NUWT: Jawi-specific Buckwalter corpus for Malays word tokenization

This paper describes the design and creation of a monolingual parallel corpus for the Malay language written in Jawi.This paper proposes a new corpus called the National University of Malaysia Word Tokenization (NUWT) corpora To the best of our knowledge, currently, there is no sufficiently comprehensive, well-designed standard corpus that is annotated and made available for the public for the Jawi script corpora.This corpus contains the Jawi-specific Buckwalter character code and can be used to evaluate the performance of word tokenization tasks, as well as further language processing.The objective of this work is to conform and standardize the corpora between similar characters in Jawi.It consists of three subcorporas with documents from different genres. The gathering and processing steps, as well as the definition of several evaluation tasks regarding the use of these corpora, are included in this paper.One of the important roles and fundamental tasks of the corpus, which is the tokenization, is also presented in this paper.The development of the Malay language tokenizer is based on the syntactic data compatibility of Malay words written in Jawi.A series of experiments were performed to validate the corpus and to fulfill the requirement of the Jawi script tokenizer with an average error rate of 0.020255.Based on this promising result, the token will be used for the disambiguation and unknown word resolution, such as out-of vocabulary (OOV) problem in the tagging process

Courtrooms of conflict. Criminal law, local elites and legal pluralities in colonial Java

This dissertation points out the stark inequalities of segregated criminal justice in nineteenth-century Java and analyses this unequal system in practice, shown by an actor-focused approach and through a framework of legal pluralities. Ravensbergen searched for the conflicts occurring around the green table of the 'pluralistic courts'(landraden and ommegaande rechtbanken) where the non-European population was tried by Javanese and Dutch court members, and Islamic and Chinese legal advisors. The pluralistic courts, the only places in Java where all regional power structures met and actively worked together, were courtrooms of many conflicts. The courts were also in interaction, and conflict, with other state institutions, together all furthering the project of colonial state formation. By taking this approach, Ravensbergen shows how it was not only inequality, but also uncertainty and injustice, that were central to colonial criminal justice imposed on the local population. This PhD thesis is financed by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), project number 322-52-004.Colonial and Global Histor