Storage Solutions for Big Data Systems: A Qualitative Study and Comparison

Big data systems development is full of challenges in view of the variety of application areas and domains that this technology promises to serve. Typically, fundamental design decisions involved in big data systems design include choosing appropriate storage and computing infrastructures. In this age of heterogeneous systems that integrate different technologies for optimized solution to a specific real world problem, big data system are not an exception to any such rule. As far as the storage aspect of any big data system is concerned, the primary facet in this regard is a storage infrastructure and NoSQL seems to be the right technology that fulfills its requirements. However, every big data application has variable data characteristics and thus, the corresponding data fits into a different data model. This paper presents feature and use case analysis and comparison of the four main data models namely document oriented, key value, graph and wide column. Moreover, a feature analysis of 80 NoSQL solutions has been provided, elaborating on the criteria and points that a developer must consider while making a possible choice. Typically, big data storage needs to communicate with the execution engine and other processing and visualization technologies to create a comprehensive solution. This brings forth second facet of big data storage, big data file formats, into picture. The second half of the research paper compares the advantages, shortcomings and possible use cases of available big data file formats for Hadoop, which is the foundation for most big data computing technologies. Decentralized storage and blockchain are seen as the next generation of big data storage and its challenges and future prospects have also been discussed

Impact of Fuzzy Logic in Object-Oriented Database Through Blockchain

In this article, we show that applying fuzzy reasoning to an object-arranged data set produces noticeably better results than applying it to a social data set by applying it to both social and object-situated data sets. A Relational Data Base Management System (RDBMS) product structure offers a practical and efficient way to locate, store, and retrieve accurate data included inside a data collection. In any case, clients typically have to make vague, ambiguous, or fanciful requests. Our work allows clients the freedom to utilise FRDB to examine the database in everyday language, enabling us to provide a range of solutions that would benefit clients in a variety of ways. Given that the degree of attributes in a fuzzy knowledge base goes from 0 to 1, the term "fuzzy" was coined. This is due to the base's fictitious formalization's reliance on fuzzy reasoning. In order to lessen the fuzziness of the fuzzy social data set as a result of the abundance of uncertainty and vulnerabilities in clinical medical services information, a fuzzy article located information base is designed here for the Health-Care space. In order to validate the presentation and sufficiency of the fuzzy logic on both data sets, certain fuzzy questions are thus posed of the fuzzy social data set and the fuzzy item-situated information base.

A Survey on Mapping Semi-Structured Data and Graph Data to Relational Data

The data produced by various services should be stored and managed in an appropriate format for gaining valuable knowledge conveniently. This leads to the emergence of various data models, including relational, semi-structured, and graph models, and so on. Considering the fact that the mature relational databases established on relational data models are still predominant in today's market, it has fueled interest in storing and processing semi-structured data and graph data in relational databases so that mature and powerful relational databases' capabilities can all be applied to these various data. In this survey, we review existing methods on mapping semi-structured data and graph data into relational tables, analyze their major features, and give a detailed classification of those methods. We also summarize the merits and demerits of each method, introduce open research challenges, and present future research directions. With this comprehensive investigation of existing methods and open problems, we hope this survey can motivate new mapping approaches through drawing lessons from eachmodel's mapping strategies, aswell as a newresearch topic - mapping multi-model data into relational tables.Peer reviewe

