Digital representation of historical globes : methods to make 3D and pseudo-3D models of sixteenth century Mercator globes

In this paper, the construction of digital representations of a terrestrial and celestial globe will be discussed. Virtual digital (3D) models play an important role in recent research and publications on cultural heritage. The globes discussed in this paper were made by Gerardus Mercator (1512-1594) in 1541 and 1551. Four techniques for the digital representation are discussed and analysed, all using high-resolution photographs of the globes. These photographs were taken under studio conditions in order to get equal lighting and to avoid unwanted light spots. These lighting conditions are important, since the globes have a highly reflective varnish covering. Processing these images using structure from motion, georeferencing of separate scenes and the combination of the photographs with terrestrial laser scanning data results in true 3D representations of the globes. Besides, pseudo-3D models of these globes were generated using dynamic imaging, which is an extensively used technique for visualisations over the Internet. The four techniques and the consequent results are compared on geometric and radiometric quality, with a special focus on their usefulness for distribution and visualisation during an exhibition in honour of the five hundredth birthday of Gerardus Mercator

무인비행체 탑재 열화상 및 실화상 이미지를 활용한 야생동물 탐지 가능성 연구

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 환경대학원 환경조경학과, 2022.2. 송영근.야생동물의 탐지와 모니터링을 위해, 현장 직접 관찰, 포획-재포획과 같은 전통적 조사 방법이 다양한 목적으로 수행되어왔다. 하지만, 이러한 방법들은 많은 시간과 상대적으로 비싼 비용이 필요하며, 신뢰 가능한 탐지 결과를 얻기 위해선 숙련된 현장 전문가가 필요하다. 게다가, 전통적인 현장 조사 방법은 현장에서 야생동물을 마주치는 등 위험한 상황에 처할 수 있다. 이에 따라, 카메라 트래핑, GPS 추적, eDNA 샘플링과 같은 원격 조사 방법이 기존의 전통적 조사방법을 대체하며 더욱 빈번히 사용되기 시작했다. 하지만, 이러한 방법들은 여전히 목표로 하는 대상의 전체 면적과, 개별 개체를 탐지할 수 없다는 한계를 가지고 있다. 이러한 한계를 극복하기 위해, 무인비행체 (UAV, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)가 야생동물 탐지의 대중적인 도구로 자리매김하고 있다. UAV의 가장 큰 장점은, 선명하고 촘촘한 공간 및 시간해상도와 함께 전체 연구 지역에 대한 동물 탐지가 가능하다는 것이다. 이에 더해, UAV를 사용함으로써, 접근하기 어려운 지역이나 위험한 곳에 대한 조사가 가능해진다. 하지만, 이러한 이점 외에, UAV의 단점도 명확히 존재한다. 대상지, 비행 속도 및 높이 등과 같이 UAV를 사용하는 환경에 따라, 작은 동물, 울창한 숲속에 있는 개체, 빠르게 움직이는 동물을 탐지하는 것이 제한된다. 또한, 기상환경에 따라서도 비행이 불가할 수 있고, 배터리 용량으로 인한 비행시간의 제한도 존재한다. 하지만, 정밀한 탐지가 불가능하더라도, 이와 관련 연구가 꾸준히 수행되고 있으며, 선행연구들은 육상 및 해상 포유류, 조류, 그리고 파충류 등을 탐지하는 데에 성공하였다. UAV를 통해 얻어지는 가장 대표적인 데이터는 실화상 이미지이다. 이를 사용해 머신러닝 및 딥러닝 (ML-DL, Machine Learning and Deep Learning) 방법이 주로 사용되고 있다. 이러한 방법은 상대적으로 정확한 탐지 결과를 보여주지만, 특정 종을 탐지할 수 있는 모델의 개발을 위해선 최소한 천 장의 이미지가 필요하다. 실화상 이미지 외에도, 열화상 이미지 또한 UAV를 통해 획득 될 수 있다. 열화상 센서 기술의 개발과 센서 가격의 하락은 많은 야생동물 연구자들의 관심을 사로잡았다. 열화상 카메라를 사용하면 동물의 체온과 주변환경과의 온도 차이를 통해 정온동물을 탐지하는 것이 가능하다. 하지만, 새로운 데이터가 사용되더라도, 여전히 ML-DL 방법이 동물 탐지에 주로 사용되고 있으며, 이러한 방법은 UAV를 활용한 야생동물의 실시간 탐지를 제한한다. 따라서, 본 연구는 열화상과 실화상 이미지를 활용한 동물 자동 탐지 방법의 개발과, 개발된 방법이 이전 방법들의 평균 이상의 정확도와 함께 현장에서 실시간으로 사용될 수 있도록 하는 것을 목표로 한다.For wildlife detection and monitoring, traditional methods such as direct observation and capture-recapture have been carried out for diverse purposes. However, these methods require a large amount of time, considerable expense, and field-skilled experts to obtain reliable results. Furthermore, performing a traditional field survey can result in dangerous situations, such as an encounter with wild animals. Remote monitoring methods, such as those based on camera