6,157 research outputs found
Smart Grid Technologies in Europe: An Overview
The old electricity network infrastructure has proven to be inadequate, with respect to modern challenges such as alternative energy sources, electricity demand and energy saving policies. Moreover, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) seem to have reached an adequate level of reliability and flexibility in order to support a new concept of electricity networkāthe smart grid. In this work, we will analyse the state-of-the-art of smart grids, in their technical, management, security, and optimization aspects. We will also provide a brief overview of the regulatory aspects involved in the development of a smart grid, mainly from the viewpoint of the European Unio
Integrating Energy Storage into the Smart Grid: A Prospect Theoretic Approach
In this paper, the interactions and energy exchange decisions of a number of
geographically distributed storage units are studied under decision-making
involving end-users. In particular, a noncooperative game is formulated between
customer-owned storage units where each storage unit's owner can decide on
whether to charge or discharge energy with a given probability so as to
maximize a utility that reflects the tradeoff between the monetary transactions
from charging/discharging and the penalty from power regulation. Unlike
existing game-theoretic works which assume that players make their decisions
rationally and objectively, we use the new framework of prospect theory (PT) to
explicitly incorporate the users' subjective perceptions of their expected
utilities. For the two-player game, we show the existence of a proper mixed
Nash equilibrium for both the standard game-theoretic case and the case with PT
considerations. Simulation results show that incorporating user behavior via PT
reveals several important insights into load management as well as economics of
energy storage usage. For instance, the results show that deviations from
conventional game theory, as predicted by PT, can lead to undesirable grid
loads and revenues thus requiring the power company to revisit its pricing
schemes and the customers to reassess their energy storage usage choices.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, conferenc
Incentives-Based Mechanism for Efficient Demand Response Programs
In this work we investigate the inefficiency of the electricity system with
strategic agents. Specifically, we prove that without a proper control the
total demand of an inefficient system is at most twice the total demand of the
optimal outcome. We propose an incentives scheme that promotes optimal outcomes
in the inefficient electricity market. The economic incentives can be seen as
an indirect revelation mechanism that allocates resources using a
one-dimensional message space per resource to be allocated. The mechanism does
not request private information from users and is valid for any concave
customer's valuation function. We propose a distributed implementation of the
mechanism using population games and evaluate the performance of four popular
dynamics methods in terms of the cost to implement the mechanism. We find that
the achievement of efficiency in strategic environments might be achieved at a
cost, which is dependent on both the users' preferences and the dynamic
evolution of the system. Some simulation results illustrate the ideas presented
throughout the paper.Comment: 38 pages, 9 figures, submitted to journa
A Classification Scheme for Local Energy Trading
The current trend towards more renewable and sustainable energy generation
leads to an increased interest in new energy management systems and the concept
of a smart grid. One important aspect of this is local energy trading, which is
an extension of existing electricity markets by including prosumers, who are
consumers also producing electricity. Prosumers having a surplus of energy may
directly trade this surplus with other prosumers, which are currently in
demand. In this paper, we present an overview of the literature in the area of
local energy trading. In order to provide structure to the broad range of
publications, we identify key characteristics, define the various settings, and
cluster the considered literature along these characteristics. We identify
three main research lines, each with a distinct setting and research question.
We analyze and compare the settings, the used techniques, and the results and
findings within each cluster and derive connections between the clusters. In
addition, we identify important aspects, which up to now have to a large extent
been neglected in the considered literature and highlight interesting research
directions, and open problems for future work.Comment: 38 pages, 1 figure, This work has been submitted and accepted at OR
Spectru
Computational Intelligence Approaches for Energy Optimization in Microgrids
The future electrical system termed as smart grid represents a significant paradigm shift for power industry. Nowadays, microgrids are becoming smarter with the integration of renewable energy resources (RESs) , diesel generators , energy storage systems (ESS), and plug-in electric vehicles (PEV or EV) . However, these integration bring with new challenges for intelligent management systems. The classical power generation approaches can no longer be applied to a microgrid with unpredictable renewable energy resources. To relive these problem, a proper power system optimization and a suitable coordination strategy are needed to balance the supply and demand. This thesis presents three projects to study the optimization and control for smart community and to investigate the strategic impact and the energy trading techniques for interconnected microgrids. The first goal of this thesis is to propose a new game-theoretic framework to study the optimization and decision making of multi-players in the distributed power system. The proposed game theoretic special concept-rational reaction set (RRS) is capable to model the game of the distributed energy providers and the large residential consumers. Meanwhile, the residential consumers are able to participate in the retail electricity market to control the market price. Case studies are conducted to validate the system framework using the proposed game theoretic method. The simulation results show the effectiveness and the accuracy of the proposed strategic framework for obtaining the optimum profits for players participating in this market. The second goal of the thesis is to study a distributed convex optimization framework for energy trading of interconnected microgrids to improve the reliability of system operation. In this work, a distributed energy trading approach for interconnected operation of islanded microgrids is studied. Specifically, the system includes several islanded microgrids that can trade energy in a given topology. A distributed iterative deep cut ellipsoid (DCE) algorithm is implemented with limited information exchange. This approach will address the scalability issue and also secure local information on cost functions. During the iterative process, the information exchange among interconnected microgrids is restricted to electricity prices and expected trading energy. Numerical results are presented in terms of the convergent rate of the algorithm for different topologies, and the performance of the DCE algorithm is compared with sub-gradient algorithm. The third goal of this thesis is to use proper optimization approaches to motivate the household consumers to either shift their loads from peaking periods or reduce their consumption. Genetic algorithm (GA) and dynamic programming (DP) based smart appliance scheduling schemes and time-of-use pricing are investigated for comparative studies with demand response
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