Optical nonlinear impairment compensation based on Deep Neural Network (DNN) for coherent modulation systems

One and most important of the intrinsic challenges facing the optical fibers communication systems and main restriction to limited the system capacity is the fiber nonlinearity impairments. Classical Nonlinear Impairments Compensation (NLC) techniques are widely used and exist on the basis of the approximate Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation (NLSE) solution, their use and requires excessive signal resources, and high-level knowledge accuracy. In addition, their parameterizations can be numerically unstable. Algorithms of Artificial Intelligence (AI) are utilized to determine and resolve the deficiencies by learning from the receiving information itself. To the best of our knowledge, this novel approach is implemented. Therefore, this article proposes a system nonlinearity and single-step compensation algorithm according to a Deep Neural Network (DNN) as a new alternative framework for future optical communications. So, we proposed to use the DNN to compensation the nonlinearity impairments in optical communication systems. The suggested DNN is accessible to higher-order QAM modulations with achieving greater gain in nonlinear impairments compensation compare to classical NLC techniques based on Digital Back Propagation (DBP). Its performance is evaluated experimentally on coherent 65536-bit sequence length with 25 Gbaud single polarization 4-16-64 QAM with 50 and 120 Gb/s back-to-back measurements through using pre-distort symbols at the transmitter for showing Q factor development after 5000 km standard single-mode fiber transmission link. The DNN's weights are to train data with the intrachannel cross-phase modulation (XPM) and self-phase modulation (SPM) that used as input features

Coherent Optical OFDM Modem Employing Artificial Neural Networks for Dispersion and Nonlinearity Compensation in a Long-Haul Transmission System

In order to satisfy the ever increasing demand for the bandwidth requirement in broadband services the optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OOFDM) scheme is being considered as a promising technique for future high-capacity optical networks. The aim of this thesis is to investigate, theoretically, the feasibility of implementing the coherent optical OFDM (CO-OOFDM) technique in long haul transmission networks. For CO-OOFDM and Fast-OFDM systems a set of modulation formats dependent analogue to digital converter (ADC) clipping ratio and the quantization bit have been identified, moreover, CO-OOFDM is more resilient to the chromatic dispersion (CD) when compared to the bandwidth efficient Fast-OFDM scheme. For CO-OOFDM systems numerical simulations are undertaken to investigate the effect of the number of sub-carriers, the cyclic prefix (CP), and ADC associated parameters such as the sampling speed, the clipping ratio, and the quantisation bit on the system performance over single mode fibre (SMF) links for data rates up to 80 Gb/s. The use of a large number of sub-carriers is more effective in combating the fibre CD compared to employing a long CP. Moreover, in the presence of fibre non-linearities identifying the optimum number of sub-carriers is a crucial factor in determining the modem performance. For a range of signal data rates up to 40 Gb/s, a set of data rate and transmission distance-dependent optimum ADC parameters are identified in this work. These parameters give rise to a negligible clipping and quantisation noise, moreover, ADC sampling speed can increase the dispersion tolerance while transmitting over SMF links. In addition, simulation results show that the use of adaptive modulation schemes improves the spectrum usage efficiency, thus resulting in higher tolerance to the CD when compared to the case where identical modulation formats are adopted across all sub-carriers. For a given transmission distance utilizing an artificial neural networks (ANN) equalizer improves the system bit error rate (BER) performance by a factor of 50% and 70%, respectively when considering SMF firstly CD and secondly nonlinear effects with CD. Moreover, for a fixed BER of 10-3 utilizing ANN increases the transmission distance by 1.87 times and 2 times, respectively while considering SMF CD and nonlinear effects. The proposed ANN equalizer performs more efficiently in combating SMF non-linearities than the previously published Kerr nonlinearity electrical compensation technique by a factor of 7

Advanced DSP Techniques for High-Capacity and Energy-Efficient Optical Fiber Communications

