12 research outputs found
Improving Sentence-level Subjectivity Classification through Readability Measurement
Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics
NODALIDA 2011.
Editors: Bolette Sandford Pedersen, Gunta Nešpore and Inguna Skadiņa.
NEALT Proceedings Series, Vol. 11 (2011), 168-147.
© 2011 The editors and contributors.
Published by
Northern European Association for Language
Technology (NEALT)
http://omilia.uio.no/nealt .
Electronically published at
Tartu University Library (Estonia)
http://hdl.handle.net/10062/16955
IFIP TC 13 Seminar: trends in HCI proceedings, March 26, 2007, Salamanca (Spain)
Actas del 13o. Seminario de la International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP), celebrado en Salamanca el 26 de marzo de 2007, sobre las nuevas líneas de investigación en la interacción hombre-máquina, gestión del conocimiento y enseñanza por la Web
Genre and Domain Dependencies in Sentiment Analysis
Genre and domain influence an author\''s style of writing and therefore a text\''s characteristics. Natural language processing is prone to such variations in textual characteristics: it is said to be genre and domain dependent.
This thesis investigates genre and domain dependencies in sentiment analysis. Its goal is to support the development of robust sentiment analysis approaches that work well and in a predictable manner under different conditions, i.e. for different genres and domains.
Initially, we show that a prototypical approach to sentiment analysis -- viz. a supervised machine learning model based on word n-gram features -- performs differently on gold standards that originate from differing genres and domains, but performs similarly on gold standards that originate from resembling genres and domains. We show that these gold standards differ in certain textual characteristics, viz. their domain complexity. We find a strong linear relation between our approach\''s accuracy on a particular gold standard and its domain complexity, which we then use to estimate our approach\''s accuracy.
Subsequently, we use certain textual characteristics -- viz. domain complexity, domain similarity, and readability -- in a variety of applications. Domain complexity and domain similarity measures are used to determine parameter settings in two tasks. Domain complexity guides us in model selection for in-domain polarity classification, viz. in decisions regarding word n-gram model order and word n-gram feature selection. Domain complexity and domain similarity guide us in domain adaptation. We propose a novel domain adaptation scheme and apply it to cross-domain polarity classification in semi- and unsupervised domain adaptation scenarios. Readability is used for feature engineering. We propose to adopt readability gradings, readability indicators as well as word and syntax distributions as features for subjectivity classification.
Moreover, we generalize a framework for modeling and representing negation in machine learning-based sentiment analysis. This framework is applied to in-domain and cross-domain polarity classification. We investigate the relation between implicit and explicit negation modeling, the influence of negation scope detection methods, and the efficiency of the framework in different domains. Finally, we carry out a case study in which we transfer the core methods of our thesis -- viz. domain complexity-based accuracy estimation, domain complexity-based model selection, and negation modeling -- to a gold standard that originates from a genre and domain hitherto not used in this thesis
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Capability in Age and Ageing
This open access book provides insight on how to interpret capability in ageing – one’s individual ability to perform actions in order to reach goals one has reason to value – from a multidisciplinary approach. With for the first time in history there being more people in the world aged 60 years and over than there are children below the age of 5, the book describes this demographic trends as well as the large global challenges and important societal implications this will have such as a worldwide increase in the number of persons affected with dementia, and in the ratio of retired persons to those still in the labor market. Through contributions from many different research areas, it discussed how capability depends on interactions between the individual (e.g. health, genetics, personality, intellectual capacity), environment (e.g. family, friends, home, work place), and society (e.g. political decisions, ageism, historical period). The final chapter summarizes the differences and similarities in these contributions. As such this book provides an interesting read for students, teachers and researchers at different levels and from different fields interested in capability and multidisciplinary research
A cognition-analogous approach to early-stage creative ideation support in music composition software
Examination of the underlying principles of creativity reveal theoretical aspects that have not been well explored in creativity facilitation software. Most significantly of these, there has been little investigation into exploiting the distinctions between early- and late-stage creative processes and the attendant differences in cognitive processing active at those times, nor into employing the structural scaffolding embedded within creative works and the manner in which these can be extracted and harnessed to define levels of abstraction through which the material can be viewed and manipulated.
