19,928 research outputs found
A literature review of connectedness to nature and its potential for environmental management
Understanding how people's relationships with nature form, how they influence personal values and
attitudes, and what behavioural implications they may have could provide more insight into how
connectedness to nature (CNT) can effectively contribute to environmental management goals. This
paper undertakes a review of literature published over the past decade (2002e2011) on SCOPUS; and
describes the current state of knowledge regarding CNT, assesses any efforts towards the spatial mapping
of CNT for environmental management, and identifies measures of CNT defined in the broader literature.
This review suggests that there is quite some overlap in the literature on CNT concepts, and that more
effort needs to be made towards multi-disciplinary research which explores how CNT can be useful to
environmental planning and conservation research on the field. It also further corroborates the need and
relevance of applying more social and affective strategies to promote conservation behaviour. The main
progress in CNT theory seems to have been made in the development of measurement tools, and it is
clear that there is a strong convergent validity amongst the different measures due to their similarity, and
functional associations. Further efforts towards the exploration of multi-dimensional measures is recommended
since they consistently stand out as showing better results. The geographic visualisation of
CNT constructs is another area of research that deserves attention since it can provide a unique point of
view towards guiding participatory protected area planning and management.peer-reviewe
Large-Scale Analysis of the Accuracy of the Journal Classification Systems of Web of Science and Scopus
Journal classification systems play an important role in bibliometric
analyses. The two most important bibliographic databases, Web of Science and
Scopus, each provide a journal classification system. However, no study has
systematically investigated the accuracy of these classification systems. To
examine and compare the accuracy of journal classification systems, we define
two criteria on the basis of direct citation relations between journals and
categories. We use Criterion I to select journals that have weak connections
with their assigned categories, and we use Criterion II to identify journals
that are not assigned to categories with which they have strong connections. If
a journal satisfies either of the two criteria, we conclude that its assignment
to categories may be questionable. Accordingly, we identify all journals with
questionable classifications in Web of Science and Scopus. Furthermore, we
perform a more in-depth analysis for the field of Library and Information
Science to assess whether our proposed criteria are appropriate and whether
they yield meaningful results. It turns out that according to our
citation-based criteria Web of Science performs significantly better than
Scopus in terms of the accuracy of its journal classification system
From Frequency to Meaning: Vector Space Models of Semantics
Computers understand very little of the meaning of human language. This
profoundly limits our ability to give instructions to computers, the ability of
computers to explain their actions to us, and the ability of computers to
analyse and process text. Vector space models (VSMs) of semantics are beginning
to address these limits. This paper surveys the use of VSMs for semantic
processing of text. We organize the literature on VSMs according to the
structure of the matrix in a VSM. There are currently three broad classes of
VSMs, based on term-document, word-context, and pair-pattern matrices, yielding
three classes of applications. We survey a broad range of applications in these
three categories and we take a detailed look at a specific open source project
in each category. Our goal in this survey is to show the breadth of
applications of VSMs for semantics, to provide a new perspective on VSMs for
those who are already familiar with the area, and to provide pointers into the
literature for those who are less familiar with the field
Patents as a Measure for Eco-Innovation
This paper examines the usefulness of patent analysis for measuring eco-innovation. The overall conclusion is that patents are a useful means for measuring environmentally motivated innovations, such as pollution control technologies and green energy technologies, and for general purpose technologies with environmental benefits. For these types of innovations it is acceptable to use patent analysis, provided they are carefully screened. Patent analysis may be used for measuring five attributes of eco-innovation: (1) eco-inventive activities in specific technology fields, (2) international technological diffusion, (3) research and technical capabilities of companies, (4) institutional knowledge sources of eco-innovation, and (5) technological spillovers and knowledge flows. Up until now it is mainly used for measuring eco-inventive activity.Eco-innovation, patents
An affect-based video retrieval system with open vocabulary querying
Content-based video retrieval systems (CBVR) are creating
new search and browse capabilities using metadata describing significant features of the data. An often overlooked aspect of human interpretation of multimedia data is the affective dimension. Incorporating affective information into multimedia metadata can potentially enable search using
this alternative interpretation of multimedia content. Recent work has described methods to automatically assign affective labels to multimedia data using various approaches. However, the subjective and imprecise nature of affective labels makes it difficult to bridge the semantic gap between system-detected labels and user expression of information requirements in multimedia retrieval. We present a novel affect-based video retrieval system incorporating an open-vocabulary query stage based on WordNet enabling search using an unrestricted query vocabulary. The system performs automatic annotation of video data with labels of well
defined affective terms. In retrieval annotated documents are ranked using the standard Okapi retrieval model based on open-vocabulary text queries. We present experimental results examining the behaviour of the system for retrieval of a collection of automatically annotated feature films of different genres. Our results indicate that affective annotation can potentially provide useful augmentation to more traditional objective content description in multimedia retrieval
Similarity of Semantic Relations
There are at least two kinds of similarity. Relational similarity is
correspondence between relations, in contrast with attributional similarity,
which is correspondence between attributes. When two words have a high
degree of attributional similarity, we call them synonyms. When two pairs
of words have a high degree of relational similarity, we say that their
relations are analogous. For example, the word pair mason:stone is analogous
to the pair carpenter:wood. This paper introduces Latent Relational Analysis (LRA),
a method for measuring relational similarity. LRA has potential applications in many
areas, including information extraction, word sense disambiguation,
and information retrieval. Recently the Vector Space Model (VSM) of information
retrieval has been adapted to measuring relational similarity,
achieving a score of 47% on a collection of 374 college-level multiple-choice
word analogy questions. In the VSM approach, the relation between a pair of words is
characterized by a vector of frequencies of predefined patterns in a large corpus.