The rapid proliferation of the Internet has been driving communication networks closer and closer to their limits, while available bandwidth is disappearing due to an ever-increasing network load. Over the past decade, optical fiber communication technology has increased per fiber data rate from 10 Tb/s to exceeding 10 Pb/s. The major explosion came after the maturity of coherent detection and advanced digital signal processing (DSP). DSP has played a critical role in accommodating channel impairments mitigation, enabling advanced modulation formats for spectral efficiency transmission and realizing flexible bandwidth. This book aims to explore novel, advanced DSP techniques to enable multi-Tb/s/channel optical transmission to address pressing bandwidth and power-efficiency demands. It provides state-of-the-art advances and future perspectives of DSP as well

Advanced Signal Processing for Pulse-Amplitude Modulation Optical Transmission Systems

[ES] Los sistemas de transmisión óptica no-coherente se emplean actualmente en las redes ópticas de corto alcance (< 80 km), como son las redes de ámbito metropolitano. La implementación más común en el estado del arte se basa en sistemas que emplean multiplexación por división en longitud de onda (WDM, wavelength division multiplexing) de cuatro longitudes de onda (¿) proporcionando un régimen binario de 100 Gbps (4¿×25 Gbps). En los últimos años, los sistemas de transmisión ópticos no-coherentes están evolucionando desde 100 Gbps a 400 Gbps (4¿×100 Gbps). Dado que este mercado comprende un gran número de sistemas, el coste es un parámetro importante que debe ser lo más bajo posible. El objetivo de esta tesis es investigar distintos aspectos del procesado de señal en general y, específicamente, investigar nuevas técnicas de procesado digital de señal (DSP, digital signal processing) que puedan ser utilizadas en sistemas de transmisión óptica no-coherentes empleando la modulación por amplitud de pulsos (PAM, pulse-amplitude modulation). Para que una técnica DSP sea interesante en el contexto de una red óptica WDM no-coherente, esta debe mitigar de manera efectiva al menos una de las tres limitaciones principales que afectan a estos sistemas: limitaciones de ancho de banda, limitaciones por dispersión cromática (CD), y el ruido. En esta tesis se proponen y examinan una serie de algoritmos cuyo su rendimiento es analizado mediante simulación y experimentalmente en laboratorio: - Feed-forward equalizer (FFE): este es el esquema de ecualización más común que se emplea principalmente en las transmisiones ópticas no-coherentes de alto régimen binario. Puede compensar grandes limitaciones en el ancho de banda. - Estimación de la secuencia de máxima verosimilitud (MLSE): el MLSE es un detector óptimo y, por lo tanto, proporciona las mejores prestaciones en detección cuando se abordan las limitaciones por CD y de ancho de banda. - Conformación geométrica de la constelación: en los esquemas de modulación de intensidad óptica multinivel, la distancia entre los niveles de amplitud puede ajustarse adecuadamente (de manera que no son equidistantes) a fin de aumentar la tolerancia de la señal frente al ruido. - Conformación probabilística: técnica diseñada específicamente para esquemas de modulación multinivel. Esta técnica ajusta la probabilidad de cada nivel de amplitud de modo que se incrementa la tolerancia al ruido óptico. - Señalización de respuesta parcial (PRS, partial signaling response): este es un enfoque basado en DSP donde una interferencia entre símbolos (ISI, inter-symbol interference) controlada es introducida intencionalmente de tal manera que la señal resultante requiere menos ancho de banda. La técnica PRS puede adaptarse para combatir también el efecto de CD. - Pre-énfasis digital (DPE, digital pre-emphasis): esta técnica consiste en aplicar el inverso de la función de transferencia del sistema a la señal en el transmisor, lo que reduce el impacto de las limitaciones de ancho de banda en el receptor. - Modulación con codificación Trellis (TCM, Trellis-coded modulation): esquema de modulación que combina elementos de corrección de errores (FEC, forward error