Multi modal multi-semantic image retrieval

PhDThe rapid growth in the volume of visual information, e.g. image, and video can overwhelm users’ ability to find and access the specific visual information of interest to them. In recent years, ontology knowledge-based (KB) image information retrieval techniques have been adopted into in order to attempt to extract knowledge from these images, enhancing the retrieval performance. A KB framework is presented to promote semi-automatic annotation and semantic image retrieval using multimodal cues (visual features and text captions). In addition, a hierarchical structure for the KB allows metadata to be shared that supports multi-semantics (polysemy) for concepts. The framework builds up an effective knowledge base pertaining to a domain specific image collection, e.g. sports, and is able to disambiguate and assign high level semantics to ‘unannotated’ images. Local feature analysis of visual content, namely using Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) descriptors, have been deployed in the ‘Bag of Visual Words’ model (BVW) as an effective method to represent visual content information and to enhance its classification and retrieval. Local features are more useful than global features, e.g. colour, shape or texture, as they are invariant to image scale, orientation and camera angle. An innovative approach is proposed for the representation, annotation and retrieval of visual content using a hybrid technique based upon the use of an unstructured visual word and upon a (structured) hierarchical ontology KB model. The structural model facilitates the disambiguation of unstructured visual words and a more effective classification of visual content, compared to a vector space model, through exploiting local conceptual structures and their relationships. The key contributions of this framework in using local features for image representation include: first, a method to generate visual words using the semantic local adaptive clustering (SLAC) algorithm which takes term weight and spatial locations of keypoints into account. Consequently, the semantic information is preserved. Second a technique is used to detect the domain specific ‘non-informative visual words’ which are ineffective at representing the content of visual data and degrade its categorisation ability. Third, a method to combine an ontology model with xi a visual word model to resolve synonym (visual heterogeneity) and polysemy problems, is proposed. The experimental results show that this approach can discover semantically meaningful visual content descriptions and recognise specific events, e.g., sports events, depicted in images efficiently. Since discovering the semantics of an image is an extremely challenging problem, one promising approach to enhance visual content interpretation is to use any associated textual information that accompanies an image, as a cue to predict the meaning of an image, by transforming this textual information into a structured annotation for an image e.g. using XML, RDF, OWL or MPEG-7. Although, text and image are distinct types of information representation and modality, there are some strong, invariant, implicit, connections between images and any accompanying text information. Semantic analysis of image captions can be used by image retrieval systems to retrieve selected images more precisely. To do this, a Natural Language Processing (NLP) is exploited firstly in order to extract concepts from image captions. Next, an ontology-based knowledge model is deployed in order to resolve natural language ambiguities. To deal with the accompanying text information, two methods to extract knowledge from textual information have been proposed. First, metadata can be extracted automatically from text captions and restructured with respect to a semantic model. Second, the use of LSI in relation to a domain-specific ontology-based knowledge model enables the combined framework to tolerate ambiguities and variations (incompleteness) of metadata. The use of the ontology-based knowledge model allows the system to find indirectly relevant concepts in image captions and thus leverage these to represent the semantics of images at a higher level. Experimental results show that the proposed framework significantly enhances image retrieval and leads to narrowing of the semantic gap between lower level machinederived and higher level human-understandable conceptualisation

MITRA: Robust Architecture for Distributed Metadata Indexing

In the post-exascale era storage systems, a fundamental challenge faced by the research community is the efficient and scalable access to the stored information while meeting the high-performance requirements of big data applications. In this dissertation, we studied the limitations in the existing state-of-the-art architectures and proposed a system to address the challenges of scalability and high performance. Our proposed solution, called MITRA, supports several scientific formats, i.e., Hierarchical Data Format (HDF), network Common Data Form (netCDF), and Comma-Separated Values (CSV), and is composed of several software components that work together to provide high I/O throughput to user applications. The key novelty of MITRA lies in supporting a variety of file formats, generation and indexing of metadata for scientific datasets, and optimizing data lookup time while providing scalability of storage subsystem with the increasing amount of data. MITRA generates and manages indices using a relational database which can be effectively accessed using conventional application programming interfaces (APIs). We evaluated the performance of MITRA and compare it with the traditional approaches for its ingestion speed, content processing, lookup time, and scalability for the generated indices. Our evaluation reveals that the rich metadata indices of MITRA improve system lookup by reducing the search space for the metadata that is not present in indices. Moreover, MITRA outperforms the existing approach in terms of scalability as indices grow in size by balancing the load between available hardware resources

Healthy Transportation Choices with IoT and Smart Nudging

Modern technology has provided people with ease of living but at the same time has given birth to the problems of equally modern nature. For instance, high reliance on private transportation has resulted in unintended consequences such as high level of air pollution and congestion in urban cities. Another main disadvantage that is often overlooked is related to the rise of several noncommunicable diseases that are caused due to excessive dependence on cars and lack of physical activity. This thesis is entirely dedicated to encounter serious hazards of lack of physical activity by choosing unhealthy transportation choices. The interaction between people and the computers has become ubiquitous over the span of years. People interact in digital environment for a number of reasons. From checking weather conditions to running multinational trading businesses, computer driven digital automation has taken over what has always remained a manual handiwork. Cognizant of the potency of computer driven services and its authority, we propose applying nudge theory to encourage users to choose healthy options when it comes to any type of mobility. The first step involves researching about collecting, storing and performing analysis on data from different resources and then suggesting different techniques to manipulate it in order to perform an effective nudge

