Smart Cities for Real People

Accelerating urbanization of the population and the emergence of new smart sensors (the Internet of Things) are combining in the phenomenon of the smart city. This movement is leading to improved quality of life and public safety, helping cities to enjoy economies that help remedy some budget overruns, better health care, and is resulting in increased productivity. The following report summarizes evolving digital technology trends, including smart phone applications, mapping software, big data and sensor miniaturization and broadband networking, that combine to create a technology toolkit available to smart city developers, managers and citizens. As noted above, the benefits of the smart city are already evident in some key areas as the technology sees actual implementation, 30 years after the creation of the broadband cable modem. The challenges of urbanization require urgent action and intelligent strategies. The applications and tools that truly benefit the people who live in cities will depend not on just the tools, but their intelligent application given current systemic obstacles, some of which are highlighted in the article. Of course, all the emerging technologies mentioned are dependent on ubiquitous, economical, reliable, safe and secure networks (wired and wireless) and network service providers

Smart mobility: opportunity or threat to innovate places and cities

The concept of the “smart mobility” has become something of a buzz phrase in the planning and transport fields in the last decade. After a fervent first phase in which information technology and digital data were considered the answer for making mobility more efficient, more attractive and for increasing the quality of travel, some disappointing has grown around this concept: the distance between the visionarypotentialthatsmartness is providingis too far from the reality of urban mobility in cities. We argue in particular that two main aspects of smart mobility should be eluded: the first refers to the merely application to technology on mobility system, what we called the techo-centric aspect; the second feature is the consumer-centric aspect of smart mobility, that consider transport users only as potential consumers of a service. Starting from this, the study critics the smart mobility approach and applications and argues on a“smarter mobility” approach, in which technologies are only oneaspects of a more complex system. With a view on the urgency of looking beyond technology and beyond consumer-oriented solutions, the study arguments the need for a cross-disciplinary and a more collaborative approach that could supports transition towards a“smarter mobility” for enhancing the quality of life and the development ofvibrant cities. The article does not intend to produce a radical critique of the smart mobility concept,denying a priori its utility. Our perspectiveisthat the smart mobility is sometimes used as an evocativeslogan lacking some fundamental connection with other central aspect of mobility planning and governance. Main research questions are: what is missing in the technology-oriented or in the consumers-oriented smart mobility approach? What are the main risks behind these approaches? To answer this questions the paper provides in Section 2 the rationale behind the paper;Section 3 provides a literature review that explores the evolution on smart mobility paradigm in the last decades analysing in details the “techno-centric”and the “consumer-centric” aspects. Section 4proposes an integrated innovative approach for smart mobility, providing examples and some innovative best practices in Belgium. Some conclusions are finally drawnin Section 5, based on the role of smart mobility to create not only virtual platforms but high quality urban places

Análisis Urbano y Comunidades Inteligentes: Una Aproximación al Empleo de la Tecnología en la Movilidad Cotidiana

Concentration of population in urban centers is a global problem for which different strategies in order to organize different processes in cities and improve the quality of life are required. The creation of smart communities is shown as a sustainable solution since they deal with various key aspects, such as traffic management and mobility, through the use of information technologies (ITs). This work presents a review of recent studies using information technologies for urban analysis and mobility in cities. A descriptive analysis of automated methods for collecting and analyzing citizens’ mobility patterns is performed; it is centered in smart card use, geolocation and geotagging. It is concluded that a robust communication infrastructure, supported by an efficient computational platform allowing big data management and ubiquitous computing, is a crucial aspect for urban management in a smart communityLa concentración de la población en los centros urbanos es una problemática mundial que requiere de estrategias que permitan organizar sus procesos y mejorar la calidad de vida. La creación de comunidades inteligentes se muestra como una solución sostenible, debido a que éstas trabajan aspectos claves para el desarrollo urbano, como la gestión de tráfico y la movilidad, apoyada en las tecnologías de la información (TICs). Este trabajo presenta una revisión del estado del arte en cuanto a la aplicación de las TICs al análisis urbano y movilidad ciudadana. Se analizan descriptivamente diversos métodos automáticos para la recolección y el análisis del patrón de movilidad de los ciudadanos, enfocándose en el uso de tarjetas inteligentes, geolocalización y geoetiquetado. Se encuentra que una infraestructura de comunicaciones robusta, apoyada en una plataforma computacional ágil con manejo de grandes datos y computación ubicua, es primordial para la gestión urbana en una comunidad inteligente

