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Modelling the Spread of Botnet Malware in IoT-Based Wireless Sensor Networks
The propagation approach of a botnet largely dictates its formation, establishing a foundation of bots for future exploitation. The chosen propagation method determines the attack surface, and consequently, the degree of network penetration, as well as the overall size and the eventual attack potency. It is therefore essential to understand propagation behaviours and influential factors in order to better secure vulnerable systems. Whilst botnet propagation is generally well-studied, newer technologies like IoT have unique characteristics which are yet to be thoroughly explored. In this paper, we apply the principles of epidemic modelling to IoT networks consisting of wireless sensor nodes. We build IoT-SIS, a novel propagation model which considers the impact of IoT-specific characteristics like limited processing power, energy restrictions, and node density on the formation of a botnet. Focusing on worm-based propagation, this model is used to explore the dynamics of spread using numerical simulations and the Monte Carlo method, and to discuss the real-life implications of our findings
Malware "Ecology" Viewed as Ecological Succession: Historical Trends and Future Prospects
The development and evolution of malware including computer viruses, worms,
and trojan horses, is shown to be closely analogous to the process of community
succession long recognized in ecology. In particular, both changes in the
overall environment by external disturbances, as well as, feedback effects from
malware competition and antivirus coevolution have driven community succession
and the development of different types of malware with varying modes of
transmission and adaptability.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figure
Spreading processes in Multilayer Networks
Several systems can be modeled as sets of interconnected networks or networks
with multiple types of connections, here generally called multilayer networks.
Spreading processes such as information propagation among users of an online
social networks, or the diffusion of pathogens among individuals through their
contact network, are fundamental phenomena occurring in these networks.
However, while information diffusion in single networks has received
considerable attention from various disciplines for over a decade, spreading
processes in multilayer networks is still a young research area presenting many
challenging research issues. In this paper we review the main models, results
and applications of multilayer spreading processes and discuss some promising
research directions.Comment: 21 pages, 3 figures, 4 table
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