Design of an Extremely Miniaturized Balun Filter Using Open-stubs for Harmonic Suppression

최근，무선 주파수(RF)와 마이크로파는 무선 통신 시스템에서 널리 사용되고 있기 때문에 급속하게 개발되었다.무선 통신 송수신기중에 RF프론트의 특별한 기능은 전 세계 무선 통신 도메인의 연구에서 핵심적인 역할을 하고 있다.RF회로에서 총괄적인 커패시턴스를 결합되여, Diagonally와 Parallel으로 RF기본적인 성분들로 RF회로의 균형 있는 mixers, 전력 증폭기, 안테나 공급 네트워크 과 같은 많은 종류에 사용될 수 있다. 따라서,  RF bandpass 필터시스템 콤팩트화 및 작고 쉽게 구현할 수 있도록 전송 선로의 크기를 줄이고 조화를 이루는 것이 가장 중요하다. 고성능은 우리가 작은 사이즈를 추구할때에 필요로 하다. 균형 잡힌 포트 매칭 포트와 같은 일부 소형 전송 필터에는 애플리케이션이 제한되어 있으므로 애플리케이션을 제한할 수 있다.무선 응용 프로그램에서는 균형 잡힌 구성 요소를 균형 잡힌 구성 요소로 자주 연결하는 Balun 핀을 사용하지만 대개 시스템의 볼륨을 많이 차지한다.따라서, 현대적인 통신의 빠른 발전과 더불어, Balun의 크기를 줄이는 것은 RF시스템을 만드는 데 있어서 주요한 도전이다.이 논문에서는 open-stub을 사용한 결합 라인을 사용한 벌룬 필터의 새로운 크기 축소 방법이 제시되어 있다.이 논문는 0.88 GHz(기가 바이트)를 중심으로 시뮬레이션을 했고,이를 바탕으로 모의PCB기판을 장착해 모의 실험을 했다. 새로운 디자인의 특징은 FR4폭시 글라스 구리 커버(CCL)PCB기판기질에 중앙 주파수(0.88 GHz)을 가공하기전에 ADS및 HFSS를 시뮬레이션을 한 것이다.이 논문에서는 이론과 방법이 충분히 설명되어 있다.극도로 소형화 전송 선로 필터는 18.7도의 결합선과 PCB기판에서 조립된 중앙 주파수 0.88GHz로 작동되는것으로 구성되어 비스듬하게 짧은 결합선의 집중 콘덴서에 근거한다.Balun filter의 삽입 손실은 -3dB이고 전체 회로의 크기는 30mm×16mm이다.실험 결과는 모의 실험 결과와 거의 일치한다.이론적이고, 시뮬레이션된 그리고 측정된 결과들은 모두 논문에서 증명되었다.최종 실험적 검증은 제안된 트랜스미션 라인 필터 등의 실용성과 이점을 확인한다.Contents I Abstract 1 CHAPTER 1 Introduction 3 1.1 RF filter introduction and basic parameters 3 1.2 Background and Introduction of Balun 5 1.3 Organization of the Thesis 9 CHAPTER 2 Balun Filter Design Theory 11 2.1 Size Reduction Method 11 2.1.1 Diagonally Shorted Coupled Lines with Lumped Capacitors 12 2.1.2 Parallel End Shorted Coupled Lines with Lumped Capacitors 16 2.2 The Open-stub Equivalent Circuit 19 2.3 Ordinary Balun Design 21 2.4 New Structure for Miniaturized Balun Filter 24 CHAPTER 3 Simulation, Fabrication and Measurement 30 3.1 Circuit Simulating by ADS and Analysis 30 3.1.1 Circuit Simulating of original coupled line circuit 32 3.1.2 The equivalent Circuit Simulating by adding a open-stub to act in capacitive 34 3.2 Simulation by HFSS and Optimization 38 3.3 Fabrication and Measurement 42 Chapter 4 Conclusion 46 References 47 Acknowledgement 50Maste

Miniaturized Resonator and Bandpass Filter for Silicon-Based Monolithic Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Integrated Circuits

