Wideband and UWB antennas for wireless applications. A comprehensive review

A comprehensive review concerning the geometry, the manufacturing technologies, the materials, and the numerical techniques, adopted for the analysis and design of wideband and ultrawideband (UWB) antennas for wireless applications, is presented. Planar, printed, dielectric, and wearable antennas, achievable on laminate (rigid and flexible), and textile dielectric substrates are taken into account. The performances of small, low-profile, and dielectric resonator antennas are illustrated paying particular attention to the application areas concerning portable devices (mobile phones, tablets, glasses, laptops, wearable computers, etc.) and radio base stations. This information provides a guidance to the selection of the different antenna geometries in terms of bandwidth, gain, field polarization, time-domain response, dimensions, and materials useful for their realization and integration in modern communication systems

A Review: Circuit Theory of Microstrip Antennas for Dual-, Multi-, and Ultra-Widebands

In this chapter, a review has been presented on dual-band, multiband, and ultra-wideband (UWB). This review has been classified according to antenna feeding and loading of antennas using slots and notch and coplanar structure. Thereafter a comparison of dual-band, multiband, and ultra-wideband antenna has been presented. The basic geometry of patch antenna has been present along with its equivalent circuit diagram. It has been observed that patch antenna geometry for ultra-wideband is difficult to achieve with normal structure. Ultra-wideband antennas are achieved with two or more techniques; mostly UWB antennas are achieved from coplaner structures

Wideband Planar Plate Monopole Antenna

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Analysis and design of antennas for wireless communications using modal methods

El diseño de antenas para los nuevos sistemas de comunicaciones inalámbricas ha suscitado un creciente interés en los últimos años. El principal objetivo de esta Tesis Doctoral es la propuesta de un método general de diseño de antenas para sistemas de comunicaciones inalámbricas que proporcione una visión física del proceso de diseño. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se propone el uso de un método basado en la descomposición modal de la corriente en la superficie del cuerpo conductor. Los modos tienen la ventaja de proporcionar una visión más física del comportamiento radiante de la antena, así como información muy útil para la optimización de la geometría de la antena y para la selección del mecanismo óptimo de alimentación y su localización. En la Tesis se realizará una revisión de los diferentes métodos modales disponibles, así como de los parámetros más importantes a tratar cuando se trabaja con soluciones modales. Además, se investigará un método para obtener expresiones cerradas para las corrientes superficiales en objetos conductores planos abiertos. Como se verá, los objetos planos con formas canónicas se pueden interpretar en muchas ocasiones como deformaciones de objetos tridimensionales cuyas superficies coinciden con las de algunos de los sistemas de coordenadas curvilíneas. De esta forma, se obtendrán expresiones cerradas para los modos vectoriales en un disco conductor circular y una tira plana infinita. Estas funciones se propondrán como funciones base de dominio completo en problemas más complejos que incluyan este tipo de superficies planas. Los modos de corriente definidos a partir de las funciones de onda vectoriales son de naturaleza compleja, lo que dificulta en ocasiones su uso para el diseño de antenas. Por el contrario, la Teoría de los Modos Característicos proporciona una descomposición de la corriente total en la superficie de un cuerpo conductor de forma arbitraria en un conjunto de modos reales, cuyos diagramas de radiación son ortogonalesAntonino Daviu, E. (2008). Analysis and design of antennas for wireless communications using modal methods [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/2188Palanci

Design and implementation of band rejected antennas using adaptive surface meshing and genetic algorithms methods. Simulation and measurement of microstrip antennas with the ability of harmonic rejection for wireless and mobile applications including the antenna design optimisation using genetic algorithms.

With the advances in wireless communication systems, antennas with different shapes and design have achieved great demand and are desirable for many uses such as personal communication systems, and other applications involving wireless communication. This has resulted in different shapes and types of antenna design in order to achieve different antenna characteristic. One attractive approach to the design of antennas is to suppress or attenuate harmonic contents due to the non-linear operation of the Radio Frequency (RF) front end. The objectives of this work were to investigate, design and implement antennas for harmonic suppression with the aid of a genetic algorithm (GA). Several microstrip patch antennas were designed to operate at frequencies 1.0, 1.8 and 2.4 GHz respectively. The microstrip patch antenna with stub tuned microstrip lines was also employed at 1.0 and 1.8 GHz to meet the design objectives. A new sensing patch technique is introduced and applied in order to find the accepted power at harmonic frequencies. The evaluation of the measured power accepted at the antenna feed port was done using an electromagnetic (EM) simulator, Ansoft Designer, in terms of current distribution. A two sensors method is presented on one antenna prototype to estimate the accepted power at three frequencies. The computational method is based on an integral equation solver using adaptive surface meshing driven by a genetic algorithm. Several examples are demonstrated, including design of coaxially-fed, air-dielectric patch antennas implanted with shorting and folded walls. The characteristics of the antennas in terms of the impedance responses and far field radiation patterns are discussed. The results in terms of the radiation performance are addressed, and compared to measurements. The presented results of these antennas show a good impedance matching at the fundamental frequency with good suppression achieved at the second and third harmonic frequencies.Home governmen

