Structural Compatible Ontologies for Automation Technology

Gegenstand der vorliegenden Dissertation ist ein integriertes Entwurfsverfahren für Automatisierungssysteme, bei dem sowohl die verhaltenbeschreibende als auch die gerätetechnische Sicht gleichermaßen Berücksichtigung finden. Dieses Entwurfsverfahren basiert auf der Erkennung, Überprüfung und Einhaltung von Ähnlichkeiten, die zwischen geräte- und verhaltensbeschreibenden Systemmodellen herrschen. So können die während der Geräte- und Anlagenplanung entstehenden Spezifikationen (Stücklisten, Baugruppenhierarchien, Netzwerke) bis in die aus automatisierungstechnischer Sicht notwendige Detailltiefe in den Verhaltensmodellen konsistent nachgezogen werden. Auf der Basis prozesstheoretischer Überlegungen werden kombinierte Petrinetz- und Bondgraphen-Modelle als dynamische Beschreibungsmittel gewählt, um das für Automatisierungssysteme typische hybride Verhalten darstellen zu können. Für die Beschreibung gerätetechnischer Strukturen dient das STEP-Produktmodell nach ISO 10303. Um die Ähnlichkeiten zwischen der verhaltenbeschreibenden und der gerätetechnischen Sicht formal fassen zu können, werden die den Systemmodellen zugrundeliegenden Modellkonzepte in Ontologien überführt und diese dann mit strukturverträglichen Abbildungen, sogenannten Morphismen, aufeinander abgebildet. Sowohl die Ontologien als auch die über diesen Ontologien definierten Morphismen werden mit Mitteln der OMA (Object Management Architecture) in MOF/UML-Modelle und OCL-Spezifikationen übertragen. Diese Spezifikationen sind dann die Implementationsgrundlage einer Reihe von Softwarewerkzeugen, die einen Entwurfsrahmen bilden, mit dem das integrierte Entwurfsverfahren anhand von einfachen Beispielen näher untersucht wird.We present an integrated design methodology for automation systems, where both the behavioural and the device oriented aspects are considered. The design methodology is based on the recognition and compliance of similarities, which can be found between device oriented and behaviour describing system models. Herewith it is possible to align the behavioural models with existing device specifications (part lists, bills of material, assembly hierarchies networks) in a consistent way and with the granularity that is adequate for automation systems design. Based on a formal process theory the combination of Petrinets and Bondgraphs is choosen to represent the hybrid process dynamics which are characteristic for automation systems. The device oriented structures are described with STEP product models according to ISO 10303. The formal specification of the aforesaid similarities between device oriented and behavioural system models is achieved within two steps. First the used description methods are transformed into ontologies. Then the ontologies are mapped on each other based on structure respecting mappings called morphism. Both the ontologies and the morphisms are defined by means of OMA (Object Management Architecture), namely MOF/UML for the ontology specification and OCL for the morphism specification. These specifications are then the basis for the implementation of different software tools which are combined into one development framework. Utilizing this framework the integrated design methodology is examined with simple examples

How To Touch a Running System

The increasing importance of distributed and decentralized software architectures entails more and more attention for adaptive software. Obtaining adaptiveness, however, is a difficult task as the software design needs to foresee and cope with a variety of situations. Using reconfiguration of components facilitates this task, as the adaptivity is conducted on an architecture level instead of directly in the code. This results in a separation of concerns; the appropriate reconfiguration can be devised on a coarse level, while the implementation of the components can remain largely unaware of reconfiguration scenarios. We study reconfiguration in component frameworks based on formal theory. We first discuss programming with components, exemplified with the development of the cmc model checker. This highly efficient model checker is made of C++ components and serves as an example for component-based software development practice in general, and also provides insights into the principles of adaptivity. However, the component model focuses on high performance and is not geared towards using the structuring principle of components for controlled reconfiguration. We thus complement this highly optimized model by a message passing-based component model which takes reconfigurability to be its central principle. Supporting reconfiguration in a framework is about alleviating the programmer from caring about the peculiarities as much as possible. We utilize the formal description of the component model to provide an algorithm for reconfiguration that retains as much flexibility as possible, while avoiding most problems that arise due to concurrency. This algorithm is embedded in a general four-stage adaptivity model inspired by physical control loops. The reconfiguration is devised to work with stateful components, retaining their data and unprocessed messages. Reconfiguration plans, which are provided with a formal semantics, form the input of the reconfiguration algorithm. We show that the algorithm achieves perceived atomicity of the reconfiguration process for an important class of plans, i.e., the whole process of reconfiguration is perceived as one atomic step, while minimizing the use of blocking of components. We illustrate the applicability of our approach to reconfiguration by providing several examples like fault-tolerance and automated resource control

SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION PATTERN DUE TO COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY IN KAMPONG HOUSE

ABSTRACT Kampung houses are houses in kampung area of the city. Kampung House oftenly transformed into others use as urban dynamics. One of the transfomation is related to the commercial activities addition by the house owner. It make house with full private space become into mixused house with more public spaces or completely changed into full public commercial building. This study investigate the spatial transformation pattern of the kampung houses due to their commercial activities addition. Site observations, interviews and questionnaires were performed to study the spatial transformation. This study found that in kampung houses, the spatial transformation pattern was depend on type of commercial activities and owner perceptions, and there are several steps of the spatial transformation related the commercial activity addition. Keywords: spatial transformation pattern; commercial activity; owner perception, kampung house; adaptabilit

Multipurpose Programmable Integrated Photonics: Principles and Applications

[ES] En los últimos años, la fotónica integrada programable ha evolucionado desde considerarse un paradigma nuevo y prometedor para implementar la fotónica a una escala más amplia hacia convertirse una realidad sólida y revolucionaria, capturando la atención de numerosos grupos de investigación e industrias. Basada en el mismo fundamento teórico que las matrices de puertas lógicas programables en campo (o FPGAs, en inglés), esta tecnología se sustenta en la disposición bidimensional de bloques unitarios de lógica programable (en inglés: PUCs) que -mediante una programación adecuada de sus actuadores de fase- pueden implementar una gran variedad de funcionalidades que pueden ser elaboradas para operaciones básicas o más complejas en muchos campos de aplicación como la inteligencia artificial, el aprendizaje profundo, los sistemas de información cuántica, las telecomunicaciones 5/6-G, en redes de conmutación, formando interconexiones en centros de datos, en la aceleración de hardware o en sistemas de detección, entre otros. En este trabajo, nos dedicaremos a explorar varias aplicaciones software de estos procesadores en diferentes diseños de chips. Exploraremos diferentes enfoques de vanguardia basados en la optimización computacional y la teoría de grafos para controlar y configurar con precisión estos dispositivos. Uno de estos enfoques, la autoconfiguración, consiste en la síntesis automática de circuitos ópticos -incluso en presencia de efectos parasitarios como distribuciones de pérdidas no uniformes a lo largo del diseño hardware, o bajo interferencias ópticas y eléctricas- sin conocimiento previo sobre el estado del dispositivo. Hay ocasiones, sin embargo, en las que el acceso a esta información puede ser útil. Las herramientas de autocalibración y autocaracterización nos permiten realizar una comprobación rápida del estado de nuestro procesador fotónico, lo que nos permite extraer información útil como la corriente eléctrica que suministrar a cada actuador de fase para cambiar el estado de su PUC correspondiente, o las pérdidas de inserción de cada unidad programable y de las interconexiones ópticas que rodean a la estructura. Estos mecanismos no solo nos permiten identificar rápidamente cualquier PUC o región del chip defectuosa en nuestro diseño, sino que también revelan otra alternativa para programar circuitos fotónicos en nuestro diseño a partir de valores de corriente predefinidos. Estas estrategias constituyen un paso significativo para aprovechar todo el potencial de estos dispositivos. Proporcionan soluciones para manejar cientos de variables y gestionar simultáneamente múltiples acciones de configuración, una de las principales limitaciones que impiden que esta tecnología se extienda y se convierta en disruptiva en los próximos años.