Advances in Public Transport Platform for the Development of Sustainability Cities

Modern societies demand high and varied mobility, which in turn requires a complex transport system adapted to social needs that guarantees the movement of people and goods in an economically efficient and safe way, but all are subject to a new environmental rationality and the new logic of the paradigm of sustainability. From this perspective, an efficient and flexible transport system that provides intelligent and sustainable mobility patterns is essential to our economy and our quality of life. The current transport system poses growing and significant challenges for the environment, human health, and sustainability, while current mobility schemes have focused much more on the private vehicle that has conditioned both the lifestyles of citizens and cities, as well as urban and territorial sustainability. Transport has a very considerable weight in the framework of sustainable development due to environmental pressures, associated social and economic effects, and interrelations with other sectors. The continuous growth that this sector has experienced over the last few years and its foreseeable increase, even considering the change in trends due to the current situation of generalized crisis, make the challenge of sustainable transport a strategic priority at local, national, European, and global levels. This Special Issue will pay attention to all those research approaches focused on the relationship between evolution in the area of transport with a high incidence in the environment from the perspective of efficiency

Weather responsive internal roof shading systems for existing long-span glazed roof over large naturally ventilated and air-conditioned pedestrian concourses in the tropics

This research aims are to optimize weather responsive internal roof shading design systems and to recommend some design principles and guidelines for internal roof shading systems. Such systems would then provide a better building-centric thermal environment and energy performance, while maintaining adequate levels of natural lighting within the existing long-span glazed roofs over large naturally ventilated and air-conditioned pedestrian concourse in the tropics. Two shading configurations: low and high level shadings were tested both the physical indoor environment and energy performance using dynamic thermal and lighting models on the typical clear days and overcast day in summer and winter respectively. The thermal performance of these test cases was assessed using internal surface temperatures, air temperatures, mean radiant temperatures and operative temperatures. The energy performance of the tested cases was examined using solar heat gain and cooling loads as well as the visual performance using illuminance and daylight factors. These remedial solutions were also assessed the financial benefits using standard economic analysis methods to provide recommendation on the cost and payback periods. The predicted results of the large glazed naturally ventilated pedestrian concourse reveal that the internal roof shading device was very effective in reducing inner surface temperatures and consequently reducing radiant heat gain into the space. The low level shadings are more effective than the high level shadings in term of providing better energy, internal thermal and lighting performance. This configuration would reduce two third of the solar heat gain in the large glazed pedestrian concourse space. The predicted results of the large glazed air-conditioned pedestrian concourse reveal that only the low level shading can improve physical environment in terms of thermal, energy and lighting conditions. This configuration would reduce the ground floor heat gain and also the inner surface temperatures significantly. The buffer zone is a key reason that the low level shadings perform better than the high level shading. For the naturally ventilated case, creating a ventilated naturally thermal buffer space is critical to the design of an effective internal roof shading system. The large void space between the glazed roof and the low level shadings allows the free movement of the hot air to dissipate to the outdoors at a high level before it can enter the spaces below. For the air-conditioned case, a larger volume of air over the low level shadings allow for more accumulation of heat as compared to a smaller volume of air over the high shadings. In addition, high solar reflective property of the fabric decreases the solar heat by reflect a portion of the solar heat back out through the transparent roof, while some solar energy is also trapped within the air gap. According to the thermal environmental conditions required for comfort by the operative temperature recommended by ASHRAE (2004), the both shading options of the large glazed naturally ventilated case could only ease to some degree thermal discomfort. While the low level shading of the large glazed air-conditioned case also goes a long way to alleviating summer thermal discomfort. However the shadings could reduce the internal surface temperature significantly which are the main causes of the radiation heat gain in the large glazed naturally ventilated and air-conditioned pedestrian concourses. The visual performance results in both case studies reveal that the internal roof shading significantly reduced and maintained daylighting levels at an appropriate quality of light according to the CIBSE‘s recommendation only on hot clear days. Therefore retractable shading devices are recommended to provide sun screening only when required such as on summer clear days when solar gain is likely to result in overheating. Apart from the possible financial benefits with a present interest rate at 4.85% in China and 1.35% in Thailand over a life time of 30 years, the investment of the shading system could be financially beneficial due to the NPV>0 and the IRR was greater than interest rate in both forms of long-span glazed roofs over large pedestrian concourses; natural ventilation and air-condition

