Application of artificial intelligence techniques for automated detection of myocardial infarction: A review

Myocardial infarction (MI) results in heart muscle injury due to receiving insufficient blood flow. MI is the most common cause of mortality in middle-aged and elderly individuals around the world. To diagnose MI, clinicians need to interpret electrocardiography (ECG) signals, which requires expertise and is subject to observer bias. Artificial intelligence-based methods can be utilized to screen for or diagnose MI automatically using ECG signals. In this work, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of artificial intelligence-based approaches for MI detection based on ECG as well as other biophysical signals, including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models. The performance of traditional ML methods relies on handcrafted features and manual selection of ECG signals, whereas DL models can automate these tasks. The review observed that deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) yielded excellent classification performance for MI diagnosis, which explains why they have become prevalent in recent years. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive survey of artificial intelligence techniques employed for MI diagnosis using ECG and other biophysical signals.Comment: 16 pages, 8 figure

Feature Selection and Non-Euclidean Dimensionality Reduction: Application to Electrocardiology.

Heart disease has been the leading cause of human death for decades. To improve treatment of heart disease, algorithms to perform reliable computer diagnosis using electrocardiogram (ECG) data have become an area of active research. This thesis utilizes well-established methods from cluster analysis, classification, and localization to cluster and classify ECG data, and aims to help clinicians diagnose and treat heart diseases. The power of these methods is enhanced by state-of-the-art feature selection and dimensionality reduction. The specific contributions of this thesis are as follows. First, a unique combination of ECG feature selection and mixture model clustering is introduced to classify the sites of origin of ventricular tachycardias. Second, we apply a restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) to learn sparse representations of ECG signals and to build an enriched classifier from patient data. Third, a novel manifold learning algorithm is introduced, called Quaternion Laplacian Information Maps (QLIM), and is applied to visualize high-dimensional ECG signals. These methods are applied to design of an automated supervised classification algorithm to help a physician identify the origin of ventricular arrhythmias (VA) directed from a patient's ECG data. The algorithm is trained on a large database of ECGs and catheter positions collected during the electrophysiology (EP) pace-mapping procedures. The proposed algorithm is demonstrated to have a correct classification rate of over 80% for the difficult task of classifying VAs having epicardial or endocardial origins.PhDElectrical Engineering: SystemsUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/113303/1/dyjung_1.pd

Deep Learning in Cardiology

The medical field is creating large amount of data that physicians are unable to decipher and use efficiently. Moreover, rule-based expert systems are inefficient in solving complicated medical tasks or for creating insights using big data. Deep learning has emerged as a more accurate and effective technology in a wide range of medical problems such as diagnosis, prediction and intervention. Deep learning is a representation learning method that consists of layers that transform the data non-linearly, thus, revealing hierarchical relationships and structures. In this review we survey deep learning application papers that use structured data, signal and imaging modalities from cardiology. We discuss the advantages and limitations of applying deep learning in cardiology that also apply in medicine in general, while proposing certain directions as the most viable for clinical use.Comment: 27 pages, 2 figures, 10 table

The Application of Computer Techniques to ECG Interpretation

This book presents some of the latest available information on automated ECG analysis written by many of the leading researchers in the field. It contains a historical introduction, an outline of the latest international standards for signal processing and communications and then an exciting variety of studies on electrophysiological modelling, ECG Imaging, artificial intelligence applied to resting and ambulatory ECGs, body surface mapping, big data in ECG based prediction, enhanced reliability of patient monitoring, and atrial abnormalities on the ECG. It provides an extremely valuable contribution to the field

Electrocardiogram pattern recognition and analysis based on artificial neural networks and support vector machines: a review.

Computer systems for Electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis support the clinician in tedious tasks (e.g., Holter ECG monitored in Intensive Care Units) or in prompt detection of dangerous events (e.g., ventricular fibrillation). Together with clinical applications (arrhythmia detection and heart rate variability analysis), ECG is currently being investigated in biometrics (human identification), an emerging area receiving increasing attention. Methodologies for clinical applications can have both differences and similarities with respect to biometrics. This paper reviews methods of ECG processing from a pattern recognition perspective. In particular, we focus on features commonly used for heartbeat classification. Considering the vast literature in the field and the limited space of this review, we dedicated a detailed discussion only to a few classifiers (Artificial Neural Networks and Support Vector Machines) because of their popularity; however, other techniques such as Hidden Markov Models and Kalman Filtering will be also mentioned

P Wave Detection in Pathological ECG Signals

Důležitou součástí hodnocení elektrokardiogramu (EKG) a následné detekce srdečních patologií, zejména v dlouhodobém monitorování, je detekce vln P. Výsledky detekce vln P umožňují získat ze záznamu EKG více informací o srdeční činnosti. Podle správně detekovaných pozic vln P je možné detekovat a odlišit patologie, které současné programy používané v medicínské praxi identifikovat neumožňují (např. atrioventrikulární blok 1., 2. a 3. stupně, cestující pacemaker, Wolffův-Parkinsonův-Whiteův syndrom). Tato dizertační práce představuje novou metodu detekce vln P v záznamech EKG během fyziologické a zejména patologické srdeční činnosti. Metoda je založena na fázorové transformaci, inovativních pravidlech detekce a identifikaci možných patologií zpřesňující detekci vln P. Dalším důležitým výsledkem práce je vytvoření dvou veřejně dostupných databází záznamů EKG s obsahem patologií a anotovanými vlnami P. Dizertační práce je rozdělena na teoretickou část a soubor publikací představující příspěvek autora v oblasti detekce vlny P.Accurate software for the P wave detection, mainly in long-term monitoring, is an important part of electrocardiogram (ECG) evaluation and subsequent cardiac pathological events detection. The results of P wave detection allow us to obtain more information from the ECG records. According to the correct P wave detection, it is possible to detect and distinguish cardiac pathologies which are nowadays automatically undetectable by commonly used software in medical practice (events e.g. atrioventricular block 1st, 2nd and 3rd degree, WPW syndrome, wandering pacemaker, etc.). This thesis introduces a new method for P wave detection in ECG signals during both physiological and pathological heart function. This novel method is based on a phasor transform, innovative rules, and identification of possible pathologies that improve P wave detection. An equally important part of the work is the creation of two publicly available databases of physiological and pathological ECG records with annotated P waves. The dissertation is divided into theoretical analysis and a set of publications representing the contribution of the author in the area of P wave detection.

Combining Low-dimensional Wavelet Features and Support Vector Machine for Arrhythmia Beat Classification

Automatic feature extraction and classification are two main tasks in abnormal ECG beat recognition. Feature extraction is an important prerequisite prior to classification since it provides the classifier with input features, and the performance of classifier depends significantly on the quality of these features. This study develops an effective method to extract low-dimensional ECG beat feature vectors. It employs wavelet multi-resolution analysis to extract time-frequency domain features and then applies principle component analysis to reduce the dimension of the feature vector. In classification, 12-element feature vectors characterizing six types of beats are used as inputs for one-versus-one support vector machine, which is conducted in form of 10-fold cross validation with beat-based and record-based training schemes. Tested upon a total of 107049 beats from MIT-BIH arrhythmia database, our method has achieved average sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 99.09%, 99.82% and 99.70%, respectively, using the beat-based training scheme, and 44.40%, 88.88% and 81.47%, respectively, using the record-based training scheme

Intelligent Biosignal Analysis Methods

This book describes recent efforts in improving intelligent systems for automatic biosignal analysis. It focuses on machine learning and deep learning methods used for classification of different organism states and disorders based on biomedical signals such as EEG, ECG, HRV, and others