Análisis urbano y comunidades inteligentes: “una aproximación al empleo de la tecnología en la movilidad cotidiana”

Concentration of population in urban centers is a global problem for which different strategies in order to organize different processes in cities and improve the quality of life are required. The creation of smart communities is shown as a sustainable solution since they deal with various key aspects, such as traffc management and mobility, through the use of information technologies (ITs). This work presents a review of recent studies using information technologies for urban analysis and mobility in cities. A descriptive analysis of automated methods for collecting and analyzing citizens’ mobility patterns is performed; it is centered in smart card use, geolocation and geotagging. It is concluded that a robust communication infrastructure, supported by an effcient computational platform allowing big data management and ubiquitous computing, is a crucial aspect for urban management in a smart community.La concentración de la población en los centros urbanos es una problemática mundial que requiere de estrategias que permitan organizar sus procesos y mejorar la calidad de vida. La creación de comunidades inteligentes se muestra como una solución sostenible, debido a que éstas trabajan aspectos claves para el desarrollo urbano, como la gestión de tráfco y la movilidad, apoyada en las tecnologías de la información (TICs). Este trabajo presenta una revisión del estado del arte en cuanto a la aplicación de las TICs al análisis urbano y movilidad ciudadana. Se analizan descriptivamente diversos métodos automáticos para la recolección y el análisis del patrón de movilidad de los ciudadanos, enfocándose en el uso de tarjetas inteligentes, geolocalización y geoetiquetado. Se encuentra que una infraestructura de comunicaciones robusta, apoyada en una plataforma computacional ágil con manejo de grandes datos y computación ubicua, es primordial para la gestión urbana en una comunidad inteligente

Smart Computing and Sensing Technologies for Animal Welfare: A Systematic Review

Animals play a profoundly important and intricate role in our lives today. Dogs have been human companions for thousands of years, but they now work closely with us to assist the disabled, and in combat and search and rescue situations. Farm animals are a critical part of the global food supply chain, and there is increasing consumer interest in organically fed and humanely raised livestock, and how it impacts our health and environmental footprint. Wild animals are threatened with extinction by human induced factors, and shrinking and compromised habitat. This review sets the goal to systematically survey the existing literature in smart computing and sensing technologies for domestic, farm and wild animal welfare. We use the notion of \emph{animal welfare} in broad terms, to review the technologies for assessing whether animals are healthy, free of pain and suffering, and also positively stimulated in their environment. Also the notion of \emph{smart computing and sensing} is used in broad terms, to refer to computing and sensing systems that are not isolated but interconnected with communication networks, and capable of remote data collection, processing, exchange and analysis. We review smart technologies for domestic animals, indoor and outdoor animal farming, as well as animals in the wild and zoos. The findings of this review are expected to motivate future research and contribute to data, information and communication management as well as policy for animal welfare

Citizen data-driven design for pandemic monitoring

In a world concerned with the coronavirus pandemic, many governments do not know how to control the disease. Although there are several technologies that generate citizen data, transparency, and privacy are very important to ensure social engagement and more effectiveness in fighting the virus. This article analyzed some applications that contact tracing people or inform them about the disease. We selected the applications based on how they captured data, privacy issues, citizen participation, and the main challenges faced. Later, we created the app journey map to compare them and discovered the most used technology is Bluetooth, and the apps often have open source. However, these initiatives bring superficial insights and need to integrate with more complex data