Revisión sistemática de sistemas inteligentes de transporte (ITS) a través de internet de las cosas (IOT) para problemas de transporte terrestre de pasajeros

Trabajo de InvestigaciónEl desarrollo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión sistemática de sistemas inteligentes de transporte (ITS) a través de internet de las cosas (IOT) para problemas de transporte terrestre de pasajeros, siguiendo la metodología de revisión sistemática de Barbara Kitchenham, definiendo palabras y frases para generar cadenas de busqueda e ir agregando criterios de inclusión y exclusión, en el proceso de búsqueda en bases de datos científicas, con el fin de realizar un análisis cuantitativo, mostrando una caracterización de términos referentes a la investigación.INTRODUCCIÓN 1. GENERALIDADES 2. PLANIFICACION DE LA REVICION SISTEMATICA. 3. RESULTADOS CONCLUCIONES RECOMENDACIONES BIBLIOGRAFÍA ANEXOSPregradoIngeniero de Sistema

Environmental Technology Applications in the Retrofitting of Residential Buildings

The impact of buildings on the environment is nothing short of devastating. In recent years, much attention has been given to creating an environmentally friendly built environment. Nonetheless, it has been levied on new buildings. Residential buildings make up at least 80% of the built environment, most of which were built before any energy efficiency guidelines or regulations were introduced. Retrofitting existing residential buildings is a key yet neglected priority in effecting the transition to an environmentally friendly, sustainable built environment. It is pivotal to reducing a building’s energy consumption while simultaneously improving indoor environmental quality and minimizing harmful emissions. This Special Issue showcases studies investigating applications of environmental technology that is tailored to enhance the sustainable performance of existing residential buildings. It helps to better understand the innovations that have been taking place in retrofitting residential buildings, as well as highlighting many opportunities for future research in this field

MODELING ROUTE CHOICE BEHAVIOUR IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT NETWORK

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

ACTIVITY-BASED TRAVEL DEMAND MODEL: APPLICATION AND INNOVATION

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

IRAN'S POTENTIAL AS A LANDBRIDGE FOR FORMER USSR REPUBLICS: A SCENARIO APPROACH

Merged with duplicate record 10026.1/451 on 01.02.2017 by CS (TIS)The concept of a landbridge refers to different types of integrated origin-destination international movements of shipments (in various combinations of sea, land and air) under a single waybill. There are different examples of landbridges with different characteristics related to transport supply facilities, organisational structure and managerial skills. Certain limitations of existing landbridge studies are discussed. They include the failure of a comprehensive academic study to account jointly for both demand and supply of landbridge services. Most articles on landbridges discuss the Trans-Siberian Railway or east-west coast landbridges of the United States of America. No comprehensive academic studies of landbridges in general were found. The main features of the research can be summarised as: *A comprehensive review of literature related to landbridges * An investigation and analysis of Iranian transport supply and demand including both domestic and foreign trade. * An investigation and analysis of the demand of the Central Asian and Caucasus countries (Former USSR republics) for transport * The development of a demand and supply model related to an Iranian Sea-landbridge (ISLB) for eight Central Asian and Caucasus countries and Iran. * Evaluation of the impacts of demand on landbridge supply. *A comprehensive review of the scenario approach and its application to the Iranian Sea landbridge study using a regression technique. Three scenarios are developed (optimistic, most probable and pessimistic). The main result of the scenario modelling suggests that the transport system of Iran requires considerable improvement to compete effectively with other landbridges, given an increase in trade from Iran and the Central Asian and Caucasus countries.the Ministry of the Culture and Higher Education and the University of Sistan and Baluchestan of the Islamic republic of Iran; in collaboration with the Programming and Budgeting Organisation, and Central Bank (Bank Markazi) of the Islamic republic of Ira