correction) con técnicas de partición en conjuntos y modulación multidimensional para generar una señal más resistente al ruido. - Modulación multidimensional por partición en conjuntos: muy similar a TCM, pero sin ningún elemento FEC. Tiene menos ganancias que TCM en términos de tolerancia al ruido, pero no es tan sensible al ISI. Utilizando estas técnicas, esta tesis demuestra que es posible lograr una transmisión óptica con régimen binario de 100 Gbps/¿ empleando componentes de bajo coste. En esta tesis también demuestra regímenes binarios de más de 200 Gbps, lo que indica que la transmisión óptica no-coherente con modulación PAM puede ser una solución viable y eficiente en coste[CA] Actualment, s'utilitzen sistemes òptics no coherents en xarxes òptiques de curt abast ( < 80 km), com són les xarxes d'àmbit metropolità. La implementació més comuna que podem trobar en l'estat de l'art es correspon amb sistemes emplenant multiplexació per divisió en longitud d'ona (WDM, wavelength division multiplexing) de quatre longituds d'ona (¿) proporcionant un règim binari de 100 Gbps (4¿×25 Gbps). En els últims anys, els sistemes de transmissió òptica no-coherents han evolucionat des de 100 Gbps cap a 400 Gbps (100 Gbps/¿). Atès que el mercat de sistemes de curt abast compren un gran volum de dispositius òptics instal·lats, el cost unitari és molt important i ha de ser el més baix possible. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és analitzar aspectes del processament de senyal en general i, específicament, investigar noves tècniques de processament digital de senyal (DSP, digital signal processing) que puguen ser utilitzades en sistemes de transmissió òptica no-coherent que utilitzen la modulació per amplitud d'impulsos (PAM, pulse-amplitude modulation). Per tal que una tècnica DSP es considere interessant per a una xarxa òptica WDM no-coherent, aquesta ha de mitigar efectivament almenys una de les tres principals limitacions que afecten aquests sistemes: limitacions d'ample de banda, limitacions per dispersió cromàtica (CD), i el soroll. En aquesta tesi s'examinen una sèrie d'algoritmes, el seu rendiment s'analitza per simulació i experimentalment en laboratori: - Feed-forward equalizer (FFE): aquest és l'esquema d'equalització més comú i s'utilitza bàsicament en les transmissions òptiques no coherents d'alt règim binari. Pot compensar grans quantitats de limitacions d'ample de banda. - Estimació de la seqüència de probabilitat màxima (MLSE): el MLSE és un detector òptim i, per tant, proporciona el millor rendiment quan es tracta de limitacions d'ample de banda i de CD. - Conformació geomètrica de la constel·lació: en esquemes de modulació òptica d'intensitat multinivell es pot ajustar la distància entre els nivells d'amplitud (de manera que ja no són equidistants) per augmentar la tolerància del senyal al soroll. - Conformació probabilística: una tècnica dissenyada específicament per als esquemes de modulació multinivell; ajusta la probabilitat de cada nivell d'amplitud de manera que augmenta la tolerància al soroll òptic. - Senyalització de resposta parcial (PRS, partial signaling response): és un enfocament basat en DSP on la interferència entre símbols (ISI, inter-symbol interference) controlada s'introdueix intencionalment de manera que el senyal resultant requereix menys ample de banda. La tècnica PRS es pot adaptar per combatre els efectes del CD. - Pre-èmfasi digital (DPE, digital pre-emphasis): aquesta tècnica consisteix a aplicar la inversió de la funció de transferència del sistema a la senyal en el transmissor de manera que es redueix l'impacte de les limitacions d'ample de banda en la senyal en el receptor. - Modulació amb codificació Trellis (TCM, Trellis-coded modulation): esquema de modulació que combina els elements de correcció d'errors avançats (FEC, forward error correction) amb tècniques de partionament de conjunts i modulació multidimensional per generar un senyal més resistent al soroll. - Modulació multidimensional per partició en conjuntes: molt similar a TCM però sense elements FEC. Té guanys menors que TCM en termes de tolerància al soroll, però no és tan sensible a l'ISI. Mitjançant