trapping, GPS collars, and environmental DNA sampling, have been used more frequently, mostly replacing traditional survey methods, as the technologies have developed. But these methods still have limitations, such as the lack of ability to cover an entire region or detect individual targets. To overcome those limitations, the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is becoming a popular tool for conducting a wildlife census. The main benefits of UAVs are able to detect animals remotely covering a wider region with clear and fine spatial and temporal resolutions. In addition, by operating UAVs investigate hard to access or dangerous areas become possible. However, besides these advantages, the limitations of UAVs clearly exist. By UAV operating environments such as study site, flying height or speed, the ability to detect small animals, targets in the dense forest, tracking fast-moving animals can be limited. And by the weather, operating UAV is unable, and the flight time is limited by the battery matters. Although detailed detection is unavailable, related researches are developing and previous studies used UAV to detect terrestrial and marine mammals, avian and reptile species. The most common type of data acquired by UAVs is RGB images. Using these images, machine-learning and deep-learning (ML–DL) methods were mainly used for wildlife detection. ML–DL methods provide relatively accurate results, but at least 1,000 images are required to develop a proper detection model for specific species. Instead of RGB images, thermal images can be acquired by a UAV. The development of thermal sensor technology and sensor price reduction has attracted the interest of wildlife researchers. Using a thermal camera, homeothermic animals can be detected based on the temperature difference between their bodies and the surrounding environment. Although the technology and data are new, the same ML–DL methods were typically used for animal detection. These ML-DL methods limit the use of UAVs for real-time wildlife detection in the field. Therefore, this paper aims to develop an automated animal detection method with thermal and RGB image datasets and to utilize it under in situ conditions in real-time while ensuring the average-above detection ability of previous methods.Abstract I Contents IV List of Tables VII List of Figures VIII Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research background 1 1.2 Research goals and objectives 10 1.2.1 Research goals 10 1.2.2 Research objectives 11 1.3 Theoretical background 13 1.3.1 Concept of the UAV 13 1.3.2 Concept of the thermal camera 13 Chapter 2. Methods 15 2.1 Study site 15 2.2 Data acquisition and preprocessing 16 2.2.1 Data acquisition 16 2.2.2 RGB lens distortion correction and clipping 19 2.2.3 Thermal image correction by fur color 21 2.2.4 Unnatural object removal 22 2.3 Animal detection 24 2.3.1 Sobel edge creation and contour generation 24 2.3.2 Object detection and sorting 26 Chapter 3. Results 30 3.1 Number of counted objects 31 3.2 Time costs of image types 33 Chapter 4. Discussion 36 4.1 Reference comparison 36 4.2 Instant detection 40 4.3 Supplemental usage 41 4.4 Utility of thermal sensors 42 4.5 Applications in other fields 43 Chapter 5. Conclusions 47 References 49 Appendix: Glossary 61 초록 62석

Building Ownership, Renovation Investments, and Energy Performance—A Study of Multi-Family Dwellings in Gothenburg