‘Enhanced Encryption and Fine-Grained Authorization for Database Systems

The aim of this research is to enhance fine-grained authorization and encryption so that database systems are equipped with the controls necessary to help enterprises adhere to zero-trust security more effectively. For fine-grained authorization, this thesis has extended database systems with three new concepts: Row permissions, column masks and trusted contexts. Row permissions and column masks provide data-centric security so the security policy cannot be bypassed as with database views, for example. They also coexist in harmony with the rest of the database core tenets so that enterprises are not forced to compromise neither security nor database functionality. Trusted contexts provide applications in multitiered environments with a secure and controlled manner to propagate user identities to the database and therefore enable such applications to delegate the security policy to the database system where it is enforced more effectively. Trusted contexts also protect against application bypass so the application credentials cannot be abused to make database changes outside the scope of the application’s business logic. For encryption, this thesis has introduced a holistic database encryption solution to address the limitations of traditional database encryption methods. It too coexists in harmony with the rest of the database core tenets so that enterprises are not forced to choose between security and performance as with column encryption, for example. Lastly, row permissions, column masks, trusted contexts and holistic database encryption have all been implemented IBM DB2, where they are relied upon by thousands of organizations from around the world to protect critical data and adhere to zero-trust security more effectively

NextGen Multi-Model Databases in Semantic Big Data Architectures

When semantic big data is managed in commercial settings, with time, the need may arise to integrate and interlink records from various data sources. In this vision paper, we discuss the potential of a new generation of multi-model database systems as data backends in such settings. Discussing a specific example scenario, we show how this family of database systems allows for agile and flexible schema management. We also identify open research challenges in generating sound triple-views from data stored in interlinked models, as a basis for SPARQL querying. We then conclude with a general overview of multi-model data management systems, to provide a wider scope of the problem domain