l'ús d'aquestes tècniques, aquesta tesi demostra que és possible aconseguir una transmissió òptica amb un règim binari de 100 Gbps/¿ utilitzant components de baix cost. Esta tesi també demostra règims binaris de més de 200 Gbps, el que indica que la tecnologia no-coherent amb modulació PAM és una solució viable i eficient en cost per a una nova generació de sistemes transceptors òptics WDM funcionant a 800 Gbps (4¿×200 G[EN] Non-coherent optical transmission systems are currently employed in short-reach optical networks (reach shorter than 80 km), like metro networks. The most common implementation in the state-of-the-art is the four wavelength (¿) 100 Gbps (4¿×25 Gbps) wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transceiver. In recent years non-coherent optical transmissions are evolving from 100 Gbps to 400 Gbps (4¿×100 Gbps). Since in the short-reach market the volume of optical devices being deployed is very large, the cost-per-unit of the devices is very important, and it should be as low as possible. The goal of this thesis is to investigate some general signal processing aspects and, specifically, digital signal processing (DSP) techniques required in non-coherent pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) optical transmission, and also to investigate novel algorithms which could be applied to this application scenario. In order for a DSP technique to be considered an interesting solution for non-coherent WDM optical networks it has to effectively mitigate at least one of the three main impairments affecting such systems: bandwidth limitations, chromatic dispersion (CD) and noise (in optical or electrical domain). A series of algorithms are proposed and examined in this thesis, and their performance is analyzed by simulation and also experimentally in the laboratory: - Feed-forward equalization (FFE): this is the most common equalizer and it is basically employed in every high-speed non-coherent optical transmission. It can compensate high bandwidth limitations. - Maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE): the MLSE is the optimum detector and thus provides the best performance when it comes to dealing with CD and bandwidth limitations. - Geometrical constellation shaping: in multilevel optical intensity modulation schemes the distance between amplitude levels can be adjusted (such that they are no longer equidistant) in order to increase the signal's tolerance to noise. - Probabilistic shaping: another technique designed specifically for multilevel modulation schemes; it adjusts the probability of each amplitude level such that the tolerance to optical noise is increased. - Partial response signaling (PRS): this is a DSP-based approach where a controlled inter-symbol interference (ISI) is intentionally introduced in such a way that the resulting signal requires less bandwidth. PRS can be customized to also mitigate CD impairment, effectively increasing transmission distances up to three times. - Digital pre-emphasis (DPE): this technique consists in applying the inverse of the transfer function of the system to the signal at the transmitter side which reduces the impact of bandwidth limitations on the signal at the receiver side. - Trellis-coded modulation (TCM): a modulation scheme that combines forward error correction (FEC) elements with set-partitioning techniques and multidimensional modulation to generate a signal that is more resistant to noise. - Multidimensional set-partitioned modulation: very similar with TCM but without any FEC elements. It has lower gains than TCM in terms of noise tolerance but is not so sensitive to ISI. By using the techniques enumerated above, this thesis demonstrates that is possible to achieve 100 Gbps/¿ optical transmission bitrate employing cost-effective components. Even more, bitrates higher than 200 Gbps are also demonstrated, indicating that non-coherent PAM is a viable cost-effective solution for next-generation 800 Gbps (4¿×200 Gbps) WDM transceivers.Prodaniuc, C. (2019). Advanced Signal Processing for Pulse-Amplitude Modulation Optical Transmission Systems [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/117315TESI

