X-ray computed tomography

X-ray computed tomography (CT) can reveal the internal details of objects in three dimensions non-destructively. In this Primer, we outline the basic principles of CT and describe the ways in which a CT scan can be acquired using X-ray tubes and synchrotron sources, including the different possible contrast modes that can be exploited. We explain the process of computationally reconstructing three-dimensional (3D) images from 2D radiographs and how to segment the 3D images for subsequent visualization and quantification. Whereas CT is widely used in medical and heavy industrial contexts at relatively low resolutions, here we focus on the application of higher resolution X-ray CT across science and engineering. We consider the application of X-ray CT to study subjects across the materials, metrology and manufacturing, engineering, food, biological, geological and palaeontological sciences. We examine how CT can be used to follow the structural evolution of materials in three dimensions in real time or in a time-lapse manner, for example to follow materials manufacturing or the in-service behaviour and degradation of manufactured components. Finally, we consider the potential for radiation damage and common sources of imaging artefacts, discuss reproducibility issues and consider future advances and opportunities

Microcomputed tomography: comparison of parameters in image acquisition, reconstruction and processing for the evaluation of the bone repair process and its application to assess the effect of different therapies

CAPES, FAPEMIG, CNPqThe use of microcomputed tomography (microCT) has largely increased. Issues related to its application and parameter definitions still need to be investigated. The objective 1 of this work was to conduct a literature review on the use of microCT in Dentistry for bone tissue investigations and the steps involved in the methodology. The literature review indicated that the characteristics of the sample and the parameters to be evaluated should be considered so that the process of image acquisition, reconstruction and processing are properly carried out. The second objective was to investigate the influence of variables in the microtomographic analysis of bone repair, such as: voxel size and filter thickness used in image acquisition, and the experience of examiners in data analysis. Objective 3 was to determine whether image binning and frame averaging during microCT acquisition affect the morphometric results of bone tissue repair. Objectives 2 and 3 demonstrated that voxel size and image binning affect data analysis, demonstrated by the differences observed in the Tb.Th and BV/TV parameters. Finally, in objective 4, the application of microCT, in association with other methodologies, was used to assess the effect of radiotherapy and lowintensity laser therapy (LLLT) on bone repair of defects grafted with deproteinized mineralized bovine bone (DBBM) and defects filled by clot. It could be concluded, that the amount of neoformed bone tissue observed was smaller in the groups submitted to radiotherapy, and no difference was observed in the results in LLLT groups. The incorporation of graft particles with the newly formed bone was preserved, demonstrating that the osteoconductivity of the biomaterial was maintained even after radiotherapy.CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorTese (Doutorado)A utilização da microtomografia computadorizada (microCT) tem crescido enormemente. No entanto, questões relacionadas a sua aplicação e a definições de parâmetros, ainda carecem de investigações. O primeiro objetivo foi realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre o uso da microCT na Odontologia para o estudo do tecido ósseo e as etapas envolvidas na metodologia. A revisão de literatura demonstrou que para cada tipo de análise devem ser consideradas as características da amostra e os parâmetros a serem avaliados para que as etapas de aquisição, reconstrução e processamento da imagem sejam realizadas de forma ideal. O segundo objetivo foi investigar a influência de determinadas variáveis na análise microtomográfica do reparo ósseo, como: o tamanho do voxel e a espessura do filtro utilizado na aquisição de imagem, e a experiência dos examinadores no processamento dos dados. O objetivo 3 foi determinar se o binning da imagem e o número médio das projeções (frame averaging) obtidas durante a aquisição na microCT afetam os resultados morfométricos do reparo do tecido ósseo. Os objetivos 2 e 3 demonstraram que o tamanho do voxel e o binning da imagem afetam a análise dos dados, demonstrado pelas diferenças observadas nos parâmetros Tb.Th e BV/TV. Por último, no objetivo 4, a aplicação da microCT, em associação a outras metodologias, foi utilizada para avaliar o efeito da radioterapia e da laserterapia de baixa intensidade (LLLT) no reparo ósseo de defeitos enxertados com osso bovino mineralizado deproteinizado (DBBM) e não enxertados (coágulo). Pode– se concluir no objetivo 4, por meio da análise microtomográfica e histomorfométrica, que a quantidade de tecido ósseo neoformado observada foi menor nos grupos submetidos à radioterapia, sendo que não foi observada diferença nos resultados pela aplicaçãp da LLLT. A incorporação das partículas do enxerto com o osso neoformado foi preservada demonstrando que a osteocondutividade do biomaterial foi mantida mesmo após a radioterapia.2023-08-2

