Hydrodynamic behavior of packed-bed reactors on a floating platform : liquid distribution and drainage dynamics

Pour combler l'écart entre l'augmentation de la demande énergétique et l'épuisement de la production d'hydrocarbures onshore, l'exploitation des hydrocarbures offshore est de plus en plus envisagée, en particulier les gisements de gaz / pétrole dans les eaux plus profondes. En attendant, un grand nombre d'unités de traitement déployées pour la production d'hydrocarbures doivent respecter les contraintes environnementales conçues pour la protection maritime. Les systèmes tels que les réacteurs et les épurateurs à lit fixe embarqués deviennent inévitablement l'une des options les plus prometteuses pour atteindre ces deux objectifs. De nombreux efforts dans la littérature pour dévoiler l'hydrodynamique de l'écoulement multiphasé dans les lits garnis révèlent que des défis persistent soit dans leur conception / mise à l'échelle, soit dans leurs opérations. De plus, exposer ces réacteurs à des conditions marines difficiles telles que la convolution de la dynamique des navires et de l'hydrodynamique à l'intérieur des réacteurs à lit fixe conduit à des situations encore plus compliquées pour maintenir des performances de fonctionnement acceptables dans les conditions flottantes. Un grand nombre de preuves issues de la littérature a jusqu'à présent mis en évidence l'échec des colonnes garnies avec des garnissages aléatoires, des garnissages structurés ou des mousses à alvéoles ouvertes, pour empêcher la maldistribution des liquides dans les lits fixes destinés à fonctionner à bord de navires ou de platesformes flottantes. Les efforts de recherche doivent donc se poursuivre dans le but de trouver des composants internes robustes et capables de résilience contre la maldistribution des liquides dans les réacteurs / unités de séparation gaz-liquide. Ce projet de doctorat s’est proposé des recherches visant dans un premier temps de tester des internes disponibles commercialement pouvant préserver des performances similaires à celles des unités terrestres classiques. Au meilleur de notre connaissance, la sensibilité et la susceptibilité des réacteurs monolithes à une mauvaise distribution soumis à des conditions offshore n'ont pas encore été étudiées. Plutôt que de se concentrer uniquement sur une étude des lits monolithiques, le chapitre 1 opte pour une campagne expérimentale plus large comprenant un garnissage aléatoire et un garnissage en mousse à cellules ouvertes pour des comparaisons systématiques de la distribution des liquides en conditions flottantes. La distribution liquide des colonnes embarquées garnies de divers garnissages et pour une large plage de débit gaz / liquide est systématiquement comparée à l'aide d'un capteur à treillis métallique (WMS) et d'un émulateur hexapode à six degrés de liberté. La vraisemblance de conditions météorologiques extracôtières rudes pourrait menacer la sureté de l'exploitation des lits fixes, en particulier dans des situations extrêmes telles que des cyclones, des épisodes d'icebergs, etc. Pour assurer la sécurité du personnel et des installations, l’opération des colonnes garnies à bord doit être immédiatement interrompue pour éviter des problèmes de sécurité critiques sous de telles circonstances. Par conséquent, la base de connaissances sur la dynamique de drainage des liquides dans les lits flottants est iv essentielle pour assurer une vidange rapide du liquide. Néanmoins, l'étude de la dynamique du drainage liquide des lits fixes en conditions flottantes est à tout le moins rare. Par conséquent, le chapitre 2 se propose de comparer expérimentalement le drainage du liquide dans des colonnes garnies dans les conditions marines à celui observé dans une colonne statique verticale à l’instar des applications terrestres. En dehors de cela, l'influence des mouvements du navire (par exemple, cavalement, embardée, pilonnement, roulis, tangage, et lacet) à différentes amplitudes et périodes d'oscillation sur la dynamique de drainage des liquides est étudiée pour approfondir nos connaissances. Parallèlement à l'étude expérimentale, un modèle numérique Euler-Euler transitoire et en trois dimensions est utilisé en complément pour tenter de prédire la dynamique du drainage des liquides dans les lits flottants. D'autres facteurs susceptibles d'affecter la dynamique de drainage sont analysés par la simulation numérique. Ainsi, le chapitre 3 met en évidence l'influence globale des propriétés des liquides, de la structure du lit et des types de mouvement associé à la sollicitation marine. Par ailleurs, la campagne expérimentale en fournissant des données mesurables a permis de valider le modèle dans les conditions de roulis et de tangage testées au laboratoire.To fill the gap between increasing energy demand and depletion of onshore hydrocarbon production, offshore hydrocarbon exploitation is increasingly contemplated especially the gas/oil fields in the deeper water. Meantime, large amount of deployed processing units for hydrocarbon productions must comply with the environmental codes designated for maritime protection. Systems such as embarked packed-bed reactors and scrubbers inevitably become one of the most promising options to achieve both purposes. Numerous efforts in literature to unveil the hydrodynamics of multiphase flow in packed beds reveal that challenges persist either in their design/scale-up or during the operations. Moreover, exposing these reactors to harsh marine conditions such as the convolution of ship dynamics and hydrodynamics inside packed-bed reactors leads to even more complex situations to maintain the proper operation performance of packed-bed reactors under floating conditions. A lot of evidence from literature has pointed out the failure of random and structured packings and open-cell foams, to prevent liquid maldistribution in packed beds destined to operate on-board sailing ships and floating platforms. Research efforts must therefore continue in the quest for robust internals capable of resilience against liquid maldistribution in gas-liquid reactors/separation units. The proposed Ph.D. research aims at firstly following a sound path to adapt commercially existing internals being capable of preserving performance similar to landbased packed beds. To the best of literature exploring, the sensitivity and susceptibility of monolith reactors to maldistribution subjected to offshore conditions have yet to be investigated. Rather than focusing on a study of monolith beds alone, Chapter 1 opts for a broader experimental campaign including a random packing and an open-cell foam packing for the sake of systematic comparisons of the liquid distribution under floating conditions. Liquid distribution of embarked columns packed with various internals under wide gas/liquid flow range is systematically compared with the assistance of wire mesh sensor (WMS) and six-degree-of-freedom emulator hexapod. Severe offshore weather conditions threaten the operation safety of floating packed beds especially encountering extreme situations such as cyclone, iceberg episodes and so forth. To ensure the safety of staff and facilities, the onboard packed columns must be immediately shutdown to avoid critical safety concerns under such circumstances. Therefore, knowledgebase of liquid draining dynamics in floating packed beds is the essence to ensure timely discharge of liquid. Nevertheless, the study regarding liquid drainage dynamics of packed beds under floating conditions is scarce to say the least. Then, Chapter 2 compares liquid draining of packed columns embarking on floating platforms with static land-based one experimentally. Other than that, the influence of ship motions (e.g., roll, roll & pitch, heave etc.) with different oscillation amplitudes and periods on liquid draining dynamics is investigated to deepen the insights. vi In parallel with the experimental study, a 3D transient Euler-Euler CFD model is employed as a supplementary analysis to further deepen the understanding of liquid drainage dynamics in floating packed beds. More factors possibly affecting the draining dynamics are exploited by numerical simulation. Consequently, Chapter 3 highlights the comprehensive influence of liquid properties, bed structure and moving types instead of focusing on impact of movements alone. Meanwhile, with sufficient body of experimental campaign, the validity and accuracy of model are strongly endorsed

Performance of multiphase packed-bed reactors and scrubbers on offshore floating platforms: hydrodynamics, chemical reaction, CFD modeling and simulation

Les systèmes flottants de production, stockage et de déchargement (FPSO) ont été introduits dans les secteurs d'exploitation des hydrocarbures offshore en tant qu'outils facilement déplaçables pour l’exploitation de champs de pétrole et de gaz de petites ‘a moyenne tailles ou lorsque ceux-ci sont éloignés des côtes ou en eaux profondes. Ces systèmes sont de plus en plus envisagés pour les opérations de traitement et de raffinage des hydrocarbures à proximité des sites d'extraction des réservoirs sous-marins en utilisant des laveurs et des réacteurs à lit fixe embarqués. De nombreuses études dans la littérature pour découvrir l'hydrodynamique de l'écoulement polyphasiques dans des lits garnis ont révélé que la maîtrise de tels réacteurs continue d’être un défi quant à leur conception /mise à l'échelle ou à leur fonctionnement. De plus, lorsque de tels réacteurs sont soumis à des conditions fluctuantes propres au contexte marin, l'interaction des phases devient encore plus complexe, ce qui entraîne encore plus de défis dans leur conception. Les travaux de recherche proposés visent à fournir des informations cruciales sur les performances des réacteurs à lit fixes à deux phases dans le cadre d'applications industrielles flottantes. Pour atteindre cet objectif, un simulateur de mouvement de navire de type hexapode avec des mouvements à six degrés de liberté a été utilisé pour simuler les mouvements des FPSO tandis que des capteurs à maillage capacitif (WMS) et un tomographe à capacitance électrique (ECT) couplés avec le lit garni ont permis de suivre en ligne les caractéristiques dynamiques locales des écoulements diphasiques. L'effet des inclinaisons et des oscillations de la colonne sur le comportement hydrodynamique des lits garnis biphasiques a été étudié, puis les résultats ont été comparés à leurs analogues terrestres correspondants (colonne verticale immobile). De plus, des stratégies opérationnelles potentielles ont été proposées pour atténuer la maldistribution des fluides résultant des oscillations du lit ainsi que pour intensifier le processus de réactions dans les réacteurs à lit fixe. Parallèlement aux études expérimentales, un modèle Eulérien CFD transitoire 3D a été développé pour simuler le comportement hydrodynamique de lits garnis polyphasiques sous des inclinaisons et des oscillations de colonnes. Enfin, pour compléter le travail expérimental, une étude systématique a été réalisée pour étudier les performances de capture de CO2 à base d'amines d’un laveur à garnissage (en vrac et structuré) émulant une colonne à bord des ...Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) systems have been introduced to offshore hydrocarbon exploitation sectors as readily movable tools for development of small or remote oil and gas fields in deeper water. These systems are increasingly contemplated for onboard treatment and refining operations of hydrocarbons extracted from undersea reservoirs near extraction sites using embarked packed-bed scrubbers and reactors. Numerous efforts in the literature to uncover the hydrodynamics of multiphase flow in packed beds have disclosed that such reactors continue to challenge us either in their design/scale-up or their operation. Furthermore, when such reactors are subjected to marine conditions, the interaction of phases becomes even more complex, resulting in further challenges for design and scale-up. The proposed research aims at providing important insights into the performance of two-phase flow packed-bed reactors in the context of floating industrial applications. To achieve this aim, a hexapod ship motion simulator with six-degree-of-freedom motions was employed to emulate FPSO movements while capacitance wire mesh sensors (WMS) and electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) coupled with the packed bed scrutinized on-line and locally the two-phase flow dynamic features. The effect of column tilts and oscillations on the hydrodynamic behavior of multiphase packed beds was investigated and then the results were compared with their corresponding onshore analogs. Moreover, potential operational strategies were proposed to diminish fluid maldistribution resulting from bed oscillations as well as for process intensification of heterogeneous catalytic reactions in packed-bed reactors. In parallel with the experiment studies, a 3D transient Eulerian CFD model was developed to simulate the hydrodynamic behavior of multiphase packed beds under column tilts and oscillations. Ultimately, a systematic experimental study was performed to address the amine-based CO2 capture performance of packed-bed scrubbers on board offshore floating vessels/platforms. Apart from gaining a comprehensive knowledge on the influence of translational and rotational movements on multiphase flows in porous media, oil and gas sectors and ship industry would benefit from the results of this work for design and scale-up of industrial reactors and scrubbers.Unité flottante de production, de stockage et de déchargemen

SEIS: Insight's Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure of Mars.

By the end of 2018, 42 years after the landing of the two Viking seismometers on Mars, InSight will deploy onto Mars' surface the SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure) instrument; a six-axes seismometer equipped with both a long-period three-axes Very Broad Band (VBB) instrument and a three-axes short-period (SP) instrument. These six sensors will cover a broad range of the seismic bandwidth, from 0.01 Hz to 50 Hz, with possible extension to longer periods. Data will be transmitted in the form of three continuous VBB components at 2 sample per second (sps), an estimation of the short period energy content from the SP at 1 sps and a continuous compound VBB/SP vertical axis at 10 sps. The continuous streams will be augmented by requested event data with sample rates from 20 to 100 sps. SEIS will improve upon the existing resolution of Viking's Mars seismic monitoring by a factor of ∼ 2500 at 1 Hz and ∼ 200 000 at 0.1 Hz. An additional major improvement is that, contrary to Viking, the seismometers will be deployed via a robotic arm directly onto Mars' surface and will be protected against temperature and wind by highly efficient thermal and wind shielding. Based on existing knowledge of Mars, it is reasonable to infer a moment magnitude detection threshold of M w ∼ 3 at 40 ∘ epicentral distance and a potential to detect several tens of quakes and about five impacts per year. In this paper, we first describe the science goals of the experiment and the rationale used to define its requirements. We then provide a detailed description of the hardware, from the sensors to the deployment system and associated performance, including transfer functions of the seismic sensors and temperature sensors. We conclude by describing the experiment ground segment, including data processing services, outreach and education networks and provide a description of the format to be used for future data distribution.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s11214-018-0574-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Tests with a Carlina-type diluted telescope; Primary coherencing

Studies are under way to propose a new generation of post-VLTI interferometers. The Carlina concept studied at the Haute- Provence Observatory is one of the proposed solutions. It consists in an optical interferometer configured like a diluted version of the Arecibo radio telescope: above the diluted primary mirror made of fixed cospherical segments, a helium balloon (or cables suspended between two mountains), carries a gondola containing the focal optics. Since 2003, we have been building a technical demonstrator of this diluted telescope. First fringes were obtained in May 2004 with two closely-spaced primary segments and a CCD on the focal gondola. We have been testing the whole optical train with three primary mirrors. The main aim of this article is to describe the metrology that we have conceived, and tested under the helium balloon to align the primary mirrors separate by 5-10 m on the ground with an accuracy of a few microns. The servo loop stabilizes the mirror of metrology under the helium balloon with an accuracy better than 5 mm while it moves horizontally by 30 cm in open loop by 10-20 km/h of wind. We have obtained the white fringes of metrology; i.e., the three mirrors are aligned (cospherized) with an accuracy of {\approx} 1 micron. We show data proving the stability of fringes over 15 minutes, therefore providing evidence that the mechanical parts are stabilized within a few microns. This is an important step that demonstrates the feasibility of building a diluted telescope using cables strained between cliffs or under a balloon. Carlina, like the MMT or LBT, could be one of the first members of a new class of telescopes named diluted telescopes.Comment: 18 pages, 17 figures, A&A, accepte

