Authorization algorithms for permission-role assignments

Permission-role assignments (PRA) is one important process in Role-based access control (RBAC) which has been proven to be a flexible and useful access model for information sharing in distributed collaborative environments. However, problems may arise during the procedures of PRA. Conflicting permissions may assign to one role, and as a result, the role with the permissions can derive unexpected access capabilities. This paper aims to analyze the problems during the procedures of permission-role assignments in distributed collaborative environments and to develop authorization allocation algorithms to address the problems within permission-role assignments. The algorithms are extended to the case of PRA with the mobility of permission-role relationship. Finally, comparisons with other related work are discussed to demonstrate the effective work of the paper

An Agent-based Model of Household Spending Using a Random Assignment Scheme

This paper describes a way to model household expenditure using an agent-based microsimulation approach. Work in this area is dominated by econometric models, which attempt to estimate the parameters of an equation linking household characteristics with expenditure patterns. However, as Klevmarken (1997) notes, the representation of behaviour in these models is limited by the current state of the art in economics. A way to overcome these limitations is proposed based on a random assignment scheme where data is obtained from a donor case that is in some way similar to the receiving unit. The paper begins with a brief account of methods for modelling behaviour currently used in microsimulation. It then introduces the random assignment scheme in an example describing how household incomes can be projected over time. This is illustrated by describing two models that have been implemented using the approach. One of them is to forecast changes in household expenditure in response to variations in income. The other models the effect of the level of unemployment on household spending patterns. These examples provide the basis for a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the random assignment met

Debt collection guideline for collectors & creditors

This guide assists creditors, collectors, collectors and debtors to understand their rights and obligations, and ensure that debt collection activity is under taken in a way that is consistent with consumer protection laws. Summary Both the ACCC and the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) enforce Commonwealth consumer protection laws, including laws relevant to debt collection. The ACCC and ASIC have jointly produced this guideline which aims to assist creditors, collectors and debtors understand their rights and obligations, and ensure that debt collection activity is undertaken in a way that is consistent with consumer protection laws. The guide was originally published in 2005 and has been updated to reflect significant changes to the law, such as the introduction of the Australian Consumer Law in 2011, the National Consumer Credit Protection Act 2009, and privacy laws and principles

China Employment Law Guide

[Excerpt] This guide comments on the general rules applicable under national Chinese laws and regulations, and the numerous local regulations, rules and practices that continually play a fundamental role in the application of law in China in each case. This guide provides helpful background information but is not a substitute for specific legal guidance, as the applicable rules and practice must be researched and analyzed according to the specific needs and issues of each case

New Forms of Employment

Societal and economic developments, such as the need for increased flexibility by both employers and workers, have resulted in the emergence of new forms of employment across Europe. These have transformed the traditional one-to-one relationship between employer and employee. They are also characterised by unconventional work patterns and places of work, or by the irregular provision of work. However, little is known about these ‘new forms of employment’, their distinctive features and the implications they have for working conditions and the labour market. To fill this knowledge gap, Eurofound conducted a Europe-wide mapping exercise to identify the emerging trends. This resulted in the categorisation of nine broad types of new employment forms. On the basis of this, the available literature and data were analysed; 66 case studies were also conducted and analysed to illustrate how these new employment forms operate in Member States and their effects on working conditions and the labour market

Monetary Policy in Economies with Little or No Money

The paper's arguