25 research outputs found

    Cost and Coding Efficient Motion Estimation Design Considerations for High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Standard

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    This paper focuses on motion estimation engine design in future high-efficiency video coding (HEVC) encoders. First, a methodology is explained to analyze hardware implementation cost in terms of hardware area, memory size and memory bandwidth for various possible motion estimation engine designs. For 11 different configurations, hardware cost as well as the coding efficiency are quantified and are compared through a graphical analysis to make design decisions. It has been shown that using smaller block sizes (e.g. 4 × 4) imposes significantly larger hardware requirements at the expense of modest improvements in coding efficiency. Secondly, based on the analysis on various configurations, one configuration is chosen and algorithm improvements are presented to further reduce hardware implementation cost of the selected configuration. Overall, the proposed changes provide 56 × on-chip bandwidth, 151 × off-chip bandwidth, 4.3 × core area and 4.5 × on-chip memory area savings when compared to the hardware implementation of the HM-3.0 design.Texas Instruments Incorporate

    Approximate and timing-speculative hardware design for high-performance and energy-efficient video processing

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    Since the end of transistor scaling in 2-D appeared on the horizon, innovative circuit design paradigms have been on the rise to go beyond the well-established and ultraconservative exact computing. Many compute-intensive applications – such as video processing – exhibit an intrinsic error resilience and do not necessarily require perfect accuracy in their numerical operations. Approximate computing (AxC) is emerging as a design alternative to improve the performance and energy-efficiency requirements for many applications by trading its intrinsic error tolerance with algorithm and circuit efficiency. Exact computing also imposes a worst-case timing to the conventional design of hardware accelerators to ensure reliability, leading to an efficiency loss. Conversely, the timing-speculative (TS) hardware design paradigm allows increasing the frequency or decreasing the voltage beyond the limits determined by static timing analysis (STA), thereby narrowing pessimistic safety margins that conventional design methods implement to prevent hardware timing errors. Timing errors should be evaluated by an accurate gate-level simulation, but a significant gap remains: How these timing errors propagate from the underlying hardware all the way up to the entire algorithm behavior, where they just may degrade the performance and quality of service of the application at stake? This thesis tackles this issue by developing and demonstrating a cross-layer framework capable of performing investigations of both AxC (i.e., from approximate arithmetic operators, approximate synthesis, gate-level pruning) and TS hardware design (i.e., from voltage over-scaling, frequency over-clocking, temperature rising, and device aging). The cross-layer framework can simulate both timing errors and logic errors at the gate-level by crossing them dynamically, linking the hardware result with the algorithm-level, and vice versa during the evolution of the application’s runtime. Existing frameworks perform investigations of AxC and TS techniques at circuit-level (i.e., at the output of the accelerator) agnostic to the ultimate impact at the application level (i.e., where the impact is truly manifested), leading to less optimization. Unlike state of the art, the framework proposed offers a holistic approach to assessing the tradeoff of AxC and TS techniques at the application-level. This framework maximizes energy efficiency and performance by identifying the maximum approximation levels at the application level to fulfill the required good enough quality. This thesis evaluates the framework with an 8-way SAD (Sum of Absolute Differences) hardware accelerator operating into an HEVC encoder as a case study. Application-level results showed that the SAD based on the approximate adders achieve savings of up to 45% of energy/operation with an increase of only 1.9% in BD-BR. On the other hand, VOS (Voltage Over-Scaling) applied to the SAD generates savings of up to 16.5% in energy/operation with around 6% of increase in BD-BR. The framework also reveals that the boost of about 6.96% (at 50°) to 17.41% (at 75° with 10- Y aging) in the maximum clock frequency achieved with TS hardware design is totally lost by the processing overhead from 8.06% to 46.96% when choosing an unreliable algorithm to the blocking match algorithm (BMA). We also show that the overhead can be avoided by adopting a reliable BMA. This thesis also shows approximate DTT (Discrete Tchebichef Transform) hardware proposals by exploring a transform matrix approximation, truncation and pruning. The results show that the approximate DTT hardware proposal increases the maximum frequency up to 64%, minimizes the circuit area in up to 43.6%, and saves up to 65.4% in power dissipation. The DTT proposal mapped for FPGA shows an increase of up to 58.9% on the maximum frequency and savings of about 28.7% and 32.2% on slices and dynamic power, respectively compared with stat

    Low-power and application-specific SRAM design for energy-efficient motion estimation

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    Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (p. 181-189).Video content is expected to account for 70% of total mobile data traffic in 2015. High efficiency video coding, in this context, is crucial for lowering the transmission and storage costs for portable electronics. However, modern video coding standards impose a large hardware complexity. Hence, energy-efficiency of these hardware blocks is becoming more critical than ever before for mobile devices. SRAMs are critical components in almost all SoCs affecting the overall energy-efficiency. This thesis focuses on algorithm and architecture development as well as low-power and application-specific SRAM design targeting motion estimation. First, a motion estimation design is considered for the next generation video standard, HEVC. Hardware cost and coding efficiency trade-offs are quantified and an optimum design choice between hardware complexity and coding efficiency is proposed. Hardware-efficient search algorithm, shared search range across CU engines and pixel pre-fetching algorithms provide 4.3x area, 56x on-chip bandwidth and 151 x off-chip bandwidth reduction. Second, a highly-parallel motion estimation design targeting ultra-low voltage operation and supporting AVC/H.264 and VC-1 standards are considered. Hardware reconfigurability along with frame and macro-block parallel processing are implemented for this engine to maximize hardware sharing between multiple standards and to meet throughput constraints. Third, in the context of low-power SRAMs, a 6T and an 8T SRAM are designed in 28nm and 45nm CMOS technologies targeting low voltage operation. The 6T design achieves operation down to 0.6V and the 8T design achieves operation down to 0.5V providing ~ 2.8x and ~ 4.8x reduction in energy/access respectively. Finally, an application-specific SRAM design targeted for motion estimation is developed. Utilizing the correlation of pixel data to reduce bit-line switching activity, this SRAM achieves up to 1.9x energy savings compared to a similar conventional 8T design. These savings demonstrate that application-specific SRAM design can introduce a new dimension and can be combined with voltage scaling to maximize energy-efficiency.by Mahmut Ersin Sinangil.Ph.D

    A Novel Parallel Hardware Architecture for Inter Motion Estimation in HEVC

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    High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard, generated by ITU, can provide compression ratio twice more than current H.264/ MPEG-4. To date, only a few hardware have been implementated for Integer Motion Estimation (IME) to date. In this paper, a parallel hardware architecture for IME in HEVC encoder is proposed. This design uses Rot-WDiamond (RWD) algorithm to reduce computational load and parallelism to improve processing speed. Therefore, this design can reach 4K (4096×2160) video in real time at 60 frames per second (fps) and achieve the frequency of 125MHz

    Algoritmo de estimação de movimento e sua arquitetura de hardware para HEVC

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    Doutoramento em Engenharia EletrotécnicaVideo coding has been used in applications like video surveillance, video conferencing, video streaming, video broadcasting and video storage. In a typical video coding standard, many algorithms are combined to compress a video. However, one of those algorithms, the motion estimation is the most complex task. Hence, it is necessary to implement this task in real time by using appropriate VLSI architectures. This thesis proposes a new fast motion estimation algorithm and its implementation in real time. The results show that the proposed algorithm and its motion estimation hardware architecture out performs the state of the art. The proposed architecture operates at a maximum operating frequency of 241.6 MHz and is able to process 1080p@60Hz with all possible variables block sizes specified in HEVC standard as well as with motion vector search range of up to ±64 pixels.A codificação de vídeo tem sido usada em aplicações tais como, vídeovigilância, vídeo-conferência, video streaming e armazenamento de vídeo. Numa norma de codificação de vídeo, diversos algoritmos são combinados para comprimir o vídeo. Contudo, um desses algoritmos, a estimação de movimento é a tarefa mais complexa. Por isso, é necessário implementar esta tarefa em tempo real usando arquiteturas de hardware apropriadas. Esta tese propõe um algoritmo de estimação de movimento rápido bem como a sua implementação em tempo real. Os resultados mostram que o algoritmo e a arquitetura de hardware propostos têm melhor desempenho que os existentes. A arquitetura proposta opera a uma frequência máxima de 241.6 MHz e é capaz de processar imagens de resolução 1080p@60Hz, com todos os tamanhos de blocos especificados na norma HEVC, bem como um domínio de pesquisa de vetores de movimento até ±64 pixels