The Sunrise Mission

The first science flight of the balloon-borne \Sunrise telescope took place in June 2009 from ESRANGE (near Kiruna/Sweden) to Somerset Island in northern Canada. We describe the scientific aims and mission concept of the project and give an overview and a description of the various hardware components: the 1-m main telescope with its postfocus science instruments (the UV filter imager SuFI and the imaging vector magnetograph IMaX) and support instruments (image stabilizing and light distribution system ISLiD and correlating wavefront sensor CWS), the optomechanical support structure and the instrument mounting concept, the gondola structure and the power, pointing, and telemetry systems, and the general electronics architecture. We also explain the optimization of the structural and thermal design of the complete payload. The preparations for the science flight are described, including AIV and ground calibration of the instruments. The course of events during the science flight is outlined, up to the recovery activities. Finally, the in-flight performance of the instrumentation is briefly summarized.Comment: 35 pages, 17 figure

Design and realization of a sputter deposition system for the \textit{in situ-} and \textit{in operando-}use in polarized neutron reflectometry experiments

We report on the realization of a sputter deposition system for the in situ- and in operando-use in polarized neutron reflectometry experiments. Starting with the scientific requirements, which define the general design considerations, the external limitations and boundaries imposed by the available space at a neutron beamline and by the neutron and vacuum compatibility of the used materials, are assessed. The relevant aspects are then accounted for in the realization of our highly mobile deposition system, which was designed with a focus on a quick and simple installation and removability at the beamline. Apart from the general design, the in-vacuum components, the auxiliary equipment and the remote control via a computer, as well as relevant safety aspects are presented in detail.Comment: Submitted for publication in Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A. (1st revised version

Comprehensive study of Venus by means of a low-cost entry-probe and orbiter mission-series

Low cost entry probes and orbiter missions for exploration of planet Venu

MEMS deformable mirror CubeSat testbed

To meet the high contrast requirement of 1 × 10[superscript −10] to image an Earth-like planet around a Sun-like star, space telescopes equipped with coronagraphs require wavefront control systems. Deformable mirrors are a key element of these systems that correct for optical imperfections, thermal distortions, and diffraction that would otherwise corrupt the wavefront and ruin the contrast. However, high-actuator-count MEMS deformable mirrors have yet to fly in space long enough to characterize their on-orbit performance and reduce risk by developing and operating their supporting systems. The goal of the MEMS Deformable Mirror CubeSat Testbed is to develop a CubeSat-scale demonstration of MEMS deformable mirror and wavefront sensing technology. In this paper, we consider two approaches for a MEMS deformable mirror technology demonstration payload that will fit within the mass, power, and volume constraints of a CubeSat: 1) a Michelson interferometer and 2) a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. We clarify the constraints on the payload based on the resources required for supporting CubeSat subsystems drawn from subsystems that we have developed for a different CubeSat flight project. We discuss results from payload lab prototypes and their utility in defining mission requirements.United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Office of the Chief Technologist NASA Space Technology Research Fellowship)Jeptha and Emily Wade FundMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Undergraduate Research Opportunities Progra

Manufacturing Metrology

Metrology is the science of measurement, which can be divided into three overlapping activities: (1) the definition of units of measurement, (2) the realization of units of measurement, and (3) the traceability of measurement units. Manufacturing metrology originally implicates the measurement of components and inputs for a manufacturing process to assure they are within specification requirements. It can also be extended to indicate the performance measurement of manufacturing equipment. This Special Issue covers papers revealing novel measurement methodologies and instrumentations for manufacturing metrology from the conventional industry to the frontier of the advanced hi-tech industry. Twenty-five papers are included in this Special Issue. These published papers can be categorized into four main groups, as follows: Length measurement: covering new designs, from micro/nanogap measurement with laser triangulation sensors and laser interferometers to very-long-distance, newly developed mode-locked femtosecond lasers. Surface profile and form measurements: covering technologies with new confocal sensors and imagine sensors: in situ and on-machine measurements. Angle measurements: these include a new 2D precision level design, a review of angle measurement with mode-locked femtosecond lasers, and multi-axis machine tool squareness measurement. Other laboratory systems: these include a water cooling temperature control system and a computer-aided inspection framework for CMM performance evaluation