Expert System Development for Law Firm Using Information and Communication Technology in Indonesia

Information technology has changed the order of business and industry, including the legal services industry. This change requires law firms to be more creative and innovative in implementing legal processes in the development of information and communications technologies. To survive, a law firm cannot rely on its strengths in reputation and service quality only but also needs to consider the strength in using technology tools. The purpose of this study is to map the need for expert system development in law firms as an effort to deliver an effective and efficient legal process. The method used in this research was the normative legal method with a statute approach and conceptual approach. The results of this study were expected to provide an overview of the modern law firm structure model based on information technology. The results of the study showed that to anticipate changes to the demand for efficiency and the encouragement of regulations related to the use of information technology both in the judicial system and in registration statement processing procedures a law firm must adapt and develop information technology as the basis for the legal process. The stages of development begin with the development of Knowledge Management Technology based on Knowledge Management Systems. The next stage is the development of expert systems in the form of diagnostic systems, planning systems, procedural systems, intelligent checklists, document modelling systems, and argument generation systems. Keywords: Law firm; ICT; legal services industr

Knowledge Management of Technology Development for Advocate

This research was conducted with the support of Research And Community Service Directorate (Direktorat Riset dan Pengabdian Masyarakat), Deputy for Research and Development Reinforcement, Ministry of Research and Technology / National Research And Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, through the Applied Research Grant, Fiscal Year of 2020. Abstract Advocate is a profession based on knowledge as a commodity which is exchanged for services and has economic value. Advocate as one of legal professions must continue to develop its professional abilities in a sustainable manner. However, in this digital era, besides of having knowledge about legal field, an advocate needs to cognize to the development of information technology. The information technology today has become the part of social life, including in judicial system process. This research uses a normative legal method with the statute and conceptual approach. This research aims to map the need for Knowledge Management Technology development that must be developed by an advocate as an effective and efficient legal delivery process. The result of this research indicates that to anticipate changes to demands for efficiency and encouragement of regulations related to the use of information technology in the judicial system of both private and public law, advocates must develop information technology as the basis for the legal process. The stages of development begin with the arrangement of Knowledge Management Systems by considering the Advocate’s characteristics. From the framework of Knowledge Management System, Knowledge Management Technology can be developed to meet the needs of advocates in providing legal services based on information technology. Keywords: Advocate, Knowledge Management Systems, Knowledge Management Technology. DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/102-02 Publication date:October 31st 202

Discovering the Rationale of Decisions:Experiments on Aligning Learning and Reasoning

In AI and law, systems that are designed for decision support should be explainable when pursuing justice. In order for these systems to be fair and responsible, they should make correct decisions and make them using a sound and transparent rationale. In this paper, we introduce a knowledge-driven method for model-agnostic rationale evaluation using dedicated test cases, similar to unit-testing in professional software development. We apply this new method in a set of machine learning experiments aimed at extracting known knowledge structures from artificial datasets from fictional and non-fictional legal settings. We show that our method allows us to analyze the rationale of black-box machine learning systems by assessing which rationale elements are learned or not. Furthermore, we show that the rationale can be adjusted using tailor-made training data based on the results of the rationale evaluation

Discovering the Rationale of Decisions:Towards a Method for Aligning Learning and Reasoning

In AI and law, systems that are designed for decision support should be explainable when pursuing justice. In order for these systems to be fair and responsible, they should make correct decisions and make them using a sound and transparent rationale. In this paper, we introduce a knowledge-driven method for model-agnostic rationale evaluation using dedicated test cases, similar to unit-testing in professional software development. We apply this new quantitative human-in-the-loop method in a machine learning experiment aimed at extracting known knowledge structures from artificial datasets from a real-life legal setting. We show that our method allows us to analyze the rationale of black box machine learning systems by assessing which rationale elements are learned or not. Furthermore, we show that the rationale can be adjusted using tailor-made training data based on the results of the rationale evaluation

The effectiveness of the national anti-corruption policy of Ukraine

An effective national anti-corruption policy is one of the means of improving the legal mechanisms of compliance with the guarantees of human rights and freedoms at the national level. The corruption rate in the public sector reflects the state of development of Ukraine as an economic and legal state and its place in the international arena. The aim of the study was to analyse the state anti-corruption policy of Ukraine and the effectiveness of its implementation mechanisms. Empirical and theoretical methods of scientific knowledge, as well as the method of comparative analysis, were used for a comprehensive study of the issue under research. The system of measures for the implementation of Ukraine’s anti-corruption policy has become an effective tool for preventing and countering corruption. Effective anti-corruption measures in Ukraine were: coordinated state anti-corruption strategy; the newly created structure of anti-corruption bodies; virtuous public service; implemented electronic systems for public procurement and property management; regular public reporting; independence of the prosecutor’s office and judiciary; monitoring and control of civil society. Further studies may focus on determining and justifying the impact of the anti-corruption policy on the comprehensive development of the state with the purpose of providing practical recommendations for the implementation of anti-corruption measures