    Feasibility Study of High-Level Synthesis : Implementation of a Real-Time HEVC Intra Encoder on FPGA

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    High-Level Synthesis (HLS) on automatisoitu suunnitteluprosessi, joka pyrkii parantamaan tuottavuutta perinteisiin suunnittelumenetelmiin verrattuna, nostamalla suunnittelun abstraktiota rekisterisiirtotasolta (RTL) käyttäytymistasolle. Erilaisia kaupallisia HLS-työkaluja on ollut markkinoilla aina 1990-luvulta lähtien, mutta vasta äskettäin ne ovat alkaneet saada hyväksyntää teollisuudessa sekä akateemisessa maailmassa. Hidas käyttöönottoaste on johtunut pääasiassa huonommasta tulosten laadusta (QoR) kuin mitä on ollut mahdollista tavanomaisilla laitteistokuvauskielillä (HDL). Uusimmat HLS-työkalusukupolvet ovat kuitenkin kaventaneet QoR-aukkoa huomattavasti. Tämä väitöskirja tutkii HLS:n soveltuvuutta videokoodekkien kehittämiseen. Se esittelee useita HLS-toteutuksia High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) -koodaukselle, joka on keskeinen mahdollistava tekniikka lukuisille nykyaikaisille mediasovelluksille. HEVC kaksinkertaistaa koodaustehokkuuden edeltäjäänsä Advanced Video Coding (AVC) -standardiin verrattuna, saavuttaen silti saman subjektiivisen visuaalisen laadun. Tämä tyypillisesti saavutetaan huomattavalla laskennallisella lisäkustannuksella. Siksi reaaliaikainen HEVC vaatii automatisoituja suunnittelumenetelmiä, joita voidaan käyttää rautatoteutus- (HW ) ja varmennustyön minimoimiseen. Tässä väitöskirjassa ehdotetaan HLS:n käyttöä koko enkooderin suunnitteluprosessissa. Dataintensiivisistä koodaustyökaluista, kuten intra-ennustus ja diskreetit muunnokset, myös enemmän kontrollia vaativiin kokonaisuuksiin, kuten entropiakoodaukseen. Avoimen lähdekoodin Kvazaar HEVC -enkooderin C-lähdekoodia hyödynnetään tässä työssä referenssinä HLS-suunnittelulle sekä toteutuksen varmentamisessa. Suorituskykytulokset saadaan ja raportoidaan ohjelmoitavalla porttimatriisilla (FPGA). Tämän väitöskirjan tärkein tuotos on HEVC intra enkooderin prototyyppi. Prototyyppi koostuu Nokia AirFrame Cloud Server palvelimesta, varustettuna kahdella 2.4 GHz:n 14-ytiminen Intel Xeon prosessorilla, sekä kahdesta Intel Arria 10 GX FPGA kiihdytinkortista, jotka voidaan kytkeä serveriin käyttäen joko peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe) liitäntää tai 40 gigabitin Ethernettiä. Prototyyppijärjestelmä saavuttaa reaaliaikaisen 4K enkoodausnopeuden, jopa 120 kuvaa sekunnissa. Lisäksi järjestelmän suorituskykyä on helppo skaalata paremmaksi lisäämällä järjestelmään käytännössä minkä tahansa määrän verkkoon kytkettäviä FPGA-kortteja. Monimutkaisen HEVC:n tehokas mallinnus ja sen monipuolisten ominaisuuksien mukauttaminen reaaliaikaiselle HW HEVC enkooderille ei ole triviaali tehtävä, koska HW-toteutukset ovat perinteisesti erittäin aikaa vieviä. Tämä väitöskirja osoittaa, että