Physical database design in document stores

Tesi en modalitat de cotutela, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya i Université libre de BruxellesNoSQL is an umbrella term used to classify alternate storage systems to the traditional Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMSs). Among these, Document stores have gained popularity mainly due to the semi-structured data storage model and the rich query capabilities. They encourage users to use a data-first approach as opposed to a design-first one. Database design on document stores is mainly carried out in a trial-and-error or ad-hoc rule-based manner instead of a formal process such as normalization in an RDBMS. However, these approaches could easily lead to a non-optimal design resulting additional costs in the long run. This PhD thesis aims to provide a novel multi-criteria-based approach to database design in document stores. Most of such existing approaches are based on optimizing query performance. However, other factors include storage requirement and complexity of the stored documents specific to each use case. There is a large solution space of alternative designs due to the different combinations of referencing and nesting of data. Thus, we believe multi-criteria optimization is ideal to solve this problem. To achieve this, we need to address several issues that will enable us to apply multi-criteria optimization for the data design problem. First, we evaluate the impact of alternate storage representations of semi-structured data. There are multiple and equivalent ways to physically represent semi-structured data, but there is a lack of evidence about the potential impact on space and query performance. Thus, we embark on the task of quantifying that precisely for document stores. We empirically compare multiple ways of representing semi-structured data, allowing us to derive a set of guidelines for efficient physical database design considering both JSON and relational options in the same palette. Then, we need a formal canonical model that can represent alternative designs. We propose a hypergraph-based approach for representing heterogeneous datastore designs. We extend and formalize an existing common programming interface to NoSQL systems as hypergraphs. We define design constraints and query transformation rules for representative data store types. Next, we propose a simple query rewriting algorithm and provide a prototype implementation together with storage statistics estimator. Next, we require a formal query cost model to estimate and evaluate query performance on alternative document store designs. Document stores use primitive approaches to query processing, such as relying on the end-user to specify the usage of indexes instead of a formal cost model. But we require a reliable approach to compare alternative designs on how they perform on a specific query. For this, we define a generic storage and query cost model based on disk access and memory allocation. As all document stores carry out data operations in memory, we first estimate the memory usage by considering the characteristics of the stored documents, their access patterns, and memory management algorithms. Then, using this estimation and metadata storage size, we introduce a cost model for random access queries. We validate our work on two well-known document store implementations. The results show that the memory usage estimates have an average precision of 91% and predicted costs are highly correlated to the actual execution times. During this work, we also managed to suggest several improvements to document stores. Finally, we implement the automated database design solution using multi-criteria optimization. We introduce an algebra of transformations that can systematically modify a design of our canonical representation. Then, using them, we implement a local search algorithm driven by a loss function that can propose near-optimal designs with high probability. We compare our prototype against an existing document store data design solution. Our proposed designs have better performance and are more compact with less redundancy.NoSQL descriu sistemes d'emmagatzematge alternatius als tradicionals de gestió de bases de dades relacionals (RDBMS). Entre aquests, els magatzems de documents han guanyat popularitat principalment a causa del model de dades semiestructurat i les riques capacitats de consulta. Animen els usuaris a utilitzar un enfocament de dades primer, en lloc d'un enfocament de disseny primer. El disseny de dades en magatzems de documents es porta a terme principalment en forma d'assaig-error o basat en regles ad-hoc en lloc d'un procés formal i sistemàtic com ara la normalització en un RDBMS. Aquest enfocament condueix fàcilment a un disseny no òptim que generarà costos addicionals a llarg termini. La majoria dels enfocaments existents es basen en l'optimització del rendiment de les consultes. Aquesta tesi pretén, en canvi, proporcionar un nou enfocament basat en diversos criteris per al disseny de bases de dades en magatzems de documents, inclouen el requisit d'espai i la complexitat dels documents emmagatzemats específics per a cada cas d'ús. En general, hi ha un gran espai de solucions de dissenys alternatives. Per tant, creiem que l'optimització multicriteri és ideal per resoldre aquest problema. Per aconseguir-ho, hem d'abordar diversos problemes que ens permetran aplicar l'optimització multicriteri. En primer, avaluem l'impacte de les representacions alternatives de dades semiestructurades. Hi ha maneres múltiples i equivalents de representar dades semiestructurades, però hi ha una manca d'evidència sobre l'impacte potencial en l'espai i el rendiment de les consultes. Així, ens embarquem en la tasca de quantificar-ho. Comparem empíricament múltiples representacions de dades semiestructurades, cosa que ens permet derivar directrius per a un disseny eficient tenint en compte les opcions dels JSON i relacionals alhora. Aleshores, necessitem un model canònic que pugui representar dissenys alternatius i proposem un enfocament basat en hipergrafs. Estenem i formalitzem una interfície de programació comuna existent als sistemes NoSQL com a hipergrafs. Definim restriccions de disseny i regles de transformació de consultes per a tipus de magatzem de dades representatius. A continuació, proposem un algorisme de reescriptura de consultes senzill i proporcionem una implementació juntament amb un estimador d'estadístiques d'emmagatzematge. Els magatzems de documents utilitzen enfocaments primitius per al processament de consultes, com ara confiar en l'usuari final per especificar l'ús d'índexs en lloc d'un model de cost. Conseqüentment, necessitem un model de cost de consulta per estimar i avaluar el rendiment en dissenys alternatius. Per això, definim un model genèric propi basat en l'accés a disc i l'assignació de memòria. Com que tots els magatzems de documents duen a terme operacions de dades a memòria, primer estimem l'ús de la memòria tenint en compte les característiques dels documents emmagatzemats, els seus patrons d'accés i els algorismes de gestió de memòria. A continuació, utilitzant aquesta estimació i la mida d'emmagatzematge de metadades, introduïm un model de costos per a consultes d'accés aleatori. Validem el nostre treball en dues implementacions conegudes. Els resultats mostren que les estimacions d'ús de memòria tenen una precisió