LRA extends the VSM approach in three ways: (1) the patterns are derived automatically
from the corpus, (2) the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is used to smooth the frequency
data, and (3) automatically generated synonyms are used to explore variations of the
word pairs. LRA achieves 56% on the 374 analogy questions, statistically equivalent to the
average human score of 57%. On the related problem of classifying semantic relations, LRA
achieves similar gains over the VSM
The motivational pull of video game feedback, rules, and social interaction: Another self-determination theory approach
This paper argues that most video game enjoyment can be understood in terms of the type of feedback used, the rules set out by the game and the social elements of the game - concepts that have been identified as critical to video games. Self-determination theory (SDT) is used as a lens for understanding the mechanism by which these traits might lead to enjoyment. Specifically, the argument is that feedback, rules, and social elements of games will fulfill the dimensions of SDT - competence autonomy, and relatedness. Then, the dimensions of SDT will predict enjoyment. Participants were presented with a game that emphasized feedback, rules, or social elements. Games that emphasized flexible rules led to feelings of competence while games that emphasized social elements led to feelings of relatedness. Competence and elatedness then led to feelings of enjoyment. In doing so, this study identifies key elements of video games while illuminating ways to understand video game enjoyment
Steps towards operationalizing an evolutionary archaeological definition of culture
This paper will examine the definition of archaeological cultures/techno-complexes from an evolutionary perspective, in which culture is defined as a system of social information transmission. A formal methodology will be presented through which the concept of a culture can be operationalized, at least within this approach. It has already been argued that in order to study material culture evolution in a manner similar to how palaeontologists study biological change over time we need explicitly constructed âarchaeological taxonomic unitsâ (ATUs). In palaeontology, the definition of such taxonomic units â most commonly species â is highly controversial, so no readily adoptable methodology exists. Here it is argued that âcultureâ, however defined, is a phenomenon that emerges through the actions of individuals. In order to identify âculturesâ, we must therefore construct them from the bottom up, beginning with individual actions. ChaĂźne opĂšratoire research, combined with the formal and quantitative identification of variability in individual material culture behaviour allows those traits critical in the social transmission of cultural information to be identified. Once such traits are identified, quantitative, so-called phylogenetic methods can be used to track material culture change over time. Phylogenetic methods produce nested hierarchies of increasingly exclusive groupings, reflecting descent with modification within lineages of social information transmission. Once such nested hierarchies are constructed, it is possible to define an archaeological culture at any given point in this hierarchy, depending on the scale of analysis. A brief example from the Late Glacial in Southern Scandinavia is presented and it is shown that this approach can be used to operationalize an evolutionary definition of âcultureâ and that it improves upon traditional, typologically defined technocomplexes. In closing, the benefits and limits of such an evolutionary and quantitative definition of âcultureâ are discussed
Constructing bibliometric networks: A comparison between full and fractional counting
The analysis of bibliometric networks, such as co-authorship, bibliographic
coupling, and co-citation networks, has received a considerable amount of
attention. Much less attention has been paid to the construction of these
networks. We point out that different approaches can be taken to construct a
bibliometric network. Normally the full counting approach is used, but we
propose an alternative fractional counting approach. The basic idea of the
fractional counting approach is that each action, such as co-authoring or
citing a publication, should have equal weight, regardless of for instance the
number of authors, citations, or references of a publication. We present two
empirical analyses in which the full and fractional counting approaches yield
very different results. These analyses deal with co-authorship networks of
universities and bibliographic coupling networks of journals. Based on
theoretical considerations and on the empirical analyses, we conclude that for
many purposes the fractional counting approach is preferable over the full
counting one
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