement compared to the original rainbow attack. © 2012 Springer-Verlag

Unities and Diversities in Chinese Religion

This is an out of print book, the rights for which have reverted to the author. The version presented here was digitized from a paper copy provided by the author.tru

A brief flowering: A study of the modern Chinese magazine Literary Renaissance.

The modern Chinese magazine Literary Renaissance was published monthly in Shanghai between January 1946 and August 1949, edited by Zheng Zhenduo and Li Jianwu Its launch expressed widespread hopes for the revival of Chinese literature after the war and intentions of working towards that revival. The purpose of this study is to examine whether there was indeed a post-war Literary Renaissance reflected by the magazine. Since the editors perceived a parallel between the European Renaissance and the envisaged revival of Chinese literature, various interpretations of the connection are looked at before the magazine's own literary philosophy is traced through the published editorials, reviews and theoretical articles. Creative contributions are discussed according to genre, devoting a chapter each to poetry, short stories, novels and drama. In evaluating individual works, comparisons are sought with outstanding examples of literature from the previous decades, looking for changes and differences, and focusing on foreign or native influences. Where appropriate, the world outlook and allegiances of contributors are also looked into, trying to discover groupings and trends. In the broad spectrum of poems several instances are found that are comparable in quality to pre-war poetry. Among the short stories two significant types of narratives emerge that present reality in a more complex and experimental manner. Of the three serialized novels, two have turned out to rank among the best of modern Chinese novels. The playscripts, however, while giving a glimpse of the previous theatre boom, reflect the post-war decline of drama. Finally, the findings in the various genres are brought together and the basic question of the study is answered. Appendices include a chronology of selected events relevant to the period, reproductions of the evocative cover and content pages of the magazine, translations of two modernist short stories and biographies of significant contributors

Contested representation: an historical reassessment of the work of art filmmakers in the PRC, 1989-2001

This thesis reconsiders the work of art filmmakers in the People’s Republic of China between 1989 and 2001. These dates bookend the decade of the 1990s, comprising two defining moments in the reform era: the Tiananmen Square political crisis in 1989, and the entry of China into the WTO and the global market economy in 2001. The 1990s is therefore approached in this research as a transitional decade, in which the future direction of China was being decided. The term ‘art film’ is used to identify a distinct mode of film practice, characterised by a peripheral position, a clear directorial voice, and an emphasis on aesthetics. This rubric therefore incorporates films made by a range of auteur directors, rather than solely the ‘independent’ or ‘underground’ works commonly assessed in studies of the decade. By examining the representational modes used by art filmmakers in the 1990s, filmic innovations can be seen to constitute an artistic response to the restrictions placed on representation by the State. This thesis argues that historical reassessment was a key factor in the innovation of cinematic representation in the 1990s. Utilising a cultural history approach, the thesis engages in close textual analysis of seventeen films, identifying and contextualising the representational conventions drawn on by filmmakers. The thesis is structured around five thematic chapters, each dealing with a cluster of films focused on similar content. The first chapter examines filmic reassessments of China’s socialist history, and concludes that the limitations of the official narrative provided opportunities for the assertion of alternative histories. The subsequent chapters develop on the concept of historical reassessment by looking at changing modes of cinematic representation in relation to rural populations, women and gender, urban regeneration, and youth culture. By engaging in a wide-ranging survey of how key themes were represented in art films in the 1990s, the thesis reveals the critical role which historical reassessment played in pushing directors to new levels of artistry and experimentation in their filmmaking. This thesis concludes that by questioning the cinematic forms used historically to represent these issues and social groups, Chinese art filmmakers achieved a new level of artistic independence in their work by the end of the decade