© 2018 IEEE. © 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.This paper introduces a unique approach for the implementation of a miniaturized on-chip resonator and its application for the first-order bandpass filter (BPF) design. This approach utilizes a combination of a broadside-coupling technique and a split-ring structure. To fully understand the principle behind it, simplified LC equivalent-circuit models are provided. By analyzing these models, guidelines for implementation of an ultra-compact resonator and a BPF are given. To further demonstrate the feasibility of using this approach in practice, both the implemented resonator and the filter are fabricated in a standard 0.13-μm (Bi)-CMOS technology. The measured results show that the resonator can generate a resonance at 66.75 GHz, while the BPF has a center frequency at 40 GHz and an insertion loss of 1.7 dB. The chip size of both the resonator and the BPF, excluding the pads, is only 0.012mm 2 (0.08 × 0.144 mm 2).Peer reviewe

Size Reduction and Harmonics Suppression in Microwave Power Dividers: A Comprehensive Review

In this paper, several types of microstrip power divider are studied and compared in terms of harmonics suppression and size reductions. The importance of this research lies in the fact that power dividers are critical components in various communication systems, and their performance directly affects the overall system efficiency. The conventional structure of the power divider has an acceptable performance at operating frequency in terms of excellent output ports isolation, low insertion loss, and high return loss, but occupies large size and passes unwanted signals at higher frequencies along with desired signal without any suppression. Harmonics are popular distortion and has different distortion impacts in many different facilities. Recently, several techniques are introduced to overcome these drawbacks. Applied open stubs, applied resonators, lumped reactive components such as capacitors and inductors, coupled lines, defected ground structure (DGS), and electronic band gaps are common methods, which are widely used to overcome these drawbacks. Finally, the study results show that the resonator-based power dividers and coupled-line-based power dividers have good performances in terms of size reduction and harmonic suppression but increase insertion loss parameter. Furthermore, the lumped reactive component-based power dividers and applied DGS and electromagnetic bandgap cells suppress unwanted harmonics, but they need extra process to fabrication, which is undesirable. Moreover, the open-stub-based power dividers have moderate performance with simple structure, but size reduction and harmonics suppression are not so superior in this method

Design of a compact planar transmission line for miniaturized rat-race coupler with harmonics suppression

This paper presents an elegant yet straightforward design procedure for a compact rat-race coupler (RRC) with an extended harmonic suppression. The coupler’s conventional λ /4 transmission lines (TLs) are replaced by a specialized TL that offers significant size reduction and harmonic elimination capabilities in the proposed approach. The design procedure is verified through the theoretical, circuit, and electromagnetic (EM) analyses, showing excellent agreement among different analyses and the measured results. The circuit and EM results show that the proposed TL replicates the same frequency behaviour of the conventional one at the design frequency of 1.8 GHz while enables harmonic suppression up to the 7th harmonic and a size reduction of 74%. According to the measured results, the RRC has a fractional bandwidth of 20%, with input insertion losses of around 0.2 dB and isolation level better than 35 dB. Furthermore, the total footprint of the proposed RRC is only 31.7 mm ×15.9 mm, corresponding to 0.28λ×0.14λ , where λ is the guided wavelength at 1.8 GHz.This work was supported in part by the Icelandic Centre for Research (RANNIS) Grant 206606051, and in part by the National Science Centre of Poland Grant 2017/37/B/ST7/00563

Advanced design of microwave power divider with enhanced harmonic suppression.

