16,898 research outputs found
A Fluctuation-Dissipation Model for Electrical Noise
This paper shows that today’s modelling of electrical noise as coming from noisy resistances is a non sense
one contradicting their nature as systems bearing an electrical noise. We present a new model for electrical
noise that including Johnson and Nyquist work also agrees with the Quantum Mechanical description of
noisy systems done by Callen and Welton, where electrical energy fluctuates and is dissipated with time. By
the two currents the Admittance function links in frequency domain with their common voltage, this new
model shows the connection Cause-Effect that exists between Fluctuation and Dissipation of energy in time
domain. In spite of its radical departure from today’s belief on electrical noise in resistors, this Complex
model for electrical noise is obtained from Nyquist result by basic concepts of Circuit Theory and Thermo-
dynamics that also apply to capacitors and inductors
Revisiting the Classics to recover the Physical Sense in electrical noise
This paper shows a physically cogent model for electrical noise in resistors that has been obtained from Thermodynamical reasons. This new model derived from the works of Johnson and Nyquist also agrees with the Quantum model for noisy systems handled by Callen and Welton in 1951, thus unifying these two Physical viewpoints. This new model is a Complex or 2-D noise model based on an Admittance that considers both Fluctuation and Dissipation of electrical energy to excel the Real or 1-D model in use that only considers Dissipation. By the two orthogonal currents linked with a common voltage noise by an Admittance function, the new model is shown in frequency domain. Its use in time domain allows to see the pitfall behind a paradox of Statistical Mechanics about systems considered as energy-conserving and deterministic on the microscale that are dissipative and unpredictable on the macroscale and also shows how to use properly the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem
Experimental study of the Fluctuation-Dissipation-Relation during an aging process
The validity of fluctuation dissipation relations in an aging system is
studied in a colloidal glass during the transition from a fluid-like to a
solid-like state. The evolution of the rheological and electrical properties is
analyzed in the range . It is found that at the beginning of the
transition the fluctuation dissipation relation is strongly violated in
electrical measurements. The amplitude and the persistence time of this
violation are decreasing functions of frequency. At the lowest frequencies of
the measuring range it persists for times which are about 5% of the time needed
to form the colloidal glass. This phenomenology is quite close to the recent
theoretical predictions done for the violation of the fluctuation dissipation
relation in glassy systems. In contrast in the rheological measurements no
violation of the fluctuation dissipation relation is observed. The reasons of
this large difference between the electrical and rheological measurements are
discussed.Comment: to be published on physica
Fluctuations and Noise: A General Model with Applications
A wide variety of dissipative and fluctuation problems involving a quantum
system in a heat bath can be described by the independent-oscillator (IO) model
Hamiltonian. Using Heisenberg equations of motion, this leads to a generalized
quantum Langevin equation (QLE) for the quantum system involving two quantities
which encapsulate the properties of the heat bath. Applications include: atomic
energy shifts in a blackbody radiation heat bath; solution of the problem of
runaway solutions in QED; electrical circuits (resistively shunted Josephson
barrier, microscopic tunnel junction, etc.); conductivity calculations (since
the QLE gives a natural separation between dissipative and fluctuation forces);
dissipative quantum tunneling; noise effects in gravitational wave detectors;
anomalous diffusion; strongly driven quantum systems; decoherence phenomena;
analysis of Unruh radiation and entropy for a dissipative system.Comment: Presented at the SPIE International Symposium on Fluctuations and
Noise in Photonics and Quantum Optics (Austin, May 2005
On the validity of entropy production principles for linear electrical circuits
We discuss the validity of close-to-equilibrium entropy production principles
in the context of linear electrical circuits. Both the minimum and the maximum
entropy production principle are understood within dynamical fluctuation
theory. The starting point are Langevin equations obtained by combining
Kirchoff's laws with a Johnson-Nyquist noise at each dissipative element in the
circuit. The main observation is that the fluctuation functional for time
averages, that can be read off from the path-space action, is in first order
around equilibrium given by an entropy production rate. That allows to
understand beyond the schemes of irreversible thermodynamics (1) the validity
of the least dissipation, the minimum entropy production, and the maximum
entropy production principles close to equilibrium; (2) the role of the
observables' parity under time-reversal and, in particular, the origin of
Landauer's counterexample (1975) from the fact that the fluctuating observable
there is odd under time-reversal; (3) the critical remark of Jaynes (1980)
concerning the apparent inappropriateness of entropy production principles in
temperature-inhomogeneous circuits.Comment: 19 pages, 1 fi
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