View on 5G Architecture: Version 2.0

The 5G Architecture Working Group as part of the 5GPPP Initiative is looking at capturing novel trends and key technological enablers for the realization of the 5G architecture. It also targets at presenting in a harmonized way the architectural concepts developed in various projects and initiatives (not limited to 5GPPP projects only) so as to provide a consolidated view on the technical directions for the architecture design in the 5G era. The first version of the white paper was released in July 2016, which captured novel trends and key technological enablers for the realization of the 5G architecture vision along with harmonized architectural concepts from 5GPPP Phase 1 projects and initiatives. Capitalizing on the architectural vision and framework set by the first version of the white paper, this Version 2.0 of the white paper presents the latest findings and analyses with a particular focus on the concept evaluations, and accordingly it presents the consolidated overall architecture design

6G Wireless Systems: Vision, Requirements, Challenges, Insights, and Opportunities

Mobile communications have been undergoing a generational change every ten years or so. However, the time difference between the so-called "G's" is also decreasing. While fifth-generation (5G) systems are becoming a commercial reality, there is already significant interest in systems beyond 5G, which we refer to as the sixth-generation (6G) of wireless systems. In contrast to the already published papers on the topic, we take a top-down approach to 6G. We present a holistic discussion of 6G systems beginning with lifestyle and societal changes driving the need for next generation networks. This is followed by a discussion into the technical requirements needed to enable 6G applications, based on which we dissect key challenges, as well as possibilities for practically realizable system solutions across all layers of the Open Systems Interconnection stack. Since many of the 6G applications will need access to an order-of-magnitude more spectrum, utilization of frequencies between 100 GHz and 1 THz becomes of paramount importance. As such, the 6G eco-system will feature a diverse range of frequency bands, ranging from below 6 GHz up to 1 THz. We comprehensively characterize the limitations that must be overcome to realize working systems in these bands; and provide a unique perspective on the physical, as well as higher layer challenges relating to the design of next generation core networks, new modulation and coding methods, novel multiple access techniques, antenna arrays, wave propagation, radio-frequency transceiver design, as well as real-time signal processing. We rigorously discuss the fundamental changes required in the core networks of the future that serves as a major source of latency for time-sensitive applications. While evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of key 6G technologies, we differentiate what may be achievable over the next decade, relative to what is possible.Comment: Accepted for Publication into the Proceedings of the IEEE; 32 pages, 10 figures, 5 table

Mobility Robustness in 5G Networks

5G is the 5th Generation of Mobile telecommunication system. 5G networks will cater to the needs of very diverse user equipment, from millions of stationary sensors per square kilometer to bullet trains running at over 500 km/h. Presence of users with such varied mobility requirements entails us to build a robust mobility architecture for 5G. Two of the important requirements for 5G networks are a lower latency and a higher reliability than in existing generations of mobile networks. To accomplish the above mentioned use cases and requirements of 5G networks, the mobility solutions and their robustness become a very critical part of 5G. In this thesis we have studied the existing LTE networks, and keeping them as a baseline, tried to find solutions for mobility robustness in 5G networks. The thesis discusses Mobility State Estimation (MSE) enhancements for dual and multiconnectivity. Analysis of mobility problems in using only one instance of mobility state for a multi-link, multi-layer connected UE are quantitatively analysed and a solution, which uses a MSE instance for each link in multi-link connectivity, is proposed. Other mobility robustness topic that the thesis focuses upon is improvements in handover failure recovery mechanism, which can also be used for radio link failure in general. The thesis proposes a solution for re-establishment of RRC connection in 5G by using the RRC Connection Suspend and RRC Connection Resume procedure of Narrow Band Inter of Things (NB-IoT)

Study, Measurements and Characterisation of a 5G system using a Mobile Network Operator Testbed

The goals for 5G are aggressive. It promises to deliver enhanced end-user experience by offering new applications and services through gigabit speeds, and significantly improved performance and reliability. The enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) 5G use case, for instance, targets peak data rates as high as 20 Gbps in the downlink (DL) and 10 Gbps in the uplink (UL). While there are different ways to improve data rates, spectrum is at the core of enabling higher mobile broadband data rates. 5G New Radio (NR) specifies new frequency bands below 6 GHz and also extends into mmWave frequencies where more contiguous bandwidth is available for sending lots of data. However, at mmWave frequencies, signals are more susceptible to impairments. Hence, extra consideration is needed to determine test approaches that provide the precision required to accurately evaluate 5G components and devices. Therefore, the aim of the thesis is to provide a deep dive into 5G technology, explore its testing and validation, and thereafter present the OTE (Hellenic Telecommunications Organisation) 5G testbed, including measurement results obtained and its characterisation based on key performance indicators (KPIs)

