Perspectivas de la ciencia abierta. Un estado de la cuestión para una política nacional en Colombia

Objective:. To review the state of open science at a global level and establish a broad theoretical and conceptual framework with which to make general recommendations (challenges and perspectives) for a national policy on open science in Colombia. Methodology: A systematic review of the literature from both open and closed sources of information and content analysis to select the most significant contributions and formulate new theoretical and conceptual contributions. Results: At the general level, it was possible to build a theoretical-conceptual framework to describe open science and identify some challenges and perspectives related to the construction of a national policy on open science. At the specific level, as theoretical and conceptual contributions to designing a policy for open science for Ibero-America and at a global level, the article offers: 1) a comprehensive definition of open science based on authoritative international contributions; 2) an open science taxonomy translated into Spanish; 3) a timeline chronicling open science in the last three decades; and (4) an identification of the status of open science at the level of national policy or specific and prominent cases or projects in some countries

Higher Education Systems and Industrial Innovation

This text discusses the approach adopted in a European research project concerning the relationships between science and industry. The analysis uses the notion of actors as vectors for the creation and diffusion of competences and knowledge throughout the innovation process. From this perspective, the article presents some results on the strategic behaviour of firms at the micro-level in five countries. An analytical framework in terms of “conventions” addresses the interplay between micro and macro levels. Finally, we present some significant insights into national public policies in the field of science-industry collaboration.Science-industry collaboration; knowledge creation; learning; institutions; state intervention; policy-making

The ecological system of innovation: A new architectural framework for a functional evidence-based platform for science and innovation policy

Models on innovation, for the most part, do not include a comprehensive and end-to-end view. Most innovation policy attention seems to be focused on the capacity to innovate and on input factors such as R&D investment, scientific institutions, human resources and capital. Such inputs frequently serve as proxies for innovativeness and are correlated with intermediate outputs such as patent counts and outcomes such as GDP per capita. While this kind of analysis is generally indicative of innovative behaviour, it is less useful in terms of discriminating causality and what drives successful strategy or public policy interventions. This situation has led to the developing of new frameworks for the innovation system led by National Science and Technology Policy Centres across the globe. These new models of innovation are variously referred to as the National Innovation Ecosystem. There is, however, a fundamental question that needs to be answered: what elements should an innovation policy include, and how should such policies be implemented? This paper attempts to answer this question.Innovation; Delphi Method; Balanced Scorecard; Quadruple Helix Theory; Analytic Hierarchy Process; Ecological System of Innovation, Framework, Systems Dynamics

Conceptual framework for a Danish human biomonitoring program

The aim of this paper is to present the conceptual framework for a Danish human biomonitoring (HBM) program. The EU and national science-policy interface, that is fundamental for a realization of the national and European environment and human health strategies, is discussed, including the need for a structured and integrated environmental and human health surveillance program at national level. In Denmark, the initiative to implement such activities has been taken. The proposed framework of the Danish monitoring program constitutes four scientific expert groups, i.e. i. Prioritization of the strategy for the monitoring program, ii. Collection of human samples, iii. Analysis and data management and iv. Dissemination of results produced within the program. This paper presents the overall framework for data requirements and information flow in the integrated environment and health surveillance program. The added value of an HBM program, and in this respect the objectives of national and European HBM programs supporting environmental health integrated policy-decisions and human health targeted policies, are discussed

TOWARDS A NATIONAL INNOVATION FRAMEWORK FOR AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AGENCIES IN EMERGING ECONOMIES

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5International audienceThe national science agencies have had a great role in the context of emerging economies catching-up. This paper addresses the search to a better understanding of strategies for emerging economies whose agricultural sector is a key economic area. The paper presents the context of the emerging economies, noting briefly some of the factors about their agricultural R&D; introduces the concept of a national innovation framework and outlines some insights from the NAIS (national agricultural innovation system). Additionally, the paper will offer a framework for these countries to select and adapt data sets, tools and methodologies needed to assist policy decision makers as they want to invest in national agricultural R&D. This theoretical essay's key contribution is conceptual and methodological: the development of a framework towards a more evidence-based understanding of what happens to given R&D investments. The applied framework is used in the analysis of the innovativeness and success of past investments that have succeeded, which can help policymakers to develop sound and cost-effective investment strategies, and also mapping the loci were they should apply metrics and evaluations to guide their agricultural science policy decisions. This could be useful as an analytical tool and as a tool for promoting sustainable economic growth and well-being in the emerging economies