Ip, Wei Chi.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-94).Abstracts in English and Chinese.Abstract --- p.i摘要 --- p.iiAcknowledgement --- p.iiiTable of Content --- p.ivLists of Figures --- p.viiLists of Tables --- p.xiiChapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1Chapter 1.1 --- Research Motivation and Obj ective --- p.1Chapter 1.2 --- Original Contribution --- p.2Chapter 1.3 --- Overview of the Thesis Organization --- p.3Chapter 1.4 --- "Research Approach, Assumptions and Limitations" --- p.4Chapter Chapter 2: --- Power Divider Design Fundamentals --- p.5Chapter 2.1 --- Power Divider Basics --- p.5Chapter 2.2 --- Wilkinson Power Divider --- p.6Chapter 2.3 --- Power Divider with Unequal Power Division --- p.8Chapter 2.4 --- Multi-way Power Divider --- p.9Chapter 2.4.1 --- Wilkinson N-way Hybrid --- p.10Chapter 2.4.2 --- Radial Hybrid --- p.11Chapter 2.4.3 --- Fork Hybrid --- p.12Chapter 2.4.4 --- Multi-layer Approach --- p.ISChapter 2.4.5 --- Power Recombination Concept --- p.15Chapter 2.4.6 --- Multi-coupled-line Approach --- p.18Chapter Chapter 3: --- Conventional Power Divider Designs with Harmonic Suppression --- p.20Chapter 3.1 --- Resonating-stubs Topology --- p.20Chapter 3.2 --- Asymmetric Defected Ground Structure (DGS) --- p.26Chapter 3.3 --- Anti-Coupled Line Structure --- p.30Chapter 3.4 --- Microstrip Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) Based Topology --- p.32Chapter 3.5 --- Embedded Resonators Topology --- p.37Chapter 3.6 --- Extended Line Approach --- p.39Chapter Chapter 4: --- New 2-way Power Divider Design with Spurious Suppression and Impedance Transformation --- p.41Chapter 4.1 --- Proposed Topology --- p.41Chapter 4.2 --- Design and Analysis --- p.42Chapter 4.3 --- Simulation Study --- p.45Chapter 4.4 --- Experimental Verification --- p.50Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.57Chapter Chapter 5: --- New 2-way Power Divider Design with Extended Spurious Suppression --- p.58Chapter 5.1 --- Proposed Topology --- p.58Chapter 5.2 --- Design and Analysis --- p.59Chapter 5.3 --- Simulation Study --- p.64Chapter 5.3 --- Experimental Verification --- p.68Chapter 5.4 --- Summary --- p.71Chapter Chapter 6: --- New 2-way Unequal Power Divider Design with Dual-harmonic Rejection --- p.72Chapter 6.1 --- Proposed Topology --- p.72Chapter 6.2 --- Design and Analysis --- p.73Chapter 6.3 --- Simulation Study --- p.76Chapter 6.4 --- Experimental Verification --- p.77Chapter 6.4 --- Summary --- p.80Chapter Chapter 7: --- New 3-way Power Divider Design with Multi-harmonic Rejection..… --- p.81Chapter 7.1 --- Proposed Topology --- p.81Chapter 7.2 --- Design and Analysis --- p.82Chapter 7.3 --- Simulation Study --- p.85Chapter 7.4 --- Experimental Verification --- p.87Chapter 7.4 --- Summary --- p.90Chapter Chapter 8: --- Conclusion --- p.91References --- p.92Author's Publications and Awards --- p.95Chapter Appendix 1: --- ABCD Parameters of Some Useful Two-port Circuits --- p.96Chapter Appendix 2: --- More Designs of Proposed Configuration in Chapter 5 --- p.97Chapter A2.1 --- Miniaturized version of Example 1 --- p.97Chapter A2.2 --- Design with improved stop-band response --- p.101Chapter A2.3 --- Design of prototype with 2 GHz operating frequency --- p.104Chapter Appendix 3: --- Brief Summary of Power Dividers with Harmonic Suppression --- p.10

Nouvelles Topologies des diviseurs de puissance, balun et déphaseurs en bandes RF et millimétiques, apport des lignes à ondes lentes