Case of Indonesia

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 공과대학 협동과정 기술경영·경제·정책전공, 2023. 2. 황준석.The rapid development of digital technology and the use of information in productive processes cause structural changes in the economy in the current situation of Industry 4.0. (Neves et al., 2020) As a result of digital transformation, smart cities emerge as a type of interaction among technological, organizational, and political innovations. Innovation in mobility and transportation as an effect of smart city development, like ride-hailing, car-sharing, car-pooling, Mobility as a Service, electric vehicles, autonomous vehicles, and so on, seems to be a panacea for mobility issues (J. Lee et al., 2020a). Unfortunately, most innovation is not supported by policy and regulation. The public transport authorities frequently may take less time to regulate to enable the smart mobility concept, and like many other public authorities, transport authorities' bureaucracy may slow down the penetration of mobility innovation (Kamargianni & Matyas, 2017a) The overpopulated city will face difficulties in providing adequate transportation in implementing smart mobility agenda, mainly because the lack of public transportation cannot be solved only by expanding the road and building new transportation infrastructure. This study aims to understand the smart mobility characteristic to facilitate a strategic goal in creating public value based on citizen expectations. The study focuses on the case of Indonesia. Two essays were conducted through an in-depth literature review to achieve this objective. The first essay investigated smart mobility characteristics and factors, where expert judgment and opinion were used to categorize the most important criteria. The result is to help government design a strategy to implement smart urban mobility in Indonesia's new capital. At the same time, the second essay focused on the citizen satisfaction expectations for smart mobility. Both results will combine to fill the gap between government and citizens expectations for future urban mobility in the new capital of Indonesia.디지털 테크놀로지의 급속한 발전과 생산적인 프로세스에서의 정보 사용은 산업 4.0의 현재 상황에서 경제의 구조적 변화를 야기합니다. (Neves 등, 2020) 디지털 전환의 결과로, 스마트 시티는 기술, 조직 및 정치적 혁신 사이의 상호작용의 한 형태로 나타납니다. 스마트 시티 개발의 효과로서 승차감, 카셰어링, 카풀링, 서비스로서의 모바일성, 전기차, 오토노마스 차량 등 이동성·교통의 혁신은 이동성 문제의 만병통치약으로 보인다. (J. Lee 등, 2020a) 불행히도 대부분의 혁신은 정책과 규제에 의해 뒷받침되지 않습니다. 대중교통 당국은 스마트 이동성 개념을 활성화하기 위해 규제하는 데 시간이 적게 걸릴 수 있으며, 다른 많은 공공 기관과 마찬가지로 교통 당국의 관료주의는 이동성 혁신의 보급을 지연시킬 수 있다. (카마르지안니 & 마티아스, 2017a) 인구과잉 도시는 스마트 모빌리티 어젠다를 이행하는 데 있어 적절한 교통수단을 제공하는 데 어려움을 겪을 것이다. 그 주된 이유는 도로를 확장하고 새로운 교통 인프라를 구축하는 것만으로 대중교통의 부족을 해결할 수 없기 때문이다. 본 연구는 스마트 모빌리티 특성을 파악하여 시민의 기대치를 바탕으로 공공 가치를 창출하는 전략적 목표를 촉진하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이 연구는 인도네시아의 사례에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 이 목적을 달성하기 위해 두 편의 에세이가 심층적인 문헌 검토를 통해 수행되었다. 첫 번째 에세이에서는 스마트 모빌리티의 특성과 요인을 조사했으며, 전문가의 판단과 의견이 가장 중요한 기준을 분류하기 위해 사용되었다. 그 결과 정부는 인도네시아의 새로운 수도에서 스마트한 도시 이동성을 구현하기 위한 전략을 설계할 수 있게 되었다. 동시에, 두 번째 에세이는 스마트 모빌리티에 대한 시민 만족 기대에 초점을 맞췄다. 