800 research outputs found
Multi-Layer Cyber-Physical Security and Resilience for Smart Grid
The smart grid is a large-scale complex system that integrates communication
technologies with the physical layer operation of the energy systems. Security
and resilience mechanisms by design are important to provide guarantee
operations for the system. This chapter provides a layered perspective of the
smart grid security and discusses game and decision theory as a tool to model
the interactions among system components and the interaction between attackers
and the system. We discuss game-theoretic applications and challenges in the
design of cross-layer robust and resilient controller, secure network routing
protocol at the data communication and networking layers, and the challenges of
the information security at the management layer of the grid. The chapter will
discuss the future directions of using game-theoretic tools in addressing
multi-layer security issues in the smart grid.Comment: 16 page
Cyber-Physical Power System (CPPS): A Review on Modelling, Simulation, and Analysis with Cyber Security Applications
Cyber-Physical System (CPS) is a new kind of digital technology that increases its attention across academia, government, and industry sectors and covers a wide range of applications like agriculture, energy, medical, transportation, etc. The traditional power systems with physical equipment as a core element are more integrated with information and communication technology, which evolves into the Cyber-Physical Power System (CPPS). The CPPS consists of a physical system tightly integrated with cyber systems (control, computing, and communication functions) and allows the two-way flows of electricity and information for enabling smart grid technologies. Even though the digital technologies monitoring and controlling the electric power grid more efficiently and reliably, the power grid is vulnerable to cybersecurity risk and involves the complex interdependency between cyber and physical systems. Analyzing and resolving the problems in CPPS needs the modelling methods and systematic investigation of a complex interaction between cyber and physical systems. The conventional way of modelling, simulation, and analysis involves the separation of physical domain and cyber domain, which is not suitable for the modern CPPS. Therefore, an integrated framework needed to analyze the practical scenario of the unification of physical and cyber systems. A comprehensive review of different modelling, simulation, and analysis methods and different types of cyber-attacks, cybersecurity measures for modern CPPS is explored in this paper. A review of different types of cyber-attack detection and mitigation control schemes for the practical power system is presented in this paper. The status of the research in CPPS around the world and a new path for recommendations and research directions for the researchers working in the CPPS are finally presented.publishedVersio
Security Aspects of Internet of Things aided Smart Grids: a Bibliometric Survey
The integration of sensors and communication technology in power systems,
known as the smart grid, is an emerging topic in science and technology. One of
the critical issues in the smart grid is its increased vulnerability to cyber
threats. As such, various types of threats and defense mechanisms are proposed
in literature. This paper offers a bibliometric survey of research papers
focused on the security aspects of Internet of Things (IoT) aided smart grids.
To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the very first bibliometric
survey paper in this specific field. A bibliometric analysis of all journal
articles is performed and the findings are sorted by dates, authorship, and key
concepts. Furthermore, this paper also summarizes the types of cyber threats
facing the smart grid, the various security mechanisms proposed in literature,
as well as the research gaps in the field of smart grid security.Comment: The paper is published in Elsevier's Internet of Things journal. 25
pages + 20 pages of reference
State of the art of cyber-physical systems security: An automatic control perspective
Cyber-physical systems are integrations of computation, networking, and physical processes. Due to the tight cyber-physical coupling and to the potentially disrupting consequences of failures, security here is one of the primary concerns. Our systematic mapping study sheds light on how security is actually addressed when dealing with cyber-physical systems from an automatic control perspective. The provided map of 138 selected studies is defined empirically and is based on, for instance, application fields, various system components, related algorithms and models, attacks characteristics and defense strategies. It presents a powerful comparison framework for existing and future research on this hot topic, important for both industry and academia
Reinforcement Learning and Game Theory for Smart Grid Security
This dissertation focuses on one of the most critical and complicated challenges facing electric power transmission and distribution systems which is their vulnerability against failure and attacks. Large scale power outages in Australia (2016), Ukraine (2015), India (2013), Nigeria (2018), and the United States (2011, 2003) have demonstrated the vulnerability of power grids to cyber and physical attacks and failures. These incidents clearly indicate the necessity of extensive research efforts to protect the power system from external intrusion and to reduce the damages from post-attack effects. We analyze the vulnerability of smart power grids to cyber and physical attacks and failures, design different gametheoretic approaches to identify the critical components vulnerable to attack and propose their associated defense strategy, and utilizes machine learning techniques to solve the game-theoretic problems in adversarial and collaborative adversarial power grid environment. Our contributions can be divided into three major parts:Vulnerability identification: Power grid outages have disastrous impacts on almost every aspect of modern life. Despite their inevitability, the effects of failures on power grids’ performance can be limited if the system operator can predict and identify the vulnerable elements of power grids. To enable these capabilities we study machine learning algorithms to identify critical power system elements adopting a cascaded failure simulator as a threat and attack model. We use generation loss, time to reach a certain percentage of line outage/generation loss, number of line outages, etc. as evaluation metrics to evaluate the consequences of threat and attacks on the smart power grid.Adversarial gaming in power system: With the advancement of the technologies, the smart attackers are deploying different techniques to supersede the existing protection scheme. In order to defend the power grid from these smart attackers, we introduce an adversarial gaming environment using machine learning techniques which is capable of replicating the complex interaction between the attacker and the power system operators. The numerical results show that a learned defender successfully narrows down the attackers’ attack window and reduce damages. The results also show that considering some crucial factors, the players can independently execute actions without detailed information about each other.Deep learning for adversarial gaming: The learning and gaming techniques to identify vulnerable components in the power grid become computationally expensive for large scale power systems. The power system operator needs to have the advanced skills to deal with the large dimensionality of the problem. In order to aid the power system operator in finding and analyzing vulnerability for large scale power systems, we study a deep learning technique for adversary game which is capable of dealing with high dimensional power system state space with less computational time and increased computational efficiency. Overall, the results provided in this dissertation advance power grids’ resilience and security by providing a better understanding of the systems’ vulnerability and by developing efficient algorithms to identify vulnerable components and appropriate defensive strategies to reduce the damages of the attack
Cyber Switching Attacks on Smart Grids
As we live in smart grid revolution, the conventional power systems turn into a fast pace toward smart grids, this transition creates new and significant challenges on the electrical network security level; In addition to the important features of the smart grids, cyber security transpire to be a serious issue due to connecting all the loads, generation units, renewable resources, substations and switches via communication network. Cyber-physical attacks are classified as the major threatening of smart grids security, this attacks may lead to a many severe repercussions in the smart grid such as large blackout and destruction of infrastructures. Switching attack is one of the most serious cyber-physical attacks on smart grids because it is direct, fast, and effective in destabilizing the grids. We start the thesis by introducing a state-of-the-art on cyber attacks from the power layer point of view i.e. the cyber attacks that affect the smart grid stability and what are the power system based solutions have been done so far to prevent or reduce the cyber attacks severity .As we focus on cyber switching attack and the method of preventing it, firstly a study on the attack principles and effects is introduced, we construct the attack on a single machine connected to an infinite bus through a transmission line. The attack on the target generator implemented by modeling the system using swing equation on Matlab platform, then we verified the result by implementing the same attack on Simulink Platform. Finally we present a novel solution to mitigate such type of attacks by using Thyristor-Controlled Braking Resistor (TCBR).The suggested solution is able to recapture the machine stability directly after the attack
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