5g and Iot digital era: the transformation of mobile network operators into end-to-end solution providers

The forthcoming 5G and IoT large-scale implementation reveals new business opportunities in completely new sectors that mobile network operators should seize. This survey paper wants to identify the necessary transformations such operators must undergo to build a sustainable competitive advantage in the future industry. A qualitative research composed of semi-structured interviews incumbents’stronger intent of diversification and creates the base for strategic recommendations.A sample of recent actions carried out by mobile network operators to improve their position in the 5G and IoT environments is shown at the end of the work

Modelling Neighborhood-Scale Energy Scenarios

RÉSUMÉ Ce mémoire porte sur les approches de modélisation pour évaluer le potentiel des réseaux de partage de chaleur de 4ème et 5ème génération. Pour cela, plusieurs outils et techniques de modélisation sont utilisés. La modélisation de bâtiments typiques (i.e. archétypes) est d’abord étudiée, pour ensuite être capable de réaliser des modèles énergétiques de quartier (UBEM, pour Urban Building Energy Model, en anglais), et finalement pouvoir modéliser un réseau de partage d’énergie pour définir l’impact énergétique et environnemental de l’utilisation d’une telle technologie. Différents archétypes (entre 4 et 5 par bâtiment) ont été utilisés (ou créés) pour 4 bâtiments montréalais (3 résidentiels et 1 commercial) dans différents logiciels de simulation énergétique (UMI, EnergyPlus, TRNSYS et SIMEB) avec différents niveaux de détail (jusqu’à un modèle calibré) et différents niveaux d’effort pour sélectionner les paramètres de ces archétypes. Les résultats de simulation ont ensuite été comparés avec des données mesurées, permettant d’effectuer des « coups de sonde » au sein du quartier étudié. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que le niveau d’effort pour définir les paramètres des archétypes n’est pas toujours garant d’une meilleure précision. De plus, il s’est avéré que transférer des paramètres de modèles calibrés (effectués dans TRNSYS ou SIMEB) dans un autre logiciel (ici UMI) se traduit par des résultats de simulation montrant jusqu’à 70 % de différence pour la consommation totale d’énergie, indiquant que les simplifications et approximations conduisent probablement à des erreurs de simulation qui s’annulent entre elles. Après comparaison des résultats des différents archétypes pour un même bâtiment, les archétypes développés par NRCan basés sur les Prototype Buildings développés aux USA et adaptés au code national énergétique canadien des bâtiment 2011 ont été sélectionnés pour la suite du travail. Deux modèles énergétiques urbains ont été développés pour un quartier de l’arrondissement de Ville-Marie à Montréal, suivant 2 approches : une dépendante du contexte (context-dependent), dans UMI et une indépendante de celui-ci (context-free) avec EnergyPlus. La comparaison des résultats de ces UBEMs montrent que les consommations énergétiques et pointes annuelles entre les 2 modèles sont du même ordre de grandeur. Cependant, la dynamique des modèles est très différente. Des doutes sur certains aspects des résultats d’UMI ont conduit à choisir les résultats du context-free UBEM pour la suite de l’étude sur les réseaux de chaleur urbains. D’après les résultats de simulation du UBEM sélectionné, des modèles quasi-statique et dynamique de réseau de chaleur ont été réalisés. Le modèle quasi-statique consiste en des bilans énergétiques régis par des pertes et COP constants, et ses paramètres ont été sélectionnés par l’équipe de projet de l’étude de cas réelle sans connaissance des résultats du modèle détaillé. Le modèle dynamique est un modèle de réseau de chaleur réalisé dans TRNSYS et fait appel à des composants existants ainsi qu’à un nouveau composant développé pour modéliser les pompes à chaleurs centralisées et leurs différents modes d’opération. Au premier abord, les 2 méthodes confirment que l’implémentation d’un réseau de chaleur dans un quartier est bénéfique d’un point de vue énergétique, avec au minimum une diminution de 20 % de la consommation énergétique, et de l’environnement grâce à l’élimination des rejets thermiques dans l’atmosphère et la réduction des émissions de GES d’au moins 90 %. Les deux modèles montrent un excellent accord, ce qui témoigne de la grande expérience de l’équipe de projet qui avait sélectionné les hypothèses du modèle simplifié. La comparaison entre les réseaux de 4ème et 5ème génération montre des différences assez faibles entre les deux, avec un léger avantage pour le réseau de 4ème génération lié en partie aux hypothèses faites sur la disponibilité d’une source / puits de chaleur (les égouts dans notre cas). Les différents modèles développés permettraient de raffiner la conception des réseaux et d’analyser différentes stratégies de contrôle.----------ABSTRACT This thesis focuses on modelling approaches to assess the potential of 4th and 5th generation energy sharing networks. For this purpose, several modelling tools and techniques are used. First, the modelling of typical buildings (i.e. archetypes) is studied, then UBEM (Urban Building Energy Model) approaches, and finally modelling an energy sharing network to define the energy and environmental impact of such a technology. Different archetypes (between 4 and 5 per building) were used (or created) for 4 Montreal buildings (3 residential and 1 commercial) in different energy simulation software (UMI, EnergyPlus, TRNSYS and SIMEB) with different levels of detail (up to a calibrated model) and different levels of effort to select the parameters of these archetypes. The simulation results were then compared with measured data. The results of this study show that more refined archetype’s parameters does not always guarantee better accuracy. Moreover, it turned out that transferring parameters from calibrated models (carried out in TRNSYS or SIMEB) to another software (here UMI) results in simulation results showing up to 70% difference in total energy consumption, hinting that simplifications and approximations probably lead to cancelling errors. After comparing the results of the different archetypes for the same building, the archetypes developed by NRCan based on the Prototype Buildings developed in the USA and adapted to the Canadian National Energy Building Code 2011 were selected for further work. Two urban energy models were developed for a neighborhood in the borough of Ville-Marie in Montreal, following two approaches: one context-dependent, in UMI, and one context-free with EnergyPlus. Comparison of the results of these UBEMs shows that the energy consumption and annual peaks between the two models are of the same order of magnitude. However, the dynamics of the models are very different. Doubts on some aspects of the UMI results led to the choice of the UBEM context-free results for the continuation of the study on energy sharing networks. Based on the simulation results of the selected UBEM, we created simple pseudo steady-state and detailed dynamic models of district energy sharing networks. The pseudo steady-state model consists of energy balances governed by constant losses and COP, and its parameters were selected by the project team of the real case study without knowledge of the results of the detailed model. The dynamic model is built in TRNSYS and uses existing components as well as a new component developed to model centralized heat pumps and their different modes of operation. Both methods confirm that the implementation of a district heating network in a district is beneficial from an energy point of view, with at least a 20 % reduction in energy consumption, and from an environmental point of view, eliminating waste heat rejection to the ambient air and reducing GHG emissions by at least 90 %. The two models show excellent agreement, reflecting the extensive experience of the project team that selected the assumptions of the simplified model. The comparison between the 4th and 5th generation networks shows fairly small differences between the two, with a slight advantage for the 4th generation network linked in part to the assumptions made on the availability of a heat source/sink (sewers in our case). The different models developed would allow to refine the design of the networks and to analyse different control strategies