The European building stock was renewed at a rapid pace during the period 1950–1975. In many European countries, the building stock from this time needs to be renovated, and there are opportunities to introduce energy efficiency measures in the renovation process. information availability and increasingly available analysis tools make it possible to assess the impact of policy and regulation. This article describes methods developed for analyzing investments in renovation and energy performance based on building ownership and inhabitant socio-economic information developed for Swedish authorities, to be used for the Swedish national renovations strategy in 2019. This was done by analyzing measured energy usage and renovation investments made during the last 30 years, coupled with building specific official information of buildings and resident area characteristics, for multi-family dwellings in Gothenburg (N = 6319). The statistical analyses show that more costly renovations lead to decreasing energy usage for heating, but buildings that have been renovated during the last decades have a higher energy usage when accounting for current heating system, ownership, and resident socio-economic background. It is appropriate to include an affordability aspect in larger renovation projects since economically disadvantaged groups are over-represented in buildings with poorer energy performance

EXPERIENCES AND LESSONS FROM SOUTH KOREA

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제협력전공), 2021.8. 김태균.The problem of land use policy in Côte d'Ivoire is not new. Since its independence, Côte d'Ivoire has been resolutely committed to the development process, taking into account all strategic axes. The 10-year outlook for economic, social, and cultural development 1960- 1970 elaborated in 1962, and the five-year plan from 1971 to 1975 indicated the preponderance of territorial development policy. These first phases were a success with the implementation of two important programs such as the South-West Region Planning Authority (ARSO) created in December 1969 in the forest area, which is part of the improvement of peasant life; and the Bandama Valley Planning Authority (AVB) established in July 1969 in the savannah area, the mission covered two components: (1) a general and permanent regional planning mission and (2) a specific and temporary mission to transfer the affected populations to the south-west of the country. However, with the advent of Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) from the 1980s on, the policies that followed will no longer make land use a priority. And will decide to put the development of the city of Abidjan as a driver of economic growth. This decision was thus the basis of regional disparities. With the advent of the Paris Declaration, the State of Côte d'Ivoire will give a new chance to regional and local development policy with the establishment of institutions for this purpose and the completion of the monographic study of the 14 districts in 2013. However, Despite the development observed at the macroeconomic level with a GDP growth rate between 12 and 7% since 2012, poverty remains noticeable at the level of populations, especially those living in rural areas. The effective implementation of the policy faces serious problems as well as at institutional and financial level. The study attempts to show how Korean experiences in territorial development Trough the Comprehensive National Territorial Plan (CNTP) can be applied to Côte d'Ivoire.코트 디부 아르의 토지 이용 정책 문제는 새로운 것이 아닙니다. 독립 이후 코트 디부 아르는 모든 전략적 축을 고려하여 개발 과정에 전념해 왔습니다. 1960~1970 년 경제·사회·문화 발전에 대한 10 년 전망은 1962 년에 정교화되었고, 1971년부터 1975년까지의 5 개년 계획은 영토 개발 정책의 우세를 나타냈다. 이 첫 번째 단계는 1969년 12 월 농민 생활 개선의 일환인 산림 지역에 설립된 남서부 지역 계획 당국 (ARSO)과 같은 두 가지 중요한 프로그램의 실행으로 성공했습니다. 그리고 1969 년 7 월 사바나 지역에 설립 된 반 다마 밸리 계획 당국 (AVB)에서 임무는 (1) 일반 및 영구 지역 계획 임무와 (2) 영향을받은 인구를 국가의 남서쪽. 그러나 1980 년대부터 구조 조정 프로그램 (SAP)의 출현으로 따라온 정책은 더 이상 토지 사용을 우선시하지 않을 것입니다. 그리고 경제 성장의 원동력으로 아비 장시의 개발을 결정합니다. 따라서이 결정은 지역 격차의 기초가되었습니다. 파리 선언문의 도래와 함께 코트 디부 아르주는 이러한 목적을위한 기관을 설립하고 2013 년 14 개 지구에 대한 단행본 연구를 완료함으로써 지역 및 지역 개발 정책에 새로운 기회를 제공 할 것입니다. 그러나, 2012 년 이후 GDP 성장률이 12 ~ 7 % 인 거시 경제 수준에서 관찰 되었음에도 불구하고, 빈곤은 인구 수준, 특히 농촌 지역에 거주하는 사람들 수준에서 여전히 두드러집니다. 정책의 효과적인 실행은 제도적, 재정적 수준뿐만 아니라 심각한 문제에 직면하고 있습니다. 