Difficulties in developing a curriculum for pre-service science teachers

Course outlines for science teachers, designed and developed at 6 universities, were critically analysed and compared with the guidelines for science education set out in the national policy framework known as the Minimum Requirements for Teacher Education Qualifications (MRTEQ) to identify the characteristics of a competent science teacher. Researchers used qualitative means to elicit data from the curriculum documents and in-depth interviews with science teacher educators at the institutions that participated in the study. The analysis of data focused on identifying views and perspectives that informed selection and organisation of curriculum content and pedagogical approaches. The findings that emerged from the data analysis point to both convergence and divergence among science teacher educators in terms of (i) interpretations of the policy on the minimum requirements for teacher qualifications, (ii) conceptualising hybridisation of academic content knowledge from different disciplines in the fields of science, and (iii) conceptualisation of pedagogical content knowledge for integrated approaches to teaching and learning of knowledge. A lack of uniformity in the conceptualised academic content and the conceptual framework to develop pedagogical content knowledge for the interdisciplinary school subject, Natural Sciences, pointed to the challenges facing departments of sciences education to produce competent teachers.Keywords: conceptualisation; curriculum development; knowledge integration; science disciplinary content knowledg

Promoting uptake and use of conservation science in South Africa by government

This paper aims to analyse how to encourage science uptake, here defined as the uptake and use of scientific research products (including journal articles, scientific reports, tools, expert knowledge, etc.), in the South African context. While science uptake into implementation is a very case- and context-specific process, the authors propose that a general framework for analysis of the policy-making context in South Africa needs to be considered when analysing how to promote science uptake in specific cases. In this paper, the National Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas (NFEPA) project is used as an example to illustrate how to apply this framework and how science projects in South Africa can be better positioned for impact and use. The paper starts by introducing the framework for conceptualising the complex set of dynamic processes and actors that can be involved in science uptake by government in South Africa, i.e., the policy-making context. From this theoretical platform the authors analyse to what extent the NFEPA project will be able to support more effective implementation of existing environmental and water legislation. This is done by exploring the challenges that hinder the uptake of science in government departments and then offering recommendations on how to address these.Keywords: Science uptake, implementation, scientific research products, conservation science, South Afric

SOCIOLOGY, POLITOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY IN DEVELOPMENT AND MUTUAL RELATIONS IN SLOVAKIA, THE CZECH REPUBLIC AND POLAND

Public policy, as the youngest of the political sciences, began to take shape in the early 1950s in the field of political science, particularly in the United States, under the influence of empirical research in the framework of the so called Policy Analysis. The use of sociological methods in this research was one of the factors that shifted political science toward public policy theory, while sociological inspiration was also present in the theoretical plane of this shift (for example, the influence of J. Dewey on H. Lasswell, etc.). Alongside, the American school, in Germany Politikfeldanalysen developed in a partly different direction, and the French politique publique with the strongest influence of sociology. Some attention has already been given to comparing these “national schools” in the development of public policy and its theory in these “classical” countries. The present study compares the course of the interaction between political science, sociology, and public policy in three Central European countries – the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Poland – where these relations were able to develop only following the establishment of democratic social order in the early 1990s. Both in the Czech and Slovak Republic, during totalitarian political system political sciences ceased to exist and when back in 1990s they were restored, sociologists participated as well, which, in turn had positive impact on the start of public policy within the framework of political sciences. In Poland, however, the politology cal science survived in a format under influence of ideology, but it did not established a framework to give rise to public policy, that was here replaced by other sciences

Integrating techno-economic, socio-technical and political perspectives on national energy transitions: A meta-theoretical framework

Economic development, technological innovation, and policy change are especially prominent factors shaping energy transitions. Therefore explaining energy transitions requires combining insights from disciplines investigating these factors. The existing literature is not consistent in identifying these disciplines nor proposing how they can be combined. We conceptualize national energy transitions as a co-evolution of three types of systems: energy flows and markets, energy technologies, and energy-related policies. The focus on the three types of systems gives rise to three perspectives on national energy transitions: techno-economic with its roots in energy systems analysis and various domains of economics; socio-technical with its roots in sociology of technology, STS, and evolutionary economics; and political with its roots in political science. We use the three perspectives as an organizing principle to propose a meta-theoretical framework for analyzing national energy transitions. Following Elinor Ostrom's approach, the proposed framework explains national energy transitions through a nested conceptual map of variables and theories. In comparison with the existing meta-theoretical literature, the three perspectives framework elevates the role of political science since policies are likely to be increasingly prominent in shaping 21st century energy transitions