On the Design of Future Communication Systems with Coded Transport, Storage, and Computing

Communication systems are experiencing a fundamental change. There are novel applications that require an increased performance not only of throughput but also latency, reliability, security, and heterogeneity support from these systems. To fulfil the requirements, future systems understand communication not only as the transport of bits but also as their storage, processing, and relation. In these systems, every network node has transport storage and computing resources that the network operator and its users can exploit through virtualisation and softwarisation of the resources. It is within this context that this work presents its results. We proposed distributed coded approaches to improve communication systems. Our results improve the reliability and latency performance of the transport of information. They also increase the reliability, flexibility, and throughput of storage applications. Furthermore, based on the lessons that coded approaches improve the transport and storage performance of communication systems, we propose a distributed coded approach for the computing of novel in-network applications such as the steering and control of cyber-physical systems. Our proposed approach can increase the reliability and latency performance of distributed in-network computing in the presence of errors, erasures, and attackers

Techno-economic analysis of a 5G network in Spain

Information society and mobile society are two concepts that are both linked and undeniable. The first one refers to the necessity of high amount of information to develop most aspects of our lives, while the second one is related to the importance of mobile devices to get, analyse and use that information. In other words, every mobile device (that embraces not only mobile phones but also many other gadgets) has become a tool that shall interact with information. In order to fulfil those needs, technology has evolved, resulting into faster, more secure and more reliable networks. Needless to say, mobile networks are playing an indispensable role, as long as the society is evolving to a more and more mobile one, as above mentioned. Furthermore, new applications that had not been even imagined years ago must be fulfilled as well (i.e. smart cities). There are many industries that carry the weight of this progress. Companies of various sectors of our economy must develop each piece of the puzzle to ensure that the jigsaw is solved. Another important player should not be forgotten. The regulatory institutions and frameworks must coordinate all this investigations and progress in order to assure the universality, integrity and reachability of itself. The purpose of this document is to consider what the mobile communications needs of today’s society are, what they will be on a short, mid and long run, and how can they be solved. To face this task, the two main actors above mentioned will be taken into account. From the regulatory perspective, the proposals and law measures (i.e. IMT-2020 and new frequency allocations) must be considered, as well as the technical requirements for 5G generation, whether to be considered the subsequent evolution of LTE network or a new network, or even both. From the mobile companies’ point of view, a dense analysis on technical solutions to reach the above mentioned requirements will be followed by an economic analysis to discuss the profitability of the deployment of a 5G network. It must be understood that this study contemplates several scenarios, due to the different possibilities in terms of the spectrum policies and demand evolution in the forthcoming years. To this end, the several scenarios combined with the different cases of use must be taken into account, as well as many other KPIs. The coherent combination and analysis of all this parameters will reveal the requirements’ feasibility amongst varying scenarios.Ingeniería en Tecnologías de Telecomunicació