Optical fibre communication over a noisy partially coherent channel

As global IP traffic grows unceasingly, optical networks demand for technology upgrades in order to keep the feared “capacity crunch” away. The most celebrated technologies of coherent detection and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), widely deployed in long-haul links, are gaining ground in access networks, which is particularly challenging due to the shared-cost requirements, leading to denser channel spacings and the use of cheaper devices that tend to be noisier. In order to make the most of this technology combination, it is crucial to have a model of the channel that accurately describes all the present sources of noise. Traditionally, the most used model has been the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, which, although only accounting for a linear contribution of complex noise and being insensitive to rotational phenomena, has shown its validity in numerous studies, as well as in commercial equipment. In this thesis, however, it is observed that the adoption of coherent detection and WDM, with lower-grade semiconductor lasers showing a moderate linewidth, yields scenarios where a phase-sensitive model becomes a must. The partially coherent AWGN (PCAWGN) channel is a popular choice that fulfils this need, but its high complexity due to non-trivial functions involved, deprives it from being suitable in high-speed digital circuits. The main goal of this thesis is to describe a reduced-complexity approximation in polar coordinates, accurate enough to find its applicability in modern systems. Furthermore, this works explores some possible end-to-end applications, like channel capacity estimation or symbol detection, assessing its performance by means of extensive simulations. Lastly, the emerging field of complex modulation of directly modulated lasers is revisited, with a special interest in how the proposed approximation can help to improve the performance of previously reported techniques, as well as proposing a new way to design spiral-shaped constellations aimed to maximise the channel capacity

Optics for AI and AI for Optics

Artificial intelligence is deeply involved in our daily lives via reinforcing the digital transformation of modern economies and infrastructure. It relies on powerful computing clusters, which face bottlenecks of power consumption for both data transmission and intensive computing. Meanwhile, optics (especially optical communications, which underpin today’s telecommunications) is penetrating short-reach connections down to the chip level, thus meeting with AI technology and creating numerous opportunities. This book is about the marriage of optics and AI and how each part can benefit from the other. Optics facilitates on-chip neural networks based on fast optical computing and energy-efficient interconnects and communications. On the other hand, AI enables efficient tools to address the challenges of today’s optical communication networks, which behave in an increasingly complex manner. The book collects contributions from pioneering researchers from both academy and industry to discuss the challenges and solutions in each of the respective fields