Mutual coupling suppression in multiple microstrip antennas for wireless applications

This thesis was submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel University LondonMutual Coupling (MC) is the exchange of energy between multiple antennas when placed on the same PCB, it being one of the critical parameters and a significant issue to be considered when designing MIMO antennas. It appears significantly where multiple antennas are placed very close to each other, with a high coupling affecting the performance of the array, in terms radiation patterns, the reflection coefficient, and influencing the input impedance. Moreover; it degrades the designed efficiency and gain since part of the power that could have been radiated becomes absorbed by other adjacent antennas’ elements. The coupling mechanism between multiple antenna elements is identified as being mainly through three different paths or channels: surface wave propagation, space (direct) radiation and reactive near-field coupling. In this thesis, various coupling reduction approaches that are commonly employed in the literature are categorised based on these mechanisms. Furthermore, a new comparative study involving four different array types (PIFA, patch, monopole, and slot), is explained in detail. This thesis primarily focuses on three interconnected research topics for mutual coupling reduction based on new isolation approaches for different wireless applications (i.e. Narrowband, Ultra-wide-band and Multi-band). First, a new Fractal based Electromagnetic Band Gap (FEBG) decoupling structure between PIFAs is proposed and investigated for a narrowband application. Excellent isolation of more than 27 dB (Z-X plane) and 40 dB (Z-Y plane) is obtained without much degradation of the radiation characteristics. It is found that the fractal structures can provide a band-stop effect, because of their self-similarity features for a particular frequency band. Second, new UWB-MIMO antennas are presented with high isolation characteristics. Wideband isolation (≥ 31 dB) is achieved through the entire UWB band (3.1-10.6 GHz) by etching a novel compact planar decoupling structure inserted between these multiple UWB antennas. Finally, new planar MIMO antennas are presented for multi-band (quad bands) applications. A significant isolation improvement over the reference (≥ 17 dB) is achieved in each band by etching a hybrid solution. All the designs reported in this thesis have been fabricated and measured, with the simulated and measured results agreeing well in most cases

Systematic design of antennas using the theory of characteristic modes

El principal objetivo de esta tesis es demostrar que la Teoría de los Modos Característicos puede ser empleada de forma sistemática para diseñar antenas de hilo y antena planas. La gran ventaja de los modos característicos, frente a otros métodos de diseño, es la clara visión física que proporcionan de los fenómenos que contribuyen a la radiación de la antena. A través de numerosos ejemplos se demostrará como los modos característicos permiten comprender mejor el funcionamiento de una antena, de forma que el diseño de la misma se puede realizar de forma justificada y coherente. También se mostrará como la información proporcionada por los modos característicos puede ser aprovechada para seleccionar la forma más apropiada para el elemento radiante, al igual que para elegir una configuración de alimentación óptima que maximice el ancho de banda de impedancia. La Teoría de los Modos Característicos fue inicialmente formulada por Garbacz en 1968, y posteriormente refinada por Harrington y Mautz en 1971. Tradicionalmente, los modos característicos han sido empleados para sintetizar formas de antena, y para controlar la difracción de objetos mediante carga reactiva. Sin embargo, en la actualidad, la Teoría de los Modos Característicos ha caído prácticamente en el olvido, a pesar de que permite obtener una solución modal para la corriente, que es de gran utilidad a la hora de analizar problemas de análisis, síntesis y optimización de antenas y difractores. La Teoría de los Modos Característicos parte de la definición de un problema de autovalores que involucra la matriz de impedancia generalizada de la estructura, y que tras ser resuelto proporciona un conjunto de modos de corriente reales, que son los denominados modos característicos. Estos modos se corresponden con las resonancias naturales de la estructura y pueden ser obtenidos numéricamente para cuerpos conductores de forma arbitraria. Por otra parte, los modos característicos forman un conjunto de funciones cerCabedo Fabrés, M. (2007). Systematic design of antennas using the theory of characteristic modes [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/1883Palanci

Some studies on designs of planar antennas for UWB applications

In Ultra-Wideband (UWB) wireless system, considerable research efforts have been put into the design of UWB antennas and communication systems. These UWB antennas are essential for providing wireless wideband communications based on the use of very narrow pulses on the order of nanoseconds, covering a very wide bandwidth in the frequency domain and over very short distance at very low power densities. Also it is well known that, in traditional narrow-band communications, multiple antenna systems offer attractive aspects in wireless communication by means of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) techniques. These techniques either give out high channel capacities through spatial multiplexing, or offer an increase of link robustness. The present work deals with four new compact broadband antennas, suitable for portable applications are designed and characterized, namely-octagon shaped monopole, semicircular disk monopole, semi-octagon shaped diversity, semi-circular diversity. The performances of these designs have been studied using standard simulation tools used in industry or academy and experimentally verified. One of the major contributions of the thesis lies in the analysis of the frequency and time-domain response of the designed UWB antennas to confirm their suitability for portable pulsed-UWB system. A technique to avoid narrow band interference by etching narrow slot resonators on the antenna is also proposed and their effects on a nano-second pulse have been investigated