HLS:n avulla pystytään nopeuttamaan kehitysaikaa, tarjoamaan ennen näkemätöntä suunnittelun skaalautuvuutta, ja silti osoittamaan kilpailukykyisiä QoR-arvoja ja absoluuttista suorituskykyä verrattuna olemassa oleviin toteutuksiin.High-Level Synthesis (HLS) is an automated design process that seeks to improve productivity over traditional design methods by increasing design abstraction from register transfer level (RTL) to behavioural level. Various commercial HLS tools have been available on the market since the 1990s, but only recently they have started to gain adoption across industry and academia. The slow adoption rate has mainly stemmed from lower quality of results (QoR) than obtained with conventional hardware description languages (HDLs). However, the latest HLS tool generations have substantially narrowed the QoR gap. This thesis studies the feasibility of HLS in video codec development. It introduces several HLS implementations for High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) , that is the key enabling technology for numerous modern media applications. HEVC doubles the coding efficiency over its predecessor Advanced Video Coding (AVC) standard for the same subjective visual quality, but typically at the cost of considerably higher computational complexity. Therefore, real-time HEVC calls for automated design methodologies that can be used to minimize the HW implementation and verification effort. This thesis proposes to use HLS throughout the whole encoder design process. From data-intensive coding tools, like intra prediction and discrete transforms, to more control-oriented tools, such as entropy coding. The C source code of the open-source Kvazaar HEVC encoder serves as a design entry point for the HLS flow, and it is also utilized in design verification. The performance results are gathered with and reported for field programmable gate array (FPGA) . The main contribution of this thesis is an HEVC intra encoder prototype that is built on a Nokia AirFrame Cloud Server equipped with 2.4 GHz dual 14-core Intel Xeon processors and two Intel Arria 10 GX FPGA Development Kits, that can be connected to the server via peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe) generation 3 or 40 Gigabit Ethernet. The proof-of-concept system achieves real-time. 4K coding speed up to 120 fps, which can be further scaled up by adding practically any number of network-connected FPGA cards. Overcoming the complexity of HEVC and customizing its rich features for a real-time HEVC encoder implementation on hardware is not a trivial task, as hardware development has traditionally turned out to be very time-consuming. This thesis shows that HLS is able to boost the development time, provide previously unseen design scalability, and still result in competitive performance and QoR over state-of-the-art hardware implementations