CT Scanning

Since its introduction in 1972, X-ray computed tomography (CT) has evolved into an essential diagnostic imaging tool for a continually increasing variety of clinical applications. The goal of this book was not simply to summarize currently available CT imaging techniques but also to provide clinical perspectives, advances in hybrid technologies, new applications other than medicine and an outlook on future developments. Major experts in this growing field contributed to this book, which is geared to radiologists, orthopedic surgeons, engineers, and clinical and basic researchers. We believe that CT scanning is an effective and essential tools in treatment planning, basic understanding of physiology, and and tackling the ever-increasing challenge of diagnosis in our society

In vivo imaging of cortical porosity by synchrotron phase contrast micro computed tomography

Cortical bone is a dynamic tissue which undergoes adaptive and pathological changes throughout life. An improved understanding of the spatio-temporal process of remodeling holds great promise for improving our understanding of bone development, maintenance and senescence. The use of micro-computed tomography (µCT) on living animals is relatively new and allows the three dimensional quantification of change in trabecular bone microarchitecture over time. The use of in vivo µCT is limited by the radiation dose created by the x-ray beam, with commercially available in vivo systems generally operating in the 10-20 um resolution range and delivering an absorbed dose between 0.5-1 Gy. Because dose scales to the power of four with resolution, in vivo imaging of the cortical canal network, which requires a higher resolution, has not been achieved. I hypothesized that using synchrotron propagation phase contrast µCT, cortical porosity could be imaged in vivo in rats at a dose on the same level as those used currently for trabecular bone analysis. Using the BMIT-BM beamline, I determined the optimal propagation distance and used ion chamber and lithium fluoride crystal thermoluminescent dosimetry to measure the absorbed dose of my in vivo protocol as well as several ex vivo protocols using synchrotron phase contrast µCT at 5 µm, 10 µm, and 11.8 µm and conventional desktop in vivo protocols using commercial µCT systems. Using synchrotron propagation phase contrast µCT, I scanned the forelimb of two adult Sprague-Dawley rats and measured an absorbed dose of 2.53 Gy. Using two commercial µCT system, I measured doses between 1.2-3.6 Gy for protocols at 18µm that are in common use. This thesis represents the first in vivo imaging of rat cortical porosity and demonstrates that an 11.8 µm resolution is enough to visualize cortical porosity in rats, with a dose within the scope of those used for imaging trabecular bone in vivo

Content-aware approach for improving biomedical image analysis: an interdisciplinary study series

Biomedicine is a highly interdisciplinary research area at the interface of sciences, anatomy, physiology, and medicine. In the last decade, biomedical studies have been greatly enhanced by the introduction of new technologies and techniques for automated quantitative imaging, thus considerably advancing the possibility to investigate biological phenomena through image analysis. However, the effectiveness of this interdisciplinary approach is bounded by the limited knowledge that a biologist and a computer scientist, by professional training, have of each other’s fields. The possible solution to make up for both these lacks lies in training biologists to make them interdisciplinary researchers able to develop dedicated image processing and analysis tools by exploiting a content-aware approach. The aim of this Thesis is to show the effectiveness of a content-aware approach to automated quantitative imaging, by its application to different biomedical studies, with the secondary desirable purpose of motivating researchers to invest in interdisciplinarity. Such content-aware approach has been applied firstly to the phenomization of tumour cell response to stress by confocal fluorescent imaging, and secondly, to the texture analysis of trabecular bone microarchitecture in micro-CT scans. Third, this approach served the characterization of new 3-D multicellular spheroids of human stem cells, and the investigation of the role of the Nogo-A protein in tooth innervation. Finally, the content-aware approach also prompted to the development of two novel methods for local image analysis and colocalization quantification. In conclusion, the content-aware approach has proved its benefit through building new approaches that have improved the quality of image analysis, strengthening the statistical significance to allow unveiling biological phenomena. Hopefully, this Thesis will contribute to inspire researchers to striving hard for pursuing interdisciplinarity