두 결과 모두 새로운 수도 인도네시아의 미래 도시 이동에 대한 정부와 시민들의 기대 차이를 메우기 위해 결합될 것이다.Chapter 1. Introduction 10 1.1 Research Background 10 1.2 Indonesia New Capital Feasibility 12 1.3 Problem Description 16 1.4 Research Objectives 20 1.5 Research Questions 20 1.6 Research Outline 21 1.7 Contribution 22 Chapter 2. Smart City Initiatives Trends and Future Urban Mobility: A Literature Review 25 2.1 Smart City Development 25 2.2 Smart City Concept 26 2.2.1 Smart City Definition 28 2.2.2 Smart City Initiatives Trends 33 2.3 Future Urban Mobility Concept 34 2.3.1 Pedestrian and Walkability 37 2.3.2 Parking Management System 39 2.3.3 Innovative Mobility Services 40 2.3.3.1 Mobility as a Service (MaaS) 40 2.3.3.2 Automated Mobility on Demand (AmoD) 43 2.4 Public Value and Citizen Engagement 45 Chapter 3. Investigating Characteristics and Factors of Smart Mobility Project 48 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 Literature Review 50 3.3 Research Methodology 59 3.3.1 Methodology Approach 59 3.3.2 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) 60 3.4 Data Collection 62 3.5 Smart Mobility Characteristics 66 3.5.1 Accessibility 66 3.5.2 ICT/Technology 67 3.5.3 Infrastructure Availability 69 3.5.4 Delivery Channel 70 3.6 Smart Mobility Factors 71 3.6.1 Political & Regulatory 71 3.6.2 Socio-Economic 72 3.6.3 Digital Divide 73 3.7 Analysis Results 74 3.7.1 Characteristics Analysis Result 74 3.7.1.1 Characteristics Main Criteria Analysis 74 3.7.1.2 Characteristics Sub-Criteria Analysis 75 3.7.2 Factor Analysis Result 78 3.7.2.1 Factor Main Criteria Analysis 79 3.7.2.2 Factor Sub-Criteria Analysis 79 3.8 Analysis Result Summary and Discussion 81 3.8.1 Analysis Result Summary 81 3.8.2 Discussion 82 Chapter 4. Investigating Citizen Satisfaction Expectation on Future Mobility:Case of Indonesia 85 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Model Establishment and Hypothesis Development 89 4.3 Citizen Satisfaction Expectation 94 4.4 Safety and Security 95 4.4.1 Transport & Transit Safety 96 4.4.2 Transport & Transit Security 97 4.5 Comfort & Convenience 97 4.5.1 Public Transport and Density 98 4.5.2 Accessibility 99 4.5.3 Social Equity 99 4.5.4 Information 100 4.5.5 Comfort and Amenities 100 4.6 Government and Citizen Engagement 101 4.6.1 Vision & Strategy 102 4.6.2 Citizen Participation 103 4.6.3 Government Service & Transparency 103 4.7 Research Methodology 104 4.7.1 Structural Equation Model (SEM) 105 4.7.2 Covariance-based SEM (CB-SEM) and Partial Least Square SEM (PLS-SEM) 105 4.8 Survey and Data 107 4.9 Analysis Result 109 4.9.1 Measurement Model – Lower Order Construct 109 4.9.2 Indicator Reliability 110 4.9.3 Collinearity 112 4.9.4 Reliability Analysis 114 4.9.5 Convergent Validity 115 4.9.6 Discriminant Validity 116 4.9.7 Validating Higher Construct 124 4.9.8 Bootstrapping 124 4.9.9 Structural Model 125 4.10 Analysis Result Summary and Discussion 128 Chapter 5. Discussion and Policy Implication 131 5.1 Discussion 131 5.1.1 Availability, Accessibility, and Equity 134 5.1.2 Political and Regulatory Factors 135 5.1.3 The Digital Divide and Citizen Engagement 136 5.2 Policy Implication 137 5.3 Limitation & Future Research 139 Bibliography 141 Appendix 1: Smart Mobility Characteristics Questionnaire 167 Appendix 2: Smart Mobility Factors Questionnaire 177 Appendix 3: Citizen Satisfaction Expectation Questionnaire 184 Abstract (Korean) 191박