The Wheelsong project was conceived to exploit these principles, in the service of devising more creatively facilitative music composition tools, by focusing on these earlier, exploratory stages of the creative process, and by privileging structure over minutiae, in alignment with the mode of cognition (and corresponding user needs) that dominate the exploratory phase.
Explorations conducted with Wheelsong demonstrate that the platform embraces broad stylistic and cultural ranges of output. Experiments comparing the creative merits of early-stage, fragmentary outputs produced by Wheelsong against those produced by traditional representation schemes show a substantial improvement in both subjective quality and diversity indicators adhering to the structurally produced candidates, as measured by human judges
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A study of factors which determine whether on not behavioural objectives affect student learning
This thesis is concerned with the identification of factors which, determine whether or not providing students with behavioural objectives affects student learning.
It is inferred from the literature that under 'non-review' learning conditions, that is conditions under which students read straight through instructional material without referring back to points already covered, that according to how behavioural objectives are used they may provide students with different types of stimuli. Thus objectives inserted immediately before related passages in a text may function as orienting stimuli, directing student attention away from the incidental and towards the relevant, whereas objectives inserted immediately after related passages may function as reinforcement stimuli, stimulating further consideration of the relevant.
The effects of such stimuli have been observed in a number of related studies (particularly in those carried out under 'non-review' learning conditions with inserted questions). Thus orienting stimuli (in the form of pre-questions) have been observed to result in relevant learning being enhanced and incidental learning being depressed, while reinforcement stimuli (in the form of post-questions) have been observed to result in relevant learning being enhanced without any depression of incidental learning occurring. However, it is noted that although the existence of orienting or reinforcement stimuli may lead to related effects on student learning, this is not always the case.
With this anomaly in mind an experiment was set up to find out if student perception of instructional material could determine whether or not behavioural objectives affected student learning. The experiment, involving 640 students, was deliberately designed around a natural learning situation in the Open University as it was felt that it is extremely difficult to generalise findings from experiments conducted under 'non-review' learning conditions to natural learning situations.
A number of statistical techniques were used to analyse the data collected, but a multiple regression approach was found to be the most informative. It was observed that behavioural objectives were able to affect student perception of the readability, structure and interest of instructional material, and the proportion of material read, and that in turn these variables were able to affect student learning. However, the analysis failed to explain why in one instance behavioural objectives affected student learning and in another instance did not.
A follow-up study was undertaken to gain some insight into the anomaly. It was rationalised that although behavioural objectives may affect a number of student perceptions, only a limited number of these may be critical in determining whether behavioural objectives affect student learning. Sufficient information was gathered to suggest two variables which might be critical in this respect: the first concerned with student perception of goals set, and the second with student perception of the importance of these goals. The thesis describes how the present experiment, and the related mode of analysis, may be modified to carry out an empirical study on the role played by these two perceptions
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Capability in Age and Ageing
This open access book provides insight on how to interpret capability in ageing – one’s individual ability to perform actions in order to reach goals one has reason to value – from a multidisciplinary approach. With for the first time in history there being more people in the world aged 60 years and over than there are children below the age of 5, the book describes this demographic trends as well as the large global challenges and important societal implications this will have such as a worldwide increase in the number of persons affected with dementia, and in the ratio of retired persons to those still in the labor market. Through contributions from many different research areas, it discussed how capability depends on interactions between the individual (e.g. health, genetics, personality, intellectual capacity), environment (e.g. family, friends, home, work place), and society (e.g. political decisions, ageism, historical period). The final chapter summarizes the differences and similarities in these contributions. As such this book provides an interesting read for students, teachers and researchers at different levels and from different fields interested in capability and multidisciplinary research
Metamorphoses of a Genre: British and Italian Sound Docudrama in Context and Contemporary Production
A multimodal analysis of british television commercials and their Influence in the audience
Abstract
A MULTIMODAL ANALYSIS OF BRITISH TELEVISION COMMERCIALS AND THEIR INFLUENCE IN THE AUDIENCE
Advertising has been among us since ancient times; but since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution —middle of the XIX century— advertising grew at the same rate as the industrial activity did. Today, most people are constantly exposed to its messages and it is an activity for which companies spend large amounts of money. This shows that it has an impact on sales, making it a key activity in the capitalist machinery.