[CA] En els darrers anys, la fotònica integrada programable ha evolucionat des de considerarse un paradigma nou i prometedor per implementar la fotònica a una escala més ampla cap a convertir-se en una realitat sòlida i revolucionària, capturant l'atenció de nombrosos grups d'investigaciò i indústries. Basada en el mateix fonament teòric que les matrius de portes lògiques programable en camp (o FPGAs, en anglès), aquesta tecnología es sustenta en la disposición bidimensional de blocs units lògics programables (en anglès: PUCs) que -mitjançant una programación adequada dels seus actuadors de fase- poden implementar una gran varietat de funcionalitats que poden ser elaborades per a operacions bàsiques o més complexes en molts camps d'aplicació com la intel·ligència artificial, l'aprenentatge profund, els sistemes d'informació quàntica, les telecomunicacions 5/6-G, en xarxes de comutació, formant interconnexions en centres de dades, en l'acceleració de hardware o en sistemes de detecció, entre d'altres. En aquest treball, ens dedicarem a explorar diverses capatitats de programari d'aquests processadors en diferents dissenys de xips. Explorem diferents enfocaments de vanguardia basats en l'optimització computacional i la teoría de grafs per controlar i configurar amb precisió aquests dispositius. Un d'aquests enfocaments, l'autoconfiguració, tracta de la síntesi automática de circuits òptics -fins i tot en presencia d'efectes parasitaris com ara pèrdues no uniformes o crosstalk òptic i elèctric- sense cap coneixement previ sobre l'estat del dispositiu. Tanmateix, hi ha ocasions en les quals l'accés a aquesta información pot ser útil. Les eines d'autocalibració i autocaracterització ens permeten realizar una comprovació ràpida de l'estat del nostre procesador fotònic, el que ens permet obtener informació útil com la corrent eléctrica necessària per alimentar cada actuador de fase per canviar l'estat del seu PUC corresponent o la pèrdua d'inserció de cada unitat programable i de les interconnexions òptiques que envolten l'estructura. Aquests mecanisms no només ens permeten identificar ràpidament qualsevol PUC o área del xip defectuosa en el nostre disseny , sinó que també ens mostren una altra alternativa per programar circuits fotònics en el nostre disseny a partir de valors de corrent predefinits. Aquestes estratègies constitueixen un pas gegant per a aprofitar tot el potencial d'aquests dispositius. Proporcionen solucions per a gestionar centenars de variables i alhora administrar múltiples accions de configuració, una de les principals limitacions que impideixen que aquesta tecnología esdevingui disruptiva en els pròxims anys.[EN] In recent years, programmable integrated photonics (PIP) has evolved from a promising, new paradigm to deploy photonics to a larger scale to a solid, revolutionary reality, bringing up the attention of numerous research and industry players. Based on the same theoretical foundations than field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), this technology relies on common, two-dimensional integrated optical hardware configurations based on the interconnection of programmable unit cells (PUCs), which -by suitable programming of their phase actuators- can implement a variety of functionalities that can be elaborated for basic or more complex operation in many application fields, such as artificial intelligence, deep learning, quantum information systems, 5/6-G telecommunications, switching, data center interconnections, hardware acceleration and sensing, amongst others. In this work, we will dedicate ourselves to explore several software capabilities of these processors under different chip designs. We explore different cutting-edge approaches based on computational optimization and graph theory to precisely control and configure these devices. One of these, self-configuration, deals with the automated synthesis of optical circuit configurations -even in presence of parasitic effects such as nonuniform losses, optical and electrical crosstalk- without any need for prior knowledge about hardware state. There are occasions, though, in which accessing to this information may be of use. Self-calibration and self-characterization tools allow us to perform a quick check to our photonic processor's status, allowing us to retrieve useful pieces of information such as the electrical current needed to supply to each phase actuator to change its corresponding PUC state arbitrarily or the insertion loss of every unit cell and optical interconnection surrounding the structure. These mechanisms not only allow us to quickly identify any malfunctioning PUCs or chip areas in our design, but also reveal another alternative to program photonic circuits in our design from current pre-sets. These strategies constitute a gigantic step to unleash all the potential of these devices. They provide solutions to handle with hundreds of variables and simultaneously manage multiple configuration actions, one of the main limitations that prevent this technology to scale up and become disruptive in the years to come.López Hernández, A. (2023). Multipurpose Programmable Integrated Photonics: Principles and Applications [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/19686