    Hardware based High Accuracy Integer Motion Estimation and Merge Mode Estimation

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    학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 공과대학 전기·컴퓨터공학부, 2017. 8. 이혁재.HEVC는 H.264/AVC 대비 2배의 뛰어난 압축 효율을 가지지만, 많은 압축 기술이 사용됨으로써, 인코더 측의 계산 복잡도를 크게 증가시켰다. HEVC의 높은 계산 복잡도를 줄이기 위한 많은 연구들이 이루어졌지만, 대부분의 연구들은 H.264/AVC를 위한 계산 복잡도 감소 방법을 확장 적용하는 데에 그쳐, 만족스럽지 않은 계산 복잡도 감소 성능을 보이거나, 지나치게 큰 압축 효율 손실을 동반하여 HEVC의 최대 압축 성능을 끌어내지 못했다. 특히 앞서 연구된 하드웨어 기반의 인코더는 실시간 인코더의 실현이 우선되어 압축 효율의 희생이 매우 크다. 그러므로, 본 연구에서는 하드웨어 기반 Inter prediction의 고속화를 이룸과 동시에 HEVC가 가진 압축 성능의 손실을 최소화하고, 실시간 코딩이 가능한 하드웨어 구조를 제안하였다. 본 연구에서 제안한 bottom-up MV 예측 방법은 기존의 공간적, 시간적으로 인접한 PU로부터 MV를 예측하는 방법이 아닌, HEVC의 계층적으로 인접한 PU로부터 MV를 예측하는 방법을 제안하여 MV 예측의 정확도를 큰 폭으로 향상시켰다. 결과적으로 압축 효율의 변화 없이 IME의 계산 복잡도를 67% 감소시킬 수 있었다. 또한, 본 연구에서는 제안된 bottom-up IME 알고리즘을 적용하여 실시간 동작이 가능한 하드웨어 기반의 IME를 제안하였다. 기존의 하드웨어 기반 IME는 고속 IME 알고리즘이 갖는 단계별 의존성으로 인한 idle cycle의 발생과 참조 데이터 접근 문제로 인해, 고속 IME 알고리즘을 사용하지 않거나 또는 하드웨어에 맞게 고속 IME 알고리즘을 수정하였기 때문에 압축 효율의 저하가 수 퍼센트 이상으로 매우 컸다. 그러나 본 연구에서는 고속 IME 알고리즘인 TZS 알고리즘을 채택하여 TZS 알고리즘의 계산 복잡도 감소 성능을 훼손하지 않는 하드웨어 기반의 IME를 제안하였다. 고속 IME 알고리즘을 하드웨어에서 사용하기 위해서 다음 세 가지 사항을 제안하고 하드웨어에 적용하였다. 첫 째로, 고속 IME 알고리즘의 고질적 문제인 idle cycle 발생 문제를 서로 다른 참조 픽쳐와 서로 다른 depth에 대한 IME를 컨텍스트 스위칭을 통해 해결하였다. 둘 째로, 참조 데이터로의 빠르고 자유로운 접근을 위해 참조 데이터의 locality 이용한 multi bank SRAM 구조를 제안하였다. 셋 째로, 지나치게 자유로운 참조 데이터 접근이 발생시키는 대량의 스위칭 mux의 사용을 피하기 위해 탐색 중심을 기준으로 하는 제한된 자유도의 참조 데이터 접근을 제안하였다. 결과 제안된 IME 하드웨어는 HEVC의 모든 블록 크기를 지원하면서, 참조 픽처 4장를 사용하여, 4k UHD 영상을 60fps의 속도로 처리할 수 있으며 이 때 압축 효율의 손실은 0.11%로 거의 나타나지 않는다. 이 때 사용되는 하드웨어 리소스는 1.27M gates이다. HEVC에 새로이 채택된 merge mode estimation은 압축 효율 개선 효과가 뛰어난 새로운 기술이지만, 매 PU 마다 계산 복잡도의 변동 폭이 커서 하드웨어로 구현되는 경우 하드웨어 리소스의 낭비가 많다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 효율적인 하드웨어 기반 MME 방법과 하드웨어 구조를 함께 제안하였다. 기존 MME 방식은 이웃 PU에 의해 보간 필터 적용 여부가 결정되기 때문에, 보간 필터의 사용률은 50% 이하를 나타낸다. 그럼에도 불구하고 하드웨어는 보간 필터를 사용하는 경우에 맞추어 설계되어왔기 때문에 하드웨어 리소스의 사용 효율이 낮았다. 본 연구에서는 가장 하드웨어 리소스를 많이 사용하는 세로 방향 보간 필터를 절반 크기로 줄인 두 개의 데이터 패스를 갖는 MME 하드웨어 구조를 제안하였고, 높은 하드웨어 사용률을 유지하면서 압축 효율 손실을 최소화 하는 merge 후보 할당 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 결과, 기존 하드웨어 기반 MME 보다 24% 적은 하드웨어 리소스를 사용하면서도 7.4% 더 빠른 수행 시간을 갖는 새로운 하드웨어 기반의 MME를 달성하였다. 제안된 하드웨어 기반의 MME는 460.8K gates의 하드웨어 리소스를 사용하고 4k UHD 영상을 30 fps의 속도로 처리할 수 있다.