One may wonder what makes advertising so effective. Hitherto, there have been a multitude of studies about what makes advertising such a skilful tool in convincing people. It is important to consider the particular characteristics of the language used in advertising. This tends to be brief and its message focuses on displaying the good features of the promoted product. In the advertising message, it becomes fundamental to achieve the goal of attracting the audience attention and make them prone to buy the advertised item. Nevertheless, it is quite puzzling that both the ideas transferred by ads and the language in them are rather simple.
This investigation is about TV advertising, which uses both written and spoken speech, sounds and moving images. All these aspects make it an efficient
means of attracting people’s attention. In addition, TV advertising uses cinematographic means and technical elements not detected by our consciousness that may exert a decisive influence in our decisions. Despite all this, I believe that something is missing in most of the studies regarding the convincing power of ads. The elements coming from the sender are not the only fundamental consideration. In this communication act, it is also necessary to consider the receiver, that is, how people receive the messages in ads. This investigation tries to explain, through the Cognitive-experiential self-theory of personality, the ways in which audiences may be manipulated by ads.
Key words:
Advertising, Manipulation, Merchandise, Television, Multimodal Analysis; Cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST)
Resumen
ANÁLISIS MULTIMODAL DE UN NÚMERO DE ANUNCIOS EMITIDOS POR LA TELEVISIÓN BRITÁNICA Y DE LA INFLUENCIA DE LOS MISMOS EN LA AUDIENCIA A LA QUE VAN DIRIGIDOS
La publicidad ha estado entre nosotros desde la antigüedad; pero desde el comienzo de la Revolución Industrial —a mediados del siglo XIX— la primera creció al mismo ritmo que la actividad industrial. Hoy en día, la mayor parte de la población está constantemente expuesta a sus mensajes; a la vez que las empresas gastan enormes cantidades de dinero en ella. Esto último demuestra que tiene un impacto decisivo en las ventas, lo que la convierte en una actividad clave para la maquinaria capitalista.
Uno puede preguntarse qué hace que la publicidad sea tan efectiva. Hasta ahora, ha habido multitud de estudios sobre qué hace que la publicidad sea una herramienta tan hábil para convencer a la gente. Es importante tener en cuenta las características particulares del lenguaje utilizado en la publicidad. Éste suele ser breve y su mensaje se centra en mostrar las buenas características del producto anunciado. En el mensaje publicitario, se vuelve fundamental atraer la atención del público al que dirige sus mensajes y convencer a éste para que adquiera el artículo publicitado. Sin embargo, es bastante desconcertante que tanto las ideas transferidas por los anuncios como el lenguaje usado en éstos sean bastante simples.
Esta tesis trata sobre la publicidad televisiva, que utiliza tanto el habla hablada como escrita, los sonidos y las imágenes en movimiento. Todos estos aspectos la convierten en un medio eficaz para atraer la atención del público al que va dirigida. Pero además, la publicidad televisiva usa elementos cinematográficos y técnicos, no detectados por nuestra conciencia, los cuales pueden ejercer una influencia decisiva en nuestras decisiones. A pesar de todo esto, creo que falta algo en la mayoría de los estudios sobre el poder convincente de los anuncios. Los elementos provenientes del remitente no son la única consideración fundamental. En este acto de comunicación, es también necesario considerar al receptor; es decir, cómo las personas reciben los mensajes en los anuncios. Esta investigación intenta explicar, a través de la Teoría cognitiva-experiencial de la personalidad —cuyas siglas en inglés son CEST, las formas en que las audiencias pueden ser manipuladas por los anuncios.
Conceptos Clave
Anuncios, Manipulación, Productos, Televisión, Análisis Multimodal; Teoría cognitiva-experiencial de la personalidad (CEST