A Framework to Support Alignment of Secure Software Engineering with Legal Regulations

Regulation compliance is getting more and more important for software systems that process and manage sensitive information. Therefore, identifying and analysing relevant legal regulations and aligning them with security requirements become necessary for the effective development of secure software systems. Nevertheless, Secure Software Engineering Modelling Languages (SSEML) use different concepts and terminology from those used in the legal domain for the description of legal regulations. This situation, together with the lack of appropriate background and knowledge of laws and regulations, introduces a challenge for software developers. In particular, it makes difficult to perform (i) the elicitation of appropriate security requirements from the relevant laws and regulations; and (ii) the correct tracing of the security requirements throughout the development stages. This paper presents a framework to support the consideration of laws and regulations during the development of secure software systems. In particular, the framework enables software developers (i) to correctly elicit security requirements from the appropriate laws and regulations; and (ii) to trace these requirements throughout the development stages in order to ensure that the design indeed supports the required laws and regulations. Our framework is based on existing work from the area of secure software engineering, and it complements this work with a novel and structured process and a well-defined method. A practical case study is employed to demonstrate the applicability of our work

Coverage of damages due to the risk of science development in the light of civil liability

Advances in science and its developments in today's world for the better production of goods have led to the development of new theories and solutions that may also pose risks in the products offered to consumers, but current human knowledge can not recognize it. While the present study proves that the advancement of science simultaneously leads to the discovery of defects and dangers of these goods, and legal knowledge should provide appropriate coverage to compensate for the damages caused by them. Therefore, the issue of coverage of damages due to development risks is one of the most challenging issues in the field of civil liability that has been studied in most legal systems, but in Iranian law and jurisprudence, the risk of technology development and liability has remained silent. Therefore, the nature and characteristics of development risk with a descriptive and analytical method are studied in detail in this article and the possibility of covering such risks in a restorative and preventive manner in the form of compulsory insurance, compensation guarantee fund, punitive damages, issuance of prohibition agreements, and The application of the precautionary principle has also been prove

A semantic based framework for software regulatory compliance

Software development market is currently witnessing an increasing demand for software applications conformance with the international regime of GRC for Governance, Risk and Compliance. In this thesis, we propose a compliance requirement analysis method for early stages of software development based on a semantically-rich model, where a mapping can be established from legal and regulatory requirements relevant to system context to software system goals and contexts. This research is an attempt to address the requirement of General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR, Article 25) (European Commission) for implementation of a "privacy by design” approach as part of organizational IT-systems and processes. It requires design of data protection requirements in the development of business processes for products and services. The proposed semantic model consists of a number of ontologies each corresponding to a knowledge component within the developed framework of our approach. Each ontology is a thesaurus of concepts in the compliance and risk assessment domain related to system development along with relationships and rules between concepts that compromise the domain knowledge. The main contribution of the work presented in this paper is a novel ontology-based framework that demonstrates how description-logic reasoning techniques can be used to simulate legal reasoning requirements employed by legal professions against the description of each ontology. The semantic modelling of each component of framework can highly influence the compliance of developing software system and enables the reusability, adaptability and maintainability of these components. Through the discrete modelling of these components, the flexibility and extensibility of compliance systems will be improved. Additionally, enriching ontologies with semantic rules increases the reasoning power and helps to represent rules of laws, regulations and guidelines for compliance, also mapping, refinement and inheriting of different components from each other. This novel approach offers a pedagogically effective and satisfactory learning experience for developers and compliance officers to be trained in area of compliance and query for knowledge in this domain. This thesis offers the theoretical models, design and implementation of a compliance system in accordance with this approach

Core competencies in clinical neuropsychology training across the world

Objective: This work aimed to review main competency requirements from training models in countries with well-established specialties in clinical neuropsychology and to extract core competencies that likely will apply to clinical neuropsychologists regardless of regional and cultural context. Method: We reviewed standards for post-graduate training in clinical neuropsychology from countries in Europe, Australia, and North America based on existing literature, presentations at international conferences, and from description of the training models from national psychological or neuropsychological associations. Results: Despite differences, the reviewed models share similar core competencies considered necessary for a specialty in clinical neuropsychology: (1) In-depth knowledge of general psychology including clinical psychology (post-graduate level), ethical, and legal standards. (2) Expert knowledge about clinically relevant brain-behavioral relationships. (3) Comprehensive knowledge about, and skills in, related clinical disciplines. (4) In-depth knowledge about and skills in neuropsychological assessment, including decision-making and diagnostic competency according to current classification of diseases. (5) Competencies in the area of diversity and culture in relation to clinical neuropsychology. (6) Communication competency of neuropsychological findings and test results to relevant and diverse audiences. (7) Knowledge about and skills in psychological and neuropsychological intervention, including treatment and rehabilitation. Conclusions: All the models have undergone years of development in accordance with requirements of national health care systems in different parts of the world. Despite differences, the common core competency requirements across different regions of the world suggest generalizability of these competencies. We hope this summary can be useful as countries with less established neuropsychology training programs develop their models.Peer reviewe