Decomposing journey time variance on urban rail transit systems

In this thesis, automated fare collection (AFC) data are used to analyse and quantify transit journey time service quality on the London Underground metro system. The thesis comprises of three main research areas. The first part focuses on characterising passenger journey time variance through the generation of empirical probability distributions of journey times under regular and incident-affected operating conditions. The distributions are parametrically defined, and practical passenger-oriented performance metrics are proposed based on the moments of the distributions. The second area of research involves decomposing total passenger journey times recorded by the AFC data into sub-components that distinguish between the walking and in-vehicle phases of a passenger journey. To achieve this, a Bayesian assignment algorithm is proposed to allocate individual passengers to individual trains. Total journey times are then decomposed into the constituent components of access, on-train, and egress times. In the third area of research, the degree to which different service supply and demand factors influence journey times is analysed. Semiparametric regression methods are applied to quantify the effect of physical station and route characteristics, operational service supply factors, and passenger demand levels for each journey time component. To quantify the effect of individual passenger characteristics on journey times, passenger-level heterogeneity within each journey time component is analysed. As an extension to the access time model, the influence of train headways on passenger wait times at the origin station is also derived. The main outputs of the thesis are the quantification of journey time performance, and the identification of the key service supply and demand factors that impact journey times. The results can be directly applied by operators to guide where potential interventions should be made in order to improve the reliability of journey times for urban rail transit networks.Open Acces

Sustainable Building and Indoor Air Quality

This Special Issue addresses a topic of great contemporary relevance; in developed countries, most of peoples’ time is spent indoors and, depending on each person, the presence in the home ranges from 60% to 90% of the day, and 30% of that time is spent sleeping. Taking into account these data, indoor residential environments have a direct influence on human health. In addition to this, in developing countries, significant levels of indoor pollution make housing unsafe, with a detrimental impact on the health of inhabitants. Housing is therefore a key health factor for people all over the world, and various parameters such as air quality, ventilation, hygrothermal comfort, lighting, physical environment, and building efficiency, among others, can contribute to healthy architecture, and the conditions that can result from the poor application of these parameters

A systematic review of the data, methods and environmental covariates used to map Aedes-borne arbovirus transmission risk

BACKGROUND: Aedes (Stegomyia)-borne diseases are an expanding global threat, but gaps in surveillance make comprehensive and comparable risk assessments challenging. Geostatistical models combine data from multiple locations and use links with environmental and socioeconomic factors to make predictive risk maps. Here we systematically review past approaches to map risk for different Aedes-borne arboviruses from local to global scales, identifying differences and similarities in the data types, covariates, and modelling approaches used. METHODS: We searched on-line databases for predictive risk mapping studies for dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever with no geographical or date restrictions. We included studies that needed to parameterise or fit their model to real-world epidemiological data and make predictions to new spatial locations of some measure of population-level risk of viral transmission (e.g. incidence, occurrence, suitability, etc.). RESULTS: We found a growing number of arbovirus risk mapping studies across all endemic regions and arboviral diseases, with a total of 176 papers published 2002-2022 with the largest increases shortly following major epidemics. Three dominant use cases emerged: (i) global maps to identify limits of transmission, estimate burden and assess impacts of future global change, (ii) regional models used to predict the spread of major epidemics between countries and (iii) national and sub-national models that use local datasets to better understand transmission dynamics to improve outbreak detection and response. Temperature and rainfall were the most popular choice of covariates (included in 50% and 40% of studies respectively) but variables such as human mobility are increasingly being included. Surprisingly, few studies (22%, 31/144) robustly tested combinations of covariates from different domains (e.g. climatic, sociodemographic, ecological, etc.) and only 49% of studies assessed predictive performance via out-of-sample validation procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Here we show that approaches to map risk for different arboviruses have diversified in response to changing use cases, epidemiology and data availability. We identify key differences in mapping approaches between different arboviral diseases, discuss future research needs and outline specific recommendations for future arbovirus mapping