Técnicas de transmisión sobre fibra óptica con dispersión modal

The birth of the knowledge and information society has been made possible mainly by the development of the optical fiber communications. The optical fiber characteristics, as a very low loss and very high capacity transmission medium, have let to meet until recent dates the increasing demand of data transmission by using simple communications systems from the point of view of signal theory. The overall aim of this thesis consists in applying more advanced signal transmission techniques to several scenarios of optical fiber communications to increase their potential capabilities. The studied scenarios share a common feature consisting in that the light propagates under multimodal condition. Moreover, numerical simulations have been employed when evaluating the proposals in this dissertation, to study a greater range of fiber conditions and thus, more general conclusions can be obtained. Firstly, it has been studied the ability of Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) to compensate the modal dispersion in MMF links at 1550 nm. It has been shown how the classical scheme with cyclic prefix (CP-OFDM) has deficient performance in detecting the received signal when channel conditions generate strong frequency selectivity. To overcome this limitation, it has been proposed as a novelty the use of zero padding OFDM (ZP-OFDM), which can make use of several receiving schemes. Furthermore, it has been proposed for the first time a low-complexity combined receiver scheme (OLA+V-BLAST). Secondly, equalization techniques for amplitude modulated signals have been used to improve the reception in intensity-modulated and direct-detected (IM/DD) optical systems over standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) at 850nm, by using Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (VCSEL's) as optical source. The simulation results over a numerical model constructed from experimental measures, which includes a statistical distribution of fiber misalignment due to optical connectors, allow to assert that the bidirectional DFE schemes (BiDFE) fit properly to this scenario, increasing noticeably the maximum reach achieved by the optical links. Finally, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) processing has been applied in systems with Mode-Division Multiplexing (MDM) over SSMF at 850~nm. This is the first time that these structures have been applied for the reception of MDM signals in this framework with bimodal propagation. By means of numerical simulations, the DFE-based MIMO receivers have been evaluated in their ability to compensate the mutual interference between the transmitted signals, which is generated in both the elements that carry out the multiplexation/demultiplexation (MUX/DEMUX) and the optical connectors in the SSMF installation. The results obtained show the good performance of the proposed MIMO receivers: the MIMO-DFE BiDFE with Linear Combining (MIMO LC-BiDFE), and the Fully Connected with Ordered Succesive Interference Cancellation MIMO-DFE (MIMO-DFE FC-OSIC).El nacimiento de la sociedad de la información y el conocimiento ha sido posible en buena medida gracias al desarrollo de las comunicaciones sobre fibra óptica. Las características de la fibra, como medio de transmisión de muy bajas pérdidas y elevada capacidad, han permitido hasta fechas recientes cubrir la demanda siempre creciente en la transmisión de datos por medio de sistemas de comunicación sencillos desde el punto de vista de la teoría de la señal en comunicaciones. El enfoque de esta tesis consiste en aplicar técnicas de transmisión de señal más avanzadas en varios escenarios de comunicaciones sobre fibra con el fin de aumentar las capacidades potenciales de los mismos. Además, los escenarios estudiados en este trabajo comparten una característica común que consiste en que la transmisión de la luz en la fibra se produce en condiciones de propagación multimodal. Además, a la hora de evaluar las distintas propuestas, se han empleado simulaciones numéricas con el fin de estudiar la mayor gama de condiciones posibles que la fibra puede experimentar y obtener así unas conclusiones más generales. En primer lugar, se ha estudiado la capacidad de multiplexación por división en frecuencia ortogonal (OFDM) de compensar la dispersión modal en enlaces de fibra multimodo (MMF) a 1550 nm. Se ha mostrado cómo la implementación clásica con prefijo cíclico (CP-OFDM) tiene un pobre rendimiento en cuanto a la detección de las señales recibidas en condiciones de fuerte selectividad frecuencial del canal. Para superar esta limitación, se ha propuesto de manera novedosa la utilización del esquema OFDM con postfijo de ceros (ZP-OFDM). Además, se ha propuesto por primera vez un esquema de recepción ZP-OFDM combinado (OLA+V-BLAST) de baja complejidad. En segundo lugar, se han utilizado técnicas de igualación para mejorar la recepción en sistemas ópticos con modulación