Практичне відношення до юридичного знання: структура знань

Problem setting. Modern IT technologies consolidate a new attitude to legal knowledge, which from a technological point of view is a "raw material" for artificial legal systems. Technological approach to legal knowledge can not be identified with technology or method, as it is a special operational system of legal acts with legal knowledge for the purpose of its translation from society into an artificial dialogue system, in particular intellectual. Therefore, it is necessary to study the cognitive and informational aspects of the movement of legal knowledge, in particular, their means of obtaining, the mechanisms for selection, dissemination, transformation, accumulation, translation and application, as well as ways to automate these complex processes based on modern high-tech digital devices. We are talking about little-known and extremely topical issues of processing legal knowledge and transforming them into an active information resource. These problems require comprehensive, multidimensional comprehension. Recent research and publications analysis. The results of the analysis of scientific sources and publications indicate that these trends require a deep and thorough study of the particularities of the practical relationship to legal knowledge. New information technologies have contributed to the development of the idea of the diversity of human knowledge. The results of the research of these problems give an opportunity to note that, in general, systematic scientific comprehension of the complex, volumetric and multidimensional problems of practical relevance to legal knowledge need further study. Paper objectiv. The purpose of this article is to consider certain aspects of the practical relation to legal knowledge based on the results of understanding this issue by various representatives of the humanities and interdisciplinary researchers. Paper main body. The article substantiates that the practical attitude to legal knowledge with the advent of artificial intellectual systems has highlighted the problem of extracting, representing and using knowledge in the field of jurisprudence. It is revealed that new information technologies have translated the issues of the specifics of human knowledge, the peculiarities of the interrelation of its main levels into the plane of practical problems associated with the transformation of personal knowledge into formalized (computer). It is determined that the practical attitude towards legal knowledge cannot be identified with either technology or method. It is shown that the attitude towards knowledge as a resource includes the operation of "extracting" knowledge from an expert. The questions are analyzed how and in what way the subject can become aware of the implicit components of personal knowledge. Conclusions of the research. Technological attitude to legal knowledge mandatory stage in the design of artificial intelligence systems, which includes an action on the study of the microenvironment (knowledge and information needs of users), as well as the design of the intellectual basis of the computer, so that the latter becomes a quasi-subject in communication with the user, that is, the computer understands the system's requests, stores the subject of the dialogue, knowledge of the subject area and poorly structured problems, secondary texts the arguments of one or another computer solution. The analysis of technological attitude to legal knowledge requires new methodological schemes. Technological attitude to legal knowledge is not identical neither with formalization, nor with algorithmic methodology. The methodology of technological relation to legal knowledge is a complex problem that can be solved on the basis of a constructive dialogue between the developers of artificial intelligence systems and lawyers. The structure of knowledge is fundamentally complex, it includes various facts from the relevant field of law, the relationship between them, the rules of action, knowledge of how to include knowledge in the artificial intelligence system. All this translates into the specifics of human knowledge, the peculiarities of the relationship between its main levels in the area of actual practical problems that require the attention of scholars, therefore the prospects for further research in this direction are directly related to the study of the structure of knowledge in the field of law.У статті обґрунтовується, що практичне відношення до юридичного знання з появою штучних інтелектуальних систем висвітило проблему витягу, подання і використання знань в сфері правознавства. Розкрито, що нові інформаційні технології перевели питання специфіки людського знання, особливостей взаємозв'язку його основних рівнів у площину практичних проблем, зв'язаних з перетворенням особистісного знання у формалізоване (комп'ютерне). Визначено, що практичне відношення до юридичного знання не можливо ототожнювати ані з технологією, ані з методом. Показано, що відношення до знання як до ресурсу включає операцію “витягу” знань у експерта. Проаналізовано питання, як і яким чином суб'єкт може усвідомити неявні компоненти особистісного знання.В статье обосновывается, что практическое отношение к юридическому знанию с появлением искусственных интеллектуальных систем высветило проблему извлечения, представления и использования знаний в области правоведения. Раскрыто, что новые информационные технологии перевели вопросы специфики человеческого знания, особенностей взаимосвязи его основных уровней в плоскость практических проблем, связанных с преобразованием личностного знания в формализованное (компьютерное). Определено, что практическое отношение к юридическому знания невозможно отождествлять ни с технологией, ни с методом. Показано, что отношение к знанию как к ресурсу включает операцию "извлечения" знаний у эксперта. Проанализированы вопросы, как и каким образом субъект может осознать неявные компоненты личностного знания