제 1 장 서 론 1 1.1 연구 배경 1 1.2 연구 내용 3 1.3 공통 실험 환경 5 1.4 논문 구성 6 제 2 장 관련 연구 7 2.1 HEVC 표준 7 2.1.1 쿼드-트리 기반의 계층적 블록 구조 7 2.1.2 HEVC 의 Inter Prediction 9 2.2 화면 간 예측의 속도 향상을 위한 이전 연구 17 2.2.1 고속 Integer Motion Estimation 알고리즘 17 2.2.2 고속 Merge Mode Estimation 알고리즘 20 2.3 화면 간 예측 하드웨어 구조에 대한 이전 연구 21 2.3.1 하드웨어 기반 Integer Motion Estimation 연구 21 2.3.2 하드웨어 기반 Merge Mode Estimation 연구 25 제 3 장 Bottom-up Integer Motion Estimation 26 3.1 서로 다른 계층 간의 Motion Vector 관계 관찰 26 3.1.1 서로 다른 계층 간의 Motion Vector 관계 분석 26 3.1.2 Top-down 및 Bottom-up 방향의 Motion Vector 관계 분석 30 3.2 Bottom-up Motion Vector Prediction 33 3.3 Bottom-up Integer Motion Estimation 37 3.3.1 Bottom-up Integer Motion Estimation - Single MVP 37 3.3.2 Bottom-up Integer Motion Estimation - Multiple MVP 38 3.4 실험 결과 40 제 4 장 하드웨어 기반 Integer Motion Estimation 46 4.1 Bottom-up Integer Motion Estimation의 하드웨어 적용 46 4.2 하드웨어를 위한 수정된 Test Zone Search 47 4.2.1 SAD-tree를 활용한 CU 내 PU의 병렬 처리 47 4.2.2 Grid 기반의 Sampled Raster Search 53 4.2.3 서로 다른 PU 간의 중복 연산 제거 55 4.3 Idle cycle이 감소된 5-stage 파이프라인 스케줄 56 4.3.1 파이프라인 스테이지 별 동작 56 4.3.2 Test Zone Search의 의존성으로 인한 Idle cycle 도입 58 4.3.3 컨텍스트 스위칭을 통한 Idle cycle 감소 60 4.4 고속 동작을 위한 참조 데이터 공급 방법 63 4.4.1 참조 데이터 접근 패턴 및 접근 지연 발생 시 문제점 63 4.4.2 Search Points의 Locality를 활용한 참조 데이터 접근 64 4.4.3 단일 cycle 참조 데이터 접근을 위한 Multi Bank 메모리 구조 66 4.4.4 참조 데이터 접근의 자유도 제어를 통한 스위칭 복잡도 저감 방법 68 4.5 하드웨어 구조 72 4.5.1 전체 하드웨어 구조 72 4.5.2 하드웨어 세부 스케줄 78 4.6 하드웨어 구현 결과 및 실험 결과 82 4.6.1 하드웨어 구현 결과 82 4.6.2 수행 시간 및 압축 효율 84 4.6.3 제안 방법 적용 단계 별 성능 변화 88 4.6.4 이전 연구와의 비교 91 제 5 장 하드웨어 기반 Merge Mode Estimation 96 5.1 기존 Merge Mode Estimation의 하드웨어 관점에서의 고찰 96 5.1.1 기존 Merge Mode Estimation 96 5.1.2 기존 Merge Mode Estimation 하드웨어 구조 및 분석 98 5.1.3 기존 Merge Mode Estimation의 하드웨어 사용률 저하 문제 100 5.2 연산량 변동폭을 감소시킨 새로운 Merge Mode Estimation 103 5.3 새로운 Merge Mode Estimation의 하드웨어 구현 106 5.3.1 후보 타입 별 독립적 path를 갖는 하드웨어 구조 106 5.3.2 하드웨어 사용률을 높이기 위한 적응적 후보 할당 방법 109 5.3.3 적응적 후보 할당 방법을 적용한 하드웨어 스케줄 111 5.4 실험 결과 및 하드웨어 구현 결과 114 5.4.1 수행 시간 및 압축 효율 변화 114 5.4.2 하드웨어 구현 결과 116 제 6 장 Overall Inter Prediction 117 6.1 CTU 단위의 3-stage 파이프라인 Inter Prediction 117 6.2 Two-way Encoding Order 119 6.2.1 Top-down 인코딩 순서와 Bottom-up 인코딩 순서 119 6.2.2 기존 고속 알고리즘과 호환되는 Two-way Encoding Order 120 6.2.3 기존 고속 알고리즘과 결합 및 비교 실험 결과 123 제 7 장 Next Generation Video Coding으로의 확장 127 7.1 Bottom-up Motion Vector Prediction의 확장 127 7.2 Bottom-up Integer Motion Estimation의 확장 130 제 8 장 결 론 132Docto