de intensidad y detección directa (IM/DD) sobre fibra monomodo estándar (SSMF) a la longitud de onda de 850 nm, utilizando láseres de cavidad vertical y emisión superficial (VCSEL) como fuentes ópticas. Los resultados de las simulaciones sobre un modelo numérico construido a partir de medidas experimentales, incluyendo una distribución estadística de la desalineación entre fibras debido a conectores ópticos, permiten afirmar que los esquemas de igualación DFE bidireccionales se ajustan adecuadamente a este escenario, permitiendo aumentar de forma notable el alcance máximo de los enlaces. Finalmente, se ha aplicado el procesado de señal de entrada múltiple y salida múltiple (MIMO) en un sistema con multiplexación por división modal (MDM) sobre SSMF a 850 nm. Esta es la primera vez que se aplican estas estructuras para la recepción de señales con MDM en este escenario de propagación bimodal. Por medio de simulaciones numéricas, los distintos receptores propuestos, basados en el esquema de igualación DFE, han sido evaluados en su capacidad de compensar la interferencia entre las distintas señales transmitidas, debida a los elementos que permiten la multiplexación/de-multiplexación (MUX/DEMUX) y a los conectores que pueda incluir el enlace de SSMF con alta dispersión modal. Los resultados obtenidos muestran el buen rendimiento de los dos esquemas MIMO propuestos: el esquema BiDFE con combinación lineal (MIMO LC-BiDFE), y el esquema MIMO-DFE con cancelación sucesiva de interferencia ordenada (MIMO-DFE FC-OSIC).El naixement de la societat de la informació i el coneixement ha sigut possible, en bona mesura, gràcies al desenvolupament de les comunicacions sobre fibra òptica. Les característiques de la fibra, com a mitjà de transmissió de molt baixes pèrdues i alta capacitat, han permès fins a dates recents cobrir la demanda sempre creixent en la transmissió de dades per mitjà de sistemes de comunicació senzills des del punt de vista de la teoria del senyal en comunicacions. L'enfocament d'aquesta tesi consisteix en aplicar tècniques de transmissió més avançades en diversos escenaris en les comunicacions sobre fibra amb el propòsit d'augmentar les capacitats potencials dels mateixos. Els escenaris estudiats comparteixen una característica comuna que consisteix que la transmissió de la llum a la fibra es produeix en condicions de propagació multimodal. A l'hora d'avaluar les distintes propostes, s'hi han emprat simulacions numèriques per tal d'estudiar la major gamma de condicions possibles que la fibra puga experimentar i obtenir així unes conclusions més generals. En primer lloc, s'ha estudiat la capacitat de la multiplexació per divisió en freqüència ortogonal (OFDM) de compensar la dispersió modal en enllaços de MMF a 1550 nm. S'hi ha mostrat com la implementació clàssica amb prefix cíclic (CP-OFDM) té un rendiment pobre en quant a la detecció dels senyals rebuts en condicions de forta selectivitat freqüencial del canal. Per superar aquesta limitació, s'hi ha proposat de manera innovadora la utilització de l'esquema OFDM amb postfix de ceros (ZP-OFDM). Amés, s'hi ha proposat per primera vegada una esquema de recepció combinat (OLA+V~-BLAST) de baixa complexitat. En segon lloc, s'han utilitzat tècniques d'igualació de senyals modulades en amplitud per millorar la recepció en sistemes òptics amb modulació d'intensitat i detecció directa (IM/DD) sobre fibra monomode estàndard (SSMF) a la longitud d'ona de 850 nm emprant làsers de cavitat superficial i emissió vertical (VCSEL) com a fonts òptiques. Els resultats de les simulacions sobre un model numèric construït a partir de mesures experimentals, incloent hi una distribució estadística del desalineament entre fibres deguda a connectors òptics, han permès afirmar que els esquemes d'igualació DFE bidireccionals (BiDFE) s'ajusten de manera adequada en aquest escenari, permetent augmentar de forma notable l'abast màxim dels enllaços. Finalment, s'hi ha aplicat el processat d'entrada múltiple i eixida múltiple (MIMO) en un sistema amb multiplexació per divisió modal (MDM) sobre SSMF a 850 nm. Aquesta és la primera vegada que s'apliquen aquestes estructures per a la recepció de senyals amb MDM en aquest escenari de propagació bimodal. Per mitjà de simulacions numèriques, els distints receptors proposats, basats en l'esquema de igualació DFE, han sigut avaluats en la seua capacitat de compensar la interferència entre els distints senyals transmesos, deguda als elements de multiplexació/de-multiplexació (MUX/DEMUX) i als connectors que pot incloure l'enllaç de SSMF amb alta dispersió modal. Els resultats obtinguts mostren el bon rendiment dels dos esquemes MIMO proposats: l'esquema BiDFE amb combinació lineal (MIMO LC-BiDFE), i l'esquema MIMO-DFE amb cancel·lació successiva d'interferència ordenada (MIMO-DFE FC-OSIC).Medina Sevila, P. (2017). Técnicas de transmisión sobre fibra óptica con dispersión modal [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90414TESI