L objectif de cette thèse a été premièrement de réaliser des dispositifs passifs intégrés à base de lignes à onde lentes nommées S-CPW (pour Slow-wave CoPlanar Waveguide ) aux fréquences millimétriques. Plusieurs technologies CMOS ou BiCMOS ont été utilisées: CMOS 65 nm et 28 nm ainsi que BiCMOS 55 nm. Deux baluns, le premier basé sur une topologie de rat-race et le second basé sur un diviseur de puissance de Wilkinson modifié, ainsi qu un inverseur de phase, ont été réalisés et mesurés dans la technologie CMOS 65 nm. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus se situent à l état de l art en termes de performances électriques. Un coupler hybride et un diviseur de puissance avec des sorties en phase sans isolation ont été conçus en technologie CMOS 28 nm. Les simulations montrent de très bonnes performances pour des dispositifs compacts. Les circuits sont en cours de fabrication et pourront très bientôt être caractérisés. Ensuite, une nouvelle topologie de diviseurs de puissance, avec sorties en phase et isolé a été développée, offrant une grande flexibilité et compacité en comparaison des diviseurs de puissance traditionnels. Cette topologie est parfaitement adaptée pour les technologies silicium. Comme preuve de concept, deux diviseurs de puissance avec des caractéristiques différentes ont été réalisés en technologie PCB microruban à la fréquence de 2.45 GHz. Un composent a été conçu à 60 GHz en technologie BiCMOS 55 nm utilisant des lignes S CPW. Les simulations prouvent que le dispositif est faibles pertes, adapté et isolé. Les circuits sont également en cours de fabrication. Enfin, deux topologies de reflection type phase shifter ont été développées, la première dans la bande RF et la seconde aux fréquences millimétrique. Pour la bande RF, le déphasage atteint plus de 360 avec une figure de mérite très élevée en comparaison avec l état de l art. En ce qui concerne le déphaseur dans la bande millimétrique, la simulation montre un déphasage de 341 avec également une figure de mérite élevée.The first purpose of this work was the use of slow-wave coplanar waveguides (S CPW) to achieve various passive components with the aim to show their great potential and interest at millimetre-waves. Several CMOS or BiCMOS technologies were used: CMOS 65 nm and 28 nm, and BiCMOS 55 nm. Two baluns, one based on a rat-race topology and the other based on a modified Wilkinson power divider, and a phase inverter, were achieved and measured in a 65 nm CMOS technology. State-of-the-art results were achieved. A branch-line coupler and an in phase power divider without isolation were designed in a 28 nm CMOS technology. Really good performances are expected for these compact devices being yet under fabrication. Then, a new topology of in phase and isolated power divider was developed, leading to more flexibility and compactness, well suited to millimetre-wave frequencies. Two power dividers with different characteristics were realized in a PCB technology at 2.45 GHz by using microstrip lines, as a proof-of-concept. After that, a power divider was designed at the working frequency of 60 GHz in the 55 nm BiCMOS technology with S CPWs. The simulation results showed a low loss, full-matched and isolated component, which is also under fabrication and will be characterized as soon as possible. Finally, two new topologies of reflection type phase shifters were presented, one for the RF band and one for the millimetre-wave one. For the one in RF band, the phase shift can reach more than 360 with a great figure-of-merit as compared to the state-of-the-art. Concerning the phase shifter in the millimetre-wave band, the simulation results show a phase shift of 341 with also a high figure-of-merit.SAVOIE-SCD - Bib.électronique (730659901) / SudocGRENOBLE1/INP-Bib.électronique (384210012) / SudocGRENOBLE2/3-Bib.électronique (384219901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Metasurfaces for ultrathin optical devices with unusual functionalities

Metamaterials are artificial materials that are made from periodically arranged structures, showing properties that cannot be found in nature. The response of a metamaterial to the external field is defined by the geometry, orientation, and distribution of the artificial structures. Many groundbreaking discoveries, such as negative refraction, and super image resolution has been demonstrated based on metamaterials. Nevertheless, the difficulty in three-dimensional fabrication, especially when the operating band is located in the optical range, hinders their practical applications. As a two-dimensional counterpart, a metasurface consists of an array of planar optical antennas, which locally modify the properties of the scattered light. Metasurfaces do not require complicated three-dimensional nanofabrication techniques, and the complexity of the fabrication is greatly reduced. Also, the thickness of a metasurface can be deep subwavelength, making it possible to realize ultrathin devices. In this thesis, geometric metasurfaces are utilized to realize a series of optical devices with unusual functionalities. Phase gradient metasurface is used to split the incident light into left-handed polarized (LCP) and right-handed polarized (RCP) components, whose intensities can be used to determine the polarization state of the incident light. Then we propose a method to integrate two optical elements with different functionalities into a single metasurface device, and its overall performance is determined by the polarization of the incident light. After that, a helicity multiplexed metasurface hologram is demonstrated to reconstruct two images with high efficiency and broadband. The two images swap their positions with the helicity reversion of the incident light. Finally, a polarization rotator is presented, which can rotate the incident light to arbitrary polarization direction by using the non-chiral metasurface. The proposed metasurface devices may inspire the development of new optical devices, and expand the applications of metasurfaces in integrated optical systems

Gradient metasurfaces: a review of fundamentals and applications

In the wake of intense research on metamaterials the two-dimensional analogue, known as metasurfaces, has attracted progressively increasing attention in recent years due to the ease of fabrication and smaller insertion losses, while enabling an unprecedented control over spatial distributions of transmitted and reflected optical fields. Metasurfaces represent optically thin planar arrays of resonant subwavelength elements that can be arranged in a strictly or quasi periodic fashion, or even in an aperiodic manner, depending on targeted optical wavefronts to be molded with their help. This paper reviews a broad subclass of metasurfaces, viz. gradient metasurfaces, which are devised to exhibit spatially varying optical responses resulting in spatially varying amplitudes, phases and polarizations of scattered fields. Starting with introducing the concept of gradient metasurfaces, we present classification of different metasurfaces from the viewpoint of their responses, differentiating electrical-dipole, geometric, reflective and Huygens' metasurfaces. The fundamental building blocks essential for the realization of metasurfaces are then discussed in order to elucidate the underlying physics of various physical realizations of both plasmonic and purely dielectric metasurfaces. We then overview the main applications of gradient metasurfaces, including waveplates, flat lenses, spiral phase plates, broadband absorbers, color printing, holograms, polarimeters and surface wave couplers. The review is terminated with a short section on recently developed nonlinear metasurfaces, followed by the outlook presenting our view on possible future developments and perspectives for future applications.Comment: Accepted for publication in Reports on Progress in Physic

Radiofrequency architectures and technologies for software defined radio

Six-port network is an interesting radiofrequency architecture with multiple possibilities. Since it was firstly introduced in the seventies as an alternative network analyzer, the six-port network has been used for many applications, such as homodyne receivers, radar systems, direction of arrival estimation, UWB (Ultra-Wide-Band), or MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) systems. Currently, it is considered as a one of the best candidates to implement a Software Defined Radio (SDR). This thesis comprises an exhaustive study of this promising architecture, where its fundamentals and the state-of-the-art are also included. In addition, the design and development of a SDR 0.3-6 GHz six-port receiver prototype is presented in this thesis, which is implemented in conventional technology. The system is experimentally characterized and validated for RF signal demodulation with good performance. The analysis of the six-port architecture is complemented by a theoretical and experimental comparison with other radiofrequency architectures suitable for SDR. Some novel contributions are introduced in the present thesis. Such novelties are in the direction of the highly topical issues on six-port technique: development and optimization of real-time I-Q regeneration techniques for multiport networks; and search of new techniques and technologies to contribute to the miniaturization of the six-port architecture. In particular, the novel contributions of this thesis can be summarized as: - Introduction of a new real-time auto-calibration method for multiport receivers, particularly suitable for broadband designs and high data rate applications. - Introduction of a new direct baseband I-Q regeneration technique for five-port receivers. - Contribution to the miniaturization of six-port receivers by the use of the multilayer LTCC (Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic) technology. Implementation of a compact (30x30x1.25 mm) broadband (0.3-6 GHz) six-port receiver in LTTC technology. The results and conclusions derived from this thesis have been satisfactory, and quite fruitful in terms of publications. A total of fourteen works have been published, considering international journals and conferences, and national conferences. Aditionally, a paper has been submitted to an internationally recognized journal, which is currently under review

Radar Sub-surface Sensing for Mapping the Extent of Hydraulic Fractures and for Monitoring Lake Ice and Design of Some Novel Antennas.

Hydraulic fracturing, which is a fast-developing well-stimulation technique, has greatly expanded oil and natural gas production in the United States. As the use of hydraulic fracturing has grown, concerns about its environmental impacts have also increased. A sub-surface imaging radar that can detect the extent of hydraulic fractures is highly demanded, but existing radar designs cannot meet the requirement of penetration range on the order of kilometers due to the exorbitant propagation loss in the ground. In the thesis, a medium frequency (MF) band sub-surface radar sensing system is proposed to extend the detectable range to kilometers in rock layers. Algorithms for cross-hole and single-hole configurations are developed based on simulations using point targets and realistic fractured rock models. A super-miniaturized borehole antenna and its feeding network are also designed for this radar system. Also application of imaging radars for sub-surface sensing frozen lakes at Arctic regions is investigated. The scattering mechanism is the key point to understand the radar data and to extract useful information. To explore this topic, a full-wave simulation model to analyze lake ice scattering phenomenology that includes columnar air bubbles is presented. Based on this model, the scattering mechanism from the rough ice/water interface and columnar air bubbles in the ice at C band is addressed and concludes that the roughness at the interface between ice and water is the dominate contributor to backscatter and once the lake is completely frozen the backscatter diminishes significantly. Radar remote sensing systems often require high-performance antennas with special specifications. Besides the borehole antenna for MF band subsurface imaging system, several other antennas are also designed for potential radar systems. Surface-to-borehole setup is an alternative configuration for subsurface imaging system, which requires a miniaturized planar antenna placed on the surface. Such antenna is developed with using artificial electromagnetic materials for size reduction. Furthermore, circularly polarized (CP) waveform can be used for imaging system and omnidirectional CP antenna is needed. Thus, a low-profile planar azimuthal omnidirectional CP antenna with gain of 1dB and bandwidth of 40MHz is designed at 2.4GHz by combining a novel slot antenna and a PIFA antenna.PhDElectrical EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/120674/1/wujf_1.pd