이번 연구는 국토 종합 계획 (CNTP)을 통한 한국의 영토 개발 경험이 코트 디부 아르에 어떻게 적용될 수 있는지 보여주고 자한다.CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.0. BACKGROUND OF STUDY 1 1.1. Definition of key concepts 5 1.1.1. Territorial Development Planning (TDP) 5 1.1.2. National Territorial Plan (NTP) 6 1.1.4. Poverty 6 1.1.5. Industrialization 7 1.1.6. Institutions 8 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 10 2.0. Balanced Growth Theory 10 2.1. Unbalanced Growth Theory 12 2.2. Territorial development policy in Asia 15 2.3. Territorial Development policy in Korea 17 2.4. Territorial Policy Planning overview about Africa 20 2.5. Any scientific works on Territory development in Côte d’Ivoire? 21 CHAPTER THREE: ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK 24 3.1. Research Objectives 24 3.1.1. Overall Objective 24 3.1.2. Specific Objectives 24 3.2. Statement of Problem 25 3.3. Research Motivation 26 3.4. Research Questions 27 3.5. Research Method and justification of the choice of theories 29 3.6. Significance of the Study 30 3.7. Thesis Limitations 31 CHAPTER FOUR: TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY IN COTE D’IVOIRE 33 4.0. History of Territory Development Policy in Côte D’Ivoire: a policy review 33 4.1. Development of the Ivorian territory until 1990. 33 4.1.1. From the 10-year perspectives 33 4.1.2. Planning Institutions and first Territory Development Programs in Côte d'Ivoire. 34 4.1.2.1. Mechanisms and tools of operation 35 4.1.3. The 1971-1975 Five-Year Plan 36 4.1.4. The 1976-1980 Five-Year Plan 37 4.1.5. The 1981-1985 Five-Year Plan 38 4.1.6. Analysis of the impacts of the five-year plans 40 3.1. The New Face of Land Development Policy in Côte d'Ivoire (1990-now). 42 3.1.1. Advent of Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) 42 3.1.2. The changing of vision and objectives for Land Development policy 43 3.1.3. Socio-economic, political and institutional indicators: variables analysis 44 3.1.4. Summary of the variables analysis: preliminary findings 53 3.1.5. The fundamentals of the new driving in Land Development Policy 56 3.1.5.1. National Prospective Studies’ Reviews (Côte d’Ivoire 2000, 2010 and 2025) 56 3.1.5.2. Stage of implementation of new vision of TDP in Côte d'Ivoire 58 3.1.5.3. Competitive Economic Poles: Opportunities and Challenges 58 3.1.6. Objectives of Competitive Economic Poles (CEPs) 62 3.1.7. National Economic Development Plan (NEDP): A Short Terms Development Plan 65 3.1.7.1. EDP-2012-2015 65 3.1.7.2. EDP-2016-2020 66 3.1.8. Challenges and Limitations of Current Territorial De Development Policy Implementation 66 3.1.8.1. Institutional and legal Challenges 67 3.1.8.2. Economic Challenges 69 3.1.8.3. Political challenges 69 CHAPTER FIVE: KOREA’S TERRITORY MANAGEMENT: EXPERIENCES AND LESSONS 70 4.0. Historical motivation of Korea’s Territorial Development Policy 70 4.1. Metropolitan area’s Development and Regional Inequality 72 4.2. Comprehensive National Territorial Plans in South Korea (1972-2014) 73 4.2.1. First Comprehensive National Territorial Plan (1972-1982) 73 4.2.2. Second Comprehensive National Territory Plan (1982-1992) 74 4.2.3. Third Comprehensive National Territory Plan (1992-2001) 76 4.2.4. Fourth Comprehensive National Territory Plan (2002-2010) 77 5.4. Institutionalization of Korean Territorial Development Policy Implementation 80 5.4.1. National land development policy in Korea: A state’s affair 81 5.4.2. Comprehensive National Territorial Plans: a strong legally based policy 83 5.4.3. Korean strategy for Green Growth through the Comprehensive National Territory Plan 85 5.4.4. Economics Development Plan in South Korea 87 5.4.4.1. A TDP support tool 87 5.4.4.2. Conditions of effective EDP 88 CHAPTER SIX: SYNTHESIS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATION 90 6.1. Synthesis and findings 90 6.1.1. Slowing down reasons of territorial policy implementation in Côte d’Ivoire 90 6.1.2. Cote d’Ivoire: current vision and prospects for territorial development 91 6.1.3. Policy implication from the Korean experiences 92 6.1.3.1. Effective Conditions of Territorial Development Policy 92 6.1.3.2. Five Principles of Effective TDP Implementation 94 6.1.3.3. Recommended Territorial Development Policy Implementation 97 6.2. Policy recommendations for future research 98 6.3. Conclusion 100 VIII. REFERENCES 101 국문 초록 107석