Modeling EMI Resulting from a Signal Via Transition Through Power/Ground Layers

Signal transitioning through layers on vias are very common in multi-layer printed circuit board (PCB) design. For a signal via transitioning through the internal power and ground planes, the return current must switch from one reference plane to another reference plane. The discontinuity of the return current at the via excites the power and ground planes, and results in noise on the power bus that can lead to signal integrity, as well as EMI problems. Numerical methods, such as the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD), Moment of Methods (MoM), and partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method, were employed herein to study this problem. The modeled results are supported by measurements. In addition, a common EMI mitigation approach of adding a decoupling capacitor was investigated with the FDTD method

Systems and control : 21th Benelux meeting, 2002, March 19-21, Veldhoven, The Netherlands

Book of abstract

Materials and methods for microstereolithography

There is an increasing requirement to fabricate ever smaller components and microdevices and incorporate them within all aspects of our lives. From a Wii controller to a car airbag, micro-technology is employed in a huge spectrum of applications. Within process control and sample analysis, micro-components are making a significant impact, driven by the desire to use smaller volumes, lower concentrations, less reagent, or simply to make the process quicker or cheaper. Currently, methods of fabrication for such devices are based predominantly on silicon processing techniques. While these techniques are suitable for mass manufacture / high volume applications, there are a number of disadvantages for situations requiring lower volumes or where the end system is continually evolving – such as for research applications. The primary drawbacks are cost, turnaround time and the requirement for expensive processing facilities. However, for these situations, additive layer manufacture presents huge promise as an alternative fabrication technology. The field of additive layer manufacture has advanced greatly since its inception 25 years ago. While such technologies are still primarily focused on the field of rapid prototyping of purely mechanical structures, it is clear that their full potential is yet to be realised. This is particularly the case for stereolithography and microstereolithography, the latter of which provides the capability to create complex, true 3D structures (as opposed to pseudo 3D/extruded 2D of silicon techniques), measureable on the micron scale. This thesis shows that microstereolithography has the potential to become an alternative fabrication method for functional micro-devices and structures. This is due to the simplicity of its single-step fabrication process and the significant time/cost savings it presents. Therefore, making it an affordable technique for low volume production where a fast turnaround is required. However, the lack of functional materials compatible with microstereolithography, and hence the lack of examples of the technology being used to produce active components, currently limits it in this respect. This project therefore focused on exploring the possibilities of using microstereolithography as an alternative to traditional silicon based techniques for the direct fabrication of functional micro-devices and sensors. This was achieved through the development of a number of microstereolithography compatible, novel materials, methods and applications. Here, presented for the first time are both conductive and magnetic composite photopolymers compatible with microstereolithography technology. The materials were developed with the use of a custom built, constrained surface system using a parallel projection method. The system used LED technology as a novel exposure source, tuned to the developed materials in an attempt to gain extra control over the curing process and hence achieve higher quality components. These materials were characterised and then used to fabricate exemplar sensing devices using microstereolithography – a method not previously used for creating such devices. Microfluidic flow sensing devices were used to demonstrate the practical application of the magnetic material. One of which, a lab-on-chip type device, was demonstrated to have a working range of 5 to 70 ml/min when tested with a liquid medium. Similarly, a practical application of the conductive material was shown through the fabrication of MSL-printed conductometirc vapour sensors. The sensors showed favourable characteristics working in range of humidites (up to 50% RH) and temperatures (up to 70°C). The sensors also demonstrated a degree of selectivity to different analyte vapours. Finally, the technology was demonstrated as a feasible method of fabricating ultrasonic beam forming apparatus. Acoustic testing of a range of materials also suggested that the composite metal materials could be used to further improve performance. The novel materials and techniques investigated, along with the exemplar devices produced, demonstrate further abilities and a wider range of applications than has been demonstrated with this technology to date. It is hoped that this research will lead to wider use of the technology and encourage further advances in the field of microstereolithography

Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Sustainable Ultrascale Computing Systems (NESUS 2014): Porto, Portugal

Proceedings of: First International Workshop on Sustainable Ultrascale Computing Systems (NESUS 2014). Porto (Portugal), August 27-28, 2014

Co-modelling of Agricultural Robotic Systems

Automated and robotic ground-vehicle solutions are gradually becoming part of the agricultural industry, where they are used for performing tasks such as feeding, herding, planting, harvesting, and weed spraying. Agricultural machinery operates in both indoor and outdoor farm environments, resulting in changing operational conditions. Variation in the load transported by ground-vehicles is a common occurrence in the agricultural domain, in tasks such as animal feeding and field spraying. The development of automated and robotic ground-vehicle solutions for conditions and scenarios in the agricultural domain is a complex task, which requires input from multiple engineering disciplines. This PhD thesis proposes modelling and simulation for the research and development of automated and robotic ground-vehicle solutions for purposes such as component development, virtual prototype testing, and scenario evaluation. The collaboration of multiple engineering disciplines is achieved by combining multiple modelling and simulation tools from different engineering disciplines. These combined models are known as co-models and their execution is referred to as co-simulation. The results of this thesis are a model-based development methodology for automated and robotic ground-vehicles utilised for a number of research and development cases. The co-models of the automated and robotic ground vehicles were created using the model-based development methodology, and they contribute to the future development support in this research domain. The thesis presents four contributions toward the exploration of a chosen design space for an automated or robotic ground vehicle. Solutions obtained using co-modelling and co-simulation are deployed to their ground-vehicle realisations, which ensures that all stages of development are covered.Comment: PhD thesis,June 17th 2015, 203 pages, Aarhus Universit

Low-cost antennas and systems for next generation wireless communications

This work presents a study of low-cost antennas and communication systems to support the burgeoning demand for bandwidth in the next generation wireless communications and networks (5G) and/or Internet of Things (IoT). The work was divided into three different fields all aimed at low-cost solutions of enabling next generation networks (5G) and IoT. The first part of the study involves study of low-cost fabrication of antennas and radio frequency (RF) guided wave structures up to 10 GHz using the thermal transfer printing (TTP) technique on renewable, light weight, flexible and low-cost substrates. The thermal transfer printing method for electronics was characterised from DC to 10 GHz and benchmarked for performance against inkjet printing technique which is an established technique for printed electronics. TTP achieved similar or better read range to inkjet printed radio frequency identification (RFID) antennas that were used in this study. Applications of the TTP method in IoT taking advantage of its speed and low cost were demonstrated by; producing on-demand antennas and/or rapid prototyping electronic designs, using off the shelf components to build a frequency agile antenna, and an ultra wideband antenna (UWB) for low power short range communications. The second part involves design and optimisation of a multi-port driven (MPD) slot-ring antenna for purposes of integration with resonant tunnelling diode (RTD) oscillators for millimetre-wave communications. The optimised structure managed airside radiation without the use of bulky lenses and achieved directivity of 10.8 dBi. The concept of the slot-ring with a backing ground plane was experimentally verified by a fabricated antenna for 5 GHz operation showing the expected performance. The third part is an experimental study of modulating RTD oscillators to deter- mine and improve achievable modulation bandwidth to meet 5G demands. Wireless transceiver systems at 28-40 GHz and 240 GHz were build using combinations of horn antennas, quasi-optical Schottky barrier diode detectors and some off-line signal processing. The modulation bandwidth of the oscillators were found to be limited to 300 Mbps and 16 Mbps for the 28-40 GHz oscillators and 220-300 GHz oscillators respectively due to oscillators being optimised for high power output instead of high modulation rates. Recommendations are made to improve the modulation datarate of these oscillators in order to meet the 5G datarate targets