Biomimetic bone grafts: from the lab to the clinic

Aplicat embargament des de la data de defensa fins el dia 17/6/2022Bone grafting is a common medical practice in today’s society, being bone the second most transplanted tissue worldwide after blood. Therefore, it represents a field of major interest for both, biomedical research and the biomedical industry. Despite the ability of bone to self-heal, in some scenarios where defects are large or complex, bone grafts are essential for a successfully regeneration. Although autografting is still today the gold standard in terms of biological performance, the limited availability and morbidity associated with this practice drive to search for alternatives. Synthetic grafts arise as a promising option due to their unlimited availability and the possibility to tune their structure and composition for optimal performance. The present thesis explores biomimetic calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA), a promising material for synthetic bone grafts, in a translational-oriented perspective. Two product presentations are studied: A more conventional granulated conformation and a 3D printed personalised format. Chapter 1 offers a brief overview of bone biology, as well as a state of the art of the currently available bone grafting strategies found in the literature. Chapter 2 focuses on the validation of the in vivo performance of CDHA granules compared to the well- established bovine xenograft particulate grafts in a dental indication in miniature swine. It is concluded that both biomaterials meet the requirements for bone grafting, (i.e., biocompatibility, osseointegration, and osteoconduction). Moreover, it is revealed that granule morphology is a key factor to ensure the preservation of the grafted volume. In the following chapters, the focus is moved to the 3D printed personalised CDHA bone grafts. Chapter 3 investigates different approaches to accelerate the consolidation process of the 3D printed grafts in order to make the technology more suitable for industrial applications, and develops a hydrothermal treatment that reduces the reaction time to 30 minutes instead of the 7 days needed in the biomimetic approach. Despite the slight differences in physicochemical properties associated to this approach (e.g., microstructure, crystalline phase, microporosity, specific surface area), the resulting scaffolds support adhesion and proliferation of rat mesenchymal stem cells, suggesting its potential as bone graft substitutes. In Chapter 4 the hydrothermal route introduced in the previous chapter is compared to the long-established biomimetic treatment in terms of the in vivo performance of the 3D-printed scaffolds through orthotopic implantation in rabbit condyle monocortical defects. The samples treated with this new process, in addition to the excellent biocompatibility, osseointegrative and osteoconductive properties characteristic of biomimetic CDHA, exhibit a significantly higher amount of newly formed bone than the biomimetic counterpart. This enhanced performance is attributed to the higher permeability of the microstructure, as demonstrated with a protein adsorption test. Chapter 5 explores a strategy to enhance the degree of concavity and specific surface area of 3D printed structures obtained by microextrusion, by using nozzles with non-circular cross-sections. Besides achieving the intended purpose and characterising the 3D-printed structures, different technical constraints for the printing process associated to the use of non-circular nozzles are identified. In a further step, this developed technology is applied to the fabrication of 3D-printed bone grafts with concave filament surfaces and tested in vivo in a rabbit condyle orthotopic model in Chapter 6. It is found that using strands with star-shaped cross-sections helps to guide bone, enhancing the osteoconductive properties of the scaffolds. Finally, Chapter 7 summarises all the work carried out in this thesis to transfer the 3D printing technology of synthetic bone grafts to the market, turning it into a commercially available product.L'ús d'empelts ossis és cada vegada més freqüent: l'os és el segon teixit més trasplantat del món, després de la sang. Per això, aquesta pràctica atreu un gran interès tant a nivell de recerca com per a la indústria biomèdica. En casos en què els defectes són massa grossos o complexos, l'ús d'empelts ossis és essencial per aconseguir una bona regeneració. Malgrat que els autoempelts segueixen sent el tractament de primera elecció, la seva disponibilitat limitada així com la morbiditat associada fan necessari buscar altres solucions. Els empelts sintètics sorgeixen com una alternativa prometedora, donada la seva àmplia disponibilitat i la possibilitat de modificar-ne l'estructura i la composició per obtenir un rendiment òptim. En aquesta tesi s'estudia la hidroxiapatita biomimètica deficient en calci (CDHA) per a la fabricació d'empelts ossis sintètics, des d'una perspectiva orientada a la recerca translacional. S'estudien dues presentacions diferents del producte: una configuració en forma de grànuls i un format personalitzat obtingut per impressió 3D. El Capítol 1 recull una descripció general de la biologia de l'os, juntament amb l'estat de l'art de les diferents estratègies d'empelts ossis que es poden trobar a la literatura. El Capítol 2 se centra en l'estudi de la resposta in vivo de grànuls de CDHA, en comparació amb el xenoempelt boví amb més reconeixement mèdic, en una indicació dental en porcs en miniatura. L'estudi conclou que ambdós biomaterials compleixen els requisits d'un empelt ossi, i.e., biocompatibilitat, osteointegració i osteoconducció. A més, es demostra que la morfologia dels grànuls és un factor clau per assegurar la preservació del volum empeltat. En el Capítol 3 s'investiguen diferents processos per accelerar la consolidació dels empelts impresos en 3D per tal d'aconseguir una tecnologia més adient per a aplicacions industrials, i es desenvolupa un tractament hidrotèrmic que redueix el temps de reacció dels 7 dies necessaris per mètodes biomimètics a només 30 minuts. Amb el nou tractament s'observen petites diferències en les propietats fisicoquímiques (per exemple, en la microestructura, en la fase cristal·lina, la microporositat o la superfície específica), però els empelts obtinguts permeten l'adhesió i la proliferació de cèl·lules mare de rata, que indica que són una solució viable com a substituts ossis. En el Capítol 4 el procés hidrotèrmic introduït al capítol anterior es compara amb el tractament biomimètic in vivo mitjançant la implantació ortotòpica d'empelts 3D en defectes monocorticals en còndils de conills. Les mostres tractades amb aquest nou procediment, a més de presentar l'excel·lent biocompatibilitat i les propietats osteointegratives i osteoconductives pròpies de la CDHA biomimètica, també mostren una quantitat significativament més gran de teixit ossi neoformat que la seva contrapart. Aquestes diferències s'atribueixen a la major permeabilitat de la microestructura, tal com es demostra en un assaig d'absorció de proteïnes. En el Capítol 5 s'estudia una estratègia per millorar tant el grau de concavitat com la superfície específica d'estructures impreses en 3D obtingudes per microextrusió. Per això, s'utilitzen broquets d'extrusió amb seccions transversals no circulars. A més d'aconseguir-ho i caracteritzar les propietats de les estructures impreses, s'identifiquen un conjunt de restriccions tècniques associades a l'ús de broquets no circulars. En un pas més, aquesta estratègia s'aplica a la fabricació d'empelts ossis amb superfícies de filament còncaves i, en el Capítol 6, s'assaja in vivo en un model ortotòpic de còndil de conill. S'observa que utilitzar filaments amb una secció transversal en forma d'estrella ajuda a guiar l'os i millora les propietats osteoconductives dels empelts. Finalment, el Capítol 7 resumeix la feina duta a terme al llarg de la tesi per transferir la tecnologia d'impressió 3D d'empelts ossis sintètics, convertint-lo en un producte disponible comercialment.Postprint (published version