    The Effective Transmission and Processing of Mobile Multimedia

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    Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

    Efficient real-time video delivery in vehicular networks

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    Tesis por compendio[EN] Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) are a special type of networks where the nodes involved in the communication are vehicles. VANETs are created when several vehicles connect among themselves without the use of any infrastructure. In certain situations the absence of infrastructure is an advantage, but it also creates several challenges that should be overcome. One of the main problems related with the absence of infrastructure is the lack of a coordinator that can ensure a certain level of quality in order to enable the correct transmission of video and audio. Video transmission can be extremely useful in this type of networks as it can be used for videoconferencing of by traffic authorities to monitor the scene of an accident. In this thesis we focused on real time video transmission, providing solutions for both unicast and multicast environments. Specifically, we built a real-world testbed scenario and made a comparison with simulation results to validate the behavior of the simulation models. Using that testbed we implemented and improved DACME, an admission control module able to provide Quality of Service (QoS) to unicast video transmissions. DACME proved to be a valid solution to obtain a certain level of QoS in multi-hop environments. Concerning multicast video transmission, we developed and simulated several flooding schemes, focusing specifically on VANET environments. In this scope, the main contribution of this thesis is the Automatic Copies Distance Based (ACDB) flooding scheme. Thanks to the use of the perceived vehicular density, ACDB is a zeroconf scheme able to achieve good video quality in both urban and highway environments, being specially effective in highway environments.[ES] Las redes vehiculares ad-hoc (VANET) son un tipo especial de redes en las que los nodos que participan de la comunicación son vehículos. Las VANETs se crean cuando diversos vehículos se conectan entre ellos sin el uso de ninguna infraestructura. En determinadas situaciones, la ausencia de infraestructura es una ventaja, pero también crea una gran cantidad de desafíos que se deben superar. Uno de los principales problemas relacionados con la ausencia de infraestructura, es la ausencia de un coordinador que pueda asegurar un determinado nivel de calidad, para poder asegurar la correcta transmisión de audio y vídeo. La transmisión de vídeo puede ser de extrema utilidad en este tipo de redes ya que puede ser empleada para videoconferencias o por las autoridades de tráfico para monitorizar el estado de un accidente. En esta tesis nos centramos en la transmisión de vídeo en tiempo real, proveyendo soluciones tanto para entornos unicast como multicast. En particular construimos un banco de pruebas real y comparamos los resultados obtenidos con resultados obtenidos en un entorno simulado para comprobar la fiabilidad de estos modelos. Usando el mismo banco de pruebas, implementamos y mejoramos DACME, un módulo de control de admisión capaz de proveer de calidad de servicio a transmisiones de vídeo unicast. DACME probó ser una solución válida para obtener ciertos niveles de calidad de servicio en entornos multisalto. En lo referente a la transmisión de vídeo multicast, desarrollamos y simulamos diversos esquemas de difusión diseñados específicamente para entornos VANET. En este campo, la principal contribución de esta tesis es el esquema de difusión "Automatic Copies Distance Based" (ACDB). Gracias al uso de la densidad vehicular percibida, ACDB es un esquema, que sin necesidad de configuración, permite alcanzar una buena calidad de vídeo tanto en entornos urbanos como en autopistas, siendo especialmente efectivo en este último entorno.[CA] Les xarxes vehiculars ad-hoc (VANET) son un tipus de xarxes especials a les que els diferents nodes que formen part d'una comunicació son vehicles. Les VANETs es formen quan diversos vehicles es connecten sense fer ús de cap infraestructura. A certes situacions l'absència d'una infraestructura suposa un avantatge, encara que també genera una gran quantitat de desafiaments que s'han de superar. U dels principals problemes relacionats amb l'absència d'infraestructura, és la manca d'un coordinador que puga garantir una correcta transmissió tant de video com d'àudio. La transmissió de video pot ser d'extrema utilitat a aquest tipus de xarxes, ja que es por emprar tant per a videoconferències com per part de les autoritats de trànsit per monitoritzar l'estat d'un accident. A aquesta tesi ens centrem en transmissió de video en temps real, proporcionant solucions tant a entorns unicast como a entorns multicast. Particularment, vam construir un banc de proves i obtinguérem resultats que comparàrem amb resultats obtinguts mitjançant simulació. D'aquesta manera validarem la fiabilitat dels resultats simulats. Fent ús del mateix banc de proves, vàrem implementar i millorar DACME, un mòdul de control d'admissió, capaç de proveir de qualitat de servici a transmissions de video unicast. DACME va provar ser una bona solució per obtindré un bon nivell de qualitat de servici en entorns de xarxes ad-hoc amb diversos salts. Si ens centrem a la transmissió de video multicast, vàrem implementar i simular diferents esquemes de difusió, específicament dissenyats per al seu ús a entorns VANET. La principal contribució d'aquesta tesi es l'esquema de difusió ACDB (Automatic Copies Distance Based). Fent ús de la densitat vehicular, ACDB es capaç d'obtindre una bona qualitat de video tant a ciutats com a vies interurbanes, sent a especialment efectiu a aquestes últimes. A més a més no es necessària cap configuració per part de l'usuari.Torres Cortés, Á. (2016). Efficient real-time video delivery in vehicular networks [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62685TESISCompendi
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