mitjana del 91% i els costos previstos estan altament correlacionats amb els temps d'execució reals. Finalment, implementem la solució de disseny automatitzat de bases de dades mitjançant l'optimització multicriteri. Introduïm una àlgebra de transformacions que pot modificar sistemàticament un disseny en la nostra representació canònica. A continuació, utilitzant-la, implementem un algorisme de cerca local impulsat per una funció de pèrdua que pot proposar dissenys gairebé òptims amb alta probabilitat. Comparem el nostre prototip amb una solució de disseny de dades de magatzem de documents existent. Els nostres dissenys proposats tenen un millor rendiment i són més compactes, amb menys redundànciaNoSQL est un terme générique utilisé pour classer les systèmes de stockage alternatifs aux systèmes de gestion de bases de données relationnelles (SGBDR) traditionnels. Au moment de la rédaction de cet article, il existe plus de 200 systèmes NoSQL disponibles qui peuvent être classés en quatre catégories principales sur le modèle de stockage de données : magasins de valeurs-clés, magasins de documents, magasins de familles de colonnes et magasins de graphiques. Les magasins de documents ont gagné en popularité principalement en raison du modèle de stockage de données semi-structuré et des capacités de requêtes riches par rapport aux autres systèmes NoSQL, ce qui en fait un candidat idéal pour le prototypage rapide. Les magasins de documents encouragent les utilisateurs à utiliser une approche axée sur les données plutôt que sur la conception. La conception de bases de données sur les magasins de documents est principalement effectuée par essais et erreurs ou selon des règles ad hoc plutôt que par un processus formel tel que la normalisation dans un SGBDR. Cependant, ces approches pourraient facilement conduire à une conception de base de données non optimale entraînant des coûts supplémentaires de traitement des requêtes, de stockage des données et de refonte. Cette thèse de doctorat vise à fournir une nouvelle approche multicritère de la conception de bases de données dans les magasins de documents. La plupart des approches existantes de conception de bases de données sont basées sur l’optimisation des performances des requêtes. Cependant, d’autres facteurs incluent les exigences de stockage et la complexité des documents stockés spécifique à chaque cas d’utilisation. De plus, il existe un grand espace de solution de conceptions alternatives en raison des différentes combinaisons de référencement et d’imbrication des données. Par conséquent, nous pensons que l’optimisation multicritères est idéale par l’intermédiaire d’une expérience éprouvée dans la résolution de tels problèmes dans divers domaines. Cependant, pour y parvenir, nous devons résoudre plusieurs problèmes qui nous permettront d’appliquer une optimisation multicritère pour le problème de conception de données. Premièrement, nous évaluons l’impact des représentations alternatives de stockage des données semi-structurées. Il existe plusieurs manières équivalentes de représenter physiquement des données semi-structurées, mais il y a un manque de preuves concernant l’impact potentiel sur l’espace et sur les performances des requêtes. Ainsi, nous nous lançons dans la tâche de quantifier cela précisément pour les magasins de documents. Nous comparons empiriquement plusieurs façons de représenter des données semi-structurées, ce qui nous permet de dériver un ensemble de directives pour une conception de base de données physique efficace en tenant compte à la fois des options JSON et relationnelles dans la même palette. Ensuite, nous avons besoin d’un modèle canonique formel capable de représenter des conceptions alternatives. Dans cette mesure, nous proposons une approche basée sur des hypergraphes pour représenter des conceptions de magasins de données hétérogènes. Prenant une interface de programmation commune existante aux systèmes NoSQL, nous l’étendons et la formalisons sous forme d’hypergraphes. Ensuite, nous définissons les contraintes de conception et les règles de transformation des requêtes pour trois types de magasins de données représentatifs. Ensuite, nous proposons un algorithme de réécriture de requête simple à partir d’un algorithme générique dans un magasin de données sous-jacent spécifique et fournissons une implémentation prototype. De plus, nous introduisons un estimateur de statistiques de stockage sur les magasins de données sous-jacents. Enfin, nous montrons la faisabilité de notre approche sur un cas d’utilisation d’un système polyglotte existant ainsi que son utilité dans les calculs de métadonnées et de chemins de requêtes physiques. Ensuite, nous avons besoin d’un modèle de coûts de requêtes formel pour estimer et évaluer les performances des requêtes sur des conceptions alternatives de magasin de documents. Les magasins de documents utilisent des approches primitives du traitement des requêtes, telles que l’évaluation de tous les plans de requête possibles pour trouver le plan gagnant et son utilisation dans les requêtes similaires ultérieures, ou l’appui sur l’usager final pour spécifier l’utilisation des index au lieu d’un modèle de coûts formel. Cependant, nous avons besoin d’une approche fiable pour comparer deux conceptions alternatives sur la façon dont elles fonctionnent sur une requête spécifique. Pour cela, nous définissons un modèle de coûts de stockage et de requête générique basé sur l’accès au disque et l’allocation de mémoire qui permet d’estimer l’impact des décisions de conception. Étant donné que tous les magasins de documents effectuent des opérations sur les données en mémoire, nous estimons d’abord l’utilisation de la mémoire en considérant les caractéristiques des documents stockés, leurs modèles d’accès et les algorithmes de gestion de la mémoire. Ensuite, en utilisant cette estimation et la taille de stockage des métadonnées, nous introduisons un modèle de coûts pour les requêtes à accès aléatoire. Il s’agit de la première tenta ive d’une telle approche au meilleur de notre connaissance. Enfin, nous validons notre travail sur deux implémentations de magasin de documents bien connues : MongoDB et Couchbase. Les résultats démontrent que les estimations d’utilisation de la mémoire ont une précision moyenne de 91% et que les coûts prévus sont fortement corrélés aux temps d’exécution réels. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons réussi à proposer plusieurs améliorations aux systèmes de stockage de documents. Ainsi, ce modèle de coûts contribue également à identifier les discordances entre les implémentations de stockage de documents et leurs attentes théoriques. Enfin, nous implémentons la solution de conception automatisée de bases de données en utilisant l’optimisation multicritères. Tout d’abord, nous introduisons une algèbre de transformations qui peut systématiquement modifier une conception de notre représentation canonique. Ensuite, en utilisant ces transformations, nous implémentons un algorithme de recherche locale piloté par une fonction de perte qui peut proposer des conceptions quasi optimales avec une probabilité élevée. Enfin, nous comparons notre prototype à une solution de conception de données de magasin de documents existante uniquement basée sur le coût des requêtes. Nos conceptions proposées ont de meilleures performances et sont plus compactes avec moins de redondancePostprint (published version