Book of Abstracts 15th International Symposium on Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering and 3rd Conference on Imaging and Visualization

In this edition, the two events will run together as a single conference, highlighting the strong connection with the Taylor & Francis journals: Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering (John Middleton and Christopher Jacobs, Eds.) and Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging and Visualization (JoãoManuel R.S. Tavares, Ed.). The conference has become a major international meeting on computational biomechanics, imaging andvisualization. In this edition, the main program includes 212 presentations. In addition, sixteen renowned researchers will give plenary keynotes, addressing current challenges in computational biomechanics and biomedical imaging. In Lisbon, for the first time, a session dedicated to award the winner of the Best Paper in CMBBE Journal will take place. We believe that CMBBE2018 will have a strong impact on the development of computational biomechanics and biomedical imaging and visualization, identifying emerging areas of research and promoting the collaboration and networking between participants. This impact is evidenced through the well-known research groups, commercial companies and scientific organizations, who continue to support and sponsor the CMBBE meeting series. In fact, the conference is enriched with five workshops on specific scientific topics and commercial software.info:eu-repo/semantics/draf

Sensors for Vital Signs Monitoring

Sensor technology for monitoring vital signs is an important topic for various service applications, such as entertainment and personalization platforms and Internet of Things (IoT) systems, as well as traditional medical purposes, such as disease indication judgments and predictions. Vital signs for monitoring include respiration and heart rates, body temperature, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, electrocardiogram, blood glucose concentration, brain waves, etc. Gait and walking length can also be regarded as vital signs because they can indirectly indicate human activity and status. Sensing technologies include contact sensors such as electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalogram (EEG), photoplethysmogram (PPG), non-contact sensors such as ballistocardiography (BCG), and invasive/non-invasive sensors for diagnoses of variations in blood characteristics or body fluids. Radar, vision, and infrared sensors can also be useful technologies for detecting vital signs from the movement of humans or organs. Signal processing, extraction, and analysis techniques are important in industrial applications along with hardware implementation techniques. Battery management and wireless power transmission technologies, the design and optimization of low-power circuits, and systems for continuous monitoring and data collection/transmission should also be considered with sensor technologies. In addition, machine-learning-based diagnostic technology can be used for extracting meaningful information from continuous monitoring data