Residue Number System Hardware Emulator and Instructions Generator

Residue Number System (RNS) is an alternative form of representing integers on which a large value gets represented by a set of smaller and independent integers. Cryptographic and signal filtering algorithms benefit from the use of RNS, due to its capabilities to increase performance and security. Herein, a simulation tool is presented which emulates the hardware implementation of an actual RNS co-processor. An “high-level to assembly” instructions generator is also built into this tool. The programmability and scalable architecture of the considered processor along with the high level description of the algorithm allows researchers and developers to easily evaluate and test their RNS algorithms on an actual architecture, using Java

Low-Latency Elliptic Curve Scalar Multiplication

This paper presents a low-latency algorithm designed for parallel computer architectures to compute the scalar multiplication of elliptic curve points based on approaches from cryptographic side-channel analysis. A graphics processing unit implementation using a standardized elliptic curve over a 224-bit prime field, complying with the new 112-bit security level, computes the scalar multiplication in 1.9ms on the NVIDIA GTX 500 architecture family. The presented methods and implementation considerations can be applied to any parallel 32-bit architectur

Combining leak--resistant arithmetic for elliptic curves defined over \F_p and RNS representation

In this paper we combine the residue number system (RNS) representation and the leak-resistant arithmetic on elliptic curves. These two techniques are relevant for implementation of elliptic curve cryptography on embedded devices.\\ % since they have leak-resistance properties. It is well known that the RNS multiplication is very efficient whereas the reduction step is costly. Hence, we optimize formulae for basic operations arising in leak-resistant arithmetic on elliptic curves (unified addition, Montgomery ladder) in order to minimize the number of modular reductions. We also improve the complexity of the RNS modular reduction step. As a result, we show how to obtain a competitive secured implementation.\\ Finally, %we recall the main advantages of the RNS representation, %especially in hardware and for embedded devices, and we show that, contrary to other approaches, ours takes optimally the advantage of a dedicated parallel architecture

Analysis of Parallel Montgomery Multiplication in CUDA

For a given level of security, elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) offers improved efficiency over classic public key implementations. Point multiplication is the most common operation in ECC and, consequently, any significant improvement in perfor- mance will likely require accelerating point multiplication. In ECC, the Montgomery algorithm is widely used for point multiplication. The primary purpose of this project is to implement and analyze a parallel implementation of the Montgomery algorithm as it is used in ECC. Specifically, the performance of CPU-based Montgomery multiplication and a GPU-based implementation in CUDA are compared

Efficient hardware prototype of ECDSA modules for blockchain applications

This paper concentrates on the hardware implementation of efficient and re- configurable elliptic curve digital signature algorithm (ECDSA) that is suitable for verifying transactions in Blockchain related applications. Despite ECDSA architecture being computationally expensive, the usage of a dedicated stand-alone circuit enables speedy execution of arithmetic operations. The prototype put forth supports N-bit elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) group operations, signature generation and verification over a prime field for any elliptic curve. The research proposes new hardware framework for modular multiplication and modular multiplicative inverse which is adopted for group operations involved in ECDSA. Every hardware design offered are simulated using modelsim register transfer logic (RTL) simulator. Field programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation of var- ious modules within ECDSA circuit is compared with equivalent existing techniques that is both hardware and software based to highlight the superiority of the suggested work. The results showcased prove that the designs implemented are both area and speed efficient with faster execution and less resource utilization while maintaining the same level of security. The suggested ECDSA structure could replace the software equivalent of digital signatures in hardware blockchain to thwart software attacks and to provide better data protection

Multiplication in Finite Fields and Elliptic Curves

La cryptographie à clef publique permet de s'échanger des clefs de façon distante, d'effectuer des signatures électroniques, de s'authentifier à distance, etc. Dans cette thèse d'HDR nous allons présenter quelques contributions concernant l'implantation sûre et efficace de protocoles cryptographiques basés sur les courbes elliptiques. L'opération de base effectuée dans ces protocoles est la multiplication scalaire d'un point de la courbe. Chaque multiplication scalaire nécessite plusieurs milliers d'opérations dans un corps fini.Dans la première partie du manuscrit nous nous intéressons à la multiplication dans les corps finis car c'est l'opération la plus coûteuse et la plus utilisée. Nous présentons d'abord des contributions sur les multiplieurs parallèles dans les corps binaires. Un premier résultat concerne l'approche sous-quadratique dans une base normale optimale de type 2. Plus précisément, nous améliorons un multiplieur basé sur un produit de matrice de Toeplitz avec un vecteur en utilisant une recombinaison des blocs qui supprime certains calculs redondants. Nous présentons aussi un multiplieur pous les corps binaires basé sur une extension d'une optimisation de la multiplication polynomiale de Karatsuba.Ensuite nous présentons des résultats concernant la multiplication dans un corps premier. Nous présentons en particulier une approche de type Montgomery pour la multiplication dans une base adaptée à l'arithmétique modulaire. Cette approche cible la multiplication modulo un premier aléatoire. Nous présentons alors une méthode pour la multiplication dans des corps utilisés dans la cryptographie sur les couplages : les extensions de petits degrés d'un corps premier aléatoire. Cette méthode utilise une base adaptée engendrée par une racine de l'unité facilitant la multiplication polynomiale basée sur la FFT. Dans la dernière partie de cette thèse d'HDR nous nous intéressons à des résultats qui concernent la multiplication scalaire sur les courbes elliptiques. Nous présentons une parallélisation de l'échelle binaire de Montgomery dans le cas de E(GF(2^n)). Nous survolons aussi quelques contributions sur des formules de division par 3 dans E(GF(3^n)) et une parallélisation de type (third,triple)-and-add. Dans le dernier chapitre nous développons quelques directions de recherches futures. Nous discutons d'abord de possibles extensions des travaux faits sur les corps binaires. Nous présentons aussi des axes de recherche liés à la randomisation de l'arithmétique qui permet une protection contre les attaques matérielles

Exploring RNS for Isogeny-based Cryptography

Isogeny-based cryptography suffers from a long-running time due to its requirement of a great amount of large integer arithmetic. The Residue Number System (RNS) can compensate for that drawback by making computation more efficient via parallelism. However, performing a modular reduction by a large prime which is not part of the RNS base is very expensive. In this paper, we propose a new fast and efficient modular reduction algorithm using RNS. Also, we evaluate our modular reduction method by realizing a cryptoprocessor for isogeny-based SIDH key exchange. On a Xilinx Ultrascale+ FPGA, the proposed cryptoprocessor consumes 151,009 LUTs, 143,171 FFs and 1,056 DSPs. It achieves 250 MHz clock frequency and finishes the key exchange for SIDH in 3.8 and 4.9 ms

Theory and Practice of Cryptography and Network Security Protocols and Technologies

In an age of explosive worldwide growth of electronic data storage and communications, effective protection of information has become a critical requirement. When used in coordination with other tools for ensuring information security, cryptography in all of its applications, including data confidentiality, data integrity, and user authentication, is a most powerful tool for protecting information. This book presents a collection of research work in the field of cryptography. It discusses some of the critical challenges that are being faced by the current computing world and also describes some mechanisms to defend against these challenges. It is a valuable source of knowledge for researchers, engineers, graduate and doctoral students working in the field of cryptography. It will also be useful for faculty members of graduate schools and universities