Mapping multiplexing technique (MMT): a novel intensity modulated transmission format for high-speed optical communication systems

There is a huge rapid growth in the deployment of data centers, mainly driven from the increasing demand of internet services as video streaming, e-commerce, Internet Of Things (IOT), social media, and cloud computing. This led data centers to experience an expeditious increase in the amount of network traffic that they have to sustain due to requirement of scaling with the processing speed of Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. On the other side, as more and more data centers and processing cores are on demand, as the power consumption is becoming a challenging issue. Unless novel power efficient methodologies are innovated, the information technology industry will be more liable to a future power crunch. As such, low complex novel transmission formats featuring both power efficiency and low cost are considered the major characteristics enabling large-scale, high performance data transmission environment for short-haul optical interconnects and metropolitan range data networks. In this thesis, a novel high-speed Intensity-Modulated Direct-Detection (IM/DD) transmission format named “Mapping Multiplexing Technique (MMT)” for high-speed optical fiber networks, is proposed and presented. Conceptually, MMT design challenges the high power consumption issue that exists in high-speed short and medium range networks. The proposed novel scheme provides low complex means for increasing the power efficiency of optical transceivers at an impactful tradeoff between power efficiency, spectral efficiency, and cost. The novel scheme has been registered as a patent (Malaysia PI2012700631) that can be employed for applications related but not limited to, short-haul optical interconnects in data centers and Metropolitan Area networks (MAN). A comprehensive mathematical model for N-channel MMT modulation format has been developed. In addition, a signal space model for the N-channel MMT has been presented to serve as a platform for comparison with other transmission formats under optical channel constraints. Especially, comparison with M-PAM, as meanwhile are of practical interest to expand the capacity for optical interconnects deployment which has been recently standardized for Ethernet IEEE 802.3bs 100Gb/s and in today ongoing investigation activities by IEEE 802.3 400Gb/s Ethernet Task Force. Performance metrics have been considered by the derivation of the average electrical and optical power for N-channel MMT symbols in comparison with Pulse Amplitude Modulation (M-PAM) format with respect to the information capacity. Asymptotic power efficiency evaluation in multi-dimensional signal space has been considered. For information capacity of 2, 3 and 4 bits/symbol, 2-channel, 3-channel and 4-channel MMT modulation formats can reduce the power penalty by 1.76 dB, 2.2 dB and 4 dB compared with 4-PAM, 8-PAM and 16-PAM, respectively. This enhancement is equivalent to 53%, 60% and 71% energy per bit reduction to the transmission of 2, 3 and 4 bits per symbol employing 2-, 3- and 4-channel MMT compared with 4-, 8- and 16-PAM format, respectively. One of the major dependable parameters that affect the immunity of a modulation format to fiber non-linearities, is the system baud rate. The propagation of pulses in fiber with bitrates in the order > 10G, is not only limited by the linear fiber impairments, however, it has strong proportionality with fiber intra-channel non-linearities (Self Phase Modulation (SPM), Intra-channel Cross-Phase Modulation (IXPM) and Intra-channel Four-Wave Mixing (IFWM)). Hence, in addition to the potential application of MMT in short-haul networks, the thesis validates the practicality of implementing N-channel MMT system accompanied by dispersion compensation methodologies to extend the reach of error free transmission (BER ≤ 10-12) for Metro-networks. N-Channel MMT has been validated by real environment simulation results to outperform the performance of M-PAM in tolerating fiber non-linearities. By the employment of pre-post compensation to tolerate both residual chromatic dispersion and non-linearity, performance above the error free transmission limit at 40Gb/s bit rate have been attained for 2-, 3- and 4-channel MMT over spans lengths of up to 1200Km, 320 Km and 320 Km, respectively. While, at an aggregated bit rate of 100 Gb/s, error free transmission can be achieved for 2-, 3- and 4-channel MMT over spans lengths of up to 480 Km, 80 Km and 160 Km, respectively. At the same spectral efficiency, 4-channel MMT has realized a single channel maximum error free transmission over span lengths up to 320 Km and 160 Km at 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s, respectively, in contrast with 4-PAM attaining 240 Km and 80 Km at 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s, respectively