Ekstraksi Fitur Produk Menggunakan Metode Pasangan Kata Sifat-Benda Pada Ulasan Pengguna

Berdasarkan perkembangan perusahaan e-commerce yang memberikan berbagai fasilitas kepada pelanggan untuk meningkatkan kepercayaan pembelian produk. Perusahaan memberikan fasilitas berupa ulasan produk dan rating. Ulasan produk dan rating merupakan sebuah alat popular yang digunakan oleh pelanggan dalam menentukan sebuah produk yang akan dibeli. Rekomendasi berupa ulasan juga meningkatan kepercayaan bagi pelanggan terhadap produk. Sehingga beberapa produk popular mendapatkan ratusan ulasan dari pelanggan. Namun, banyaknya ulasan yang ada pada sebuah produk membutuhkan waktu yang cukup lama untuk dibaca oleh pelanggan. Pada umumnya pelanggan akan mengambil poin-poin tertentu pada setiap ulasan mengenai produk yang akan dibelinya. Poin tersebut dapat berupa kondisi dan kualitas suatu produk. Semakin banyak hal tersebut disebutkan oleh beberapa pengulas, dapat menambah kepercayaan dan mempermudah pelanggan dalam mengambil keputusan pembelian. Luaran dari tugas akhir ini berupa rancang bangun prototipe sistem ekstraksi fitur produk berdasarkan ulasan produk yang diberikan oleh pelanggan. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode pasangan kata sifat-kata benda. Metode pasangan kata sifat-benda merupakan sebuah metode dimana memasangkan kata sifat dengan kata benda yang berhubungan pada ulasan. Data ulasan diperoleh dengan menggali ulasan pada sepuluh produk yang memiliki 2000 hingga 3000 ulasan. Hasil yang didapatkan dari data tersebut berupa wordcloud mengenai kondisi produk yang sering disebutkan oleh pelanggan, grafik yang mendukung hasil dari wordcloud dan sistem yang dapat membantu pelanggan dalam menentukan produk yang tepat. Pada wordcloud menampilkan pasangan kata sifat-benda dalam bentuk awan, pasangan kata yang paling sering disebutkan memiliki ukuran font lebih besar daripada yang lainnya serta, pengguna dapat melihat dengan mudah pasangan kata manasaja yang sering disebutkan. Grafik yang berada disamping wordcloud mempermudah pengguna untuk melihat lima kata yang paling sering disebutkan dengan jumlah berapa kali kata tersebut disebutkan dalam ulasan. Dari hasil tersebut maka sistem ini dapat menjadi alat bantu bagi pengguna situs belanja online dalam membuat keputusan dalam membeli secara efisien dan memberikan gambaran tentang produk yang dicari oleh pengguna melalui ulasan produk. ======================================================================================================================== Based on the development of e-commerce companies that provide various facilities to customers to increase the confidence of purchasing products. The company provides facilities in the form of product reviews and ratings. Product reviews and ratings are a popular tool used by customers in making decisions to buy a product. Recommendations in the form of reviews also increase customer confidence in the product. So some popular products get hundreds of reviews from customers. However, the number of reviews that exist in a product takes a long time to read by the customer. In general, customers will take certain points on each review of the product to be purchased. Points can be the condition and quality of a product. The more these mentioned by some reviewers, can increase trust and make it easier for customers to make purchasing decisions. The output of this final project is a prototype design of product feature extraction system based on product reviews provided by customers. The method used is the word-noun pairs method. The method of an adjective pair is a method by which an adjective is associated with a noun relating to the review. The review data was obtained by digging reviews on ten products that have 2000 to 3000 reviews. The results obtained from the data in the form of wordcloud about the condition of products often mentioned by customers, the graphics that support the results of wordcloud and systems that can help customers in facilitating decision making purchases. In wordcloud displays pairs of adjectives in the form of clouds, the most frequently mentioned word pairs have larger font sizes than others and, the user can easily see the commonly mentioned word pairs. The graph next to wordcloud makes it easy for users to see the five most frequently mentioned words by the number of times the words are mentioned in the review. From these results then this system can be a tool for users of online shopping sites in making decisions in buying efficiently and provide an overview of the products sought by users through product reviews