Rock Art Pilot Project Main Report

A report on the results of a pilot project to investigate the current state of research, conservation, management and presentation of prehistoric rock art in England commissioned by English Heritage from Archaeology Group, School of Conservation Sciences, Bournemouth Unviersity and the Institute of Archaeology, University College Londo

Visual and Camera Sensors

This book includes 13 papers published in Special Issue ("Visual and Camera Sensors") of the journal Sensors. The goal of this Special Issue was to invite high-quality, state-of-the-art research papers dealing with challenging issues in visual and camera sensors

Remote Sensing for Land Administration 2.0

The reprint “Land Administration 2.0” is an extension of the previous reprint “Remote Sensing for Land Administration”, another Special Issue in Remote Sensing. This reprint unpacks the responsible use and integration of emerging remote sensing techniques into the domain of land administration, including land registration, cadastre, land use planning, land valuation, land taxation, and land development. The title was chosen as “Land Administration 2.0” in reference to both this Special Issue being the second volume on the topic “Land Administration” and the next-generation requirements of land administration including demands for 3D, indoor, underground, real-time, high-accuracy, lower-cost, and interoperable land data and information

High-Spatial Resolution Monitoring of Phycocyanin and Chlorophyll-a Using Airborne Hyperspectral Imagery

Hyperspectral imagery (HSI) provides substantial information on optical features of water bodies that is usually applicable to water quality monitoring. However, it generates considerable uncertainties in assessments of spatial and temporal variation in water quality. Thus, this study explored the influence of different optical methods on the spatial distribution and concentration of phycocyanin (PC), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and total suspended solids (TSSs) and evaluated the dependence of algal distribution on flow velocity. Four ground-based and airborne monitoring campaigns were conducted to measure water surface reflectance. The actual concentrations of PC, Chl-a, and TSSs were also determined, while four bio-optical algorithms were calibrated to estimate the PC and Chl-a concentrations. Artificial neural network atmospheric correction achieved Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) values of 0.80 and 0.76 for the training and validation steps, respectively. Moderate resolution atmospheric transmission 6 (MODTRAN 6) showed an NSE value >0.8; whereas, atmospheric and topographic correction 4 (ATCOR 4) yielded a negative NSE value. The MODTRAN 6 correction led to the highest R-2 values and lowest root mean square error values for all algorithms in terms of PC and Chl-a. The PC:Chl-a distribution generated using HSI proved to be negatively dependent on flow velocity (p-value = 0.003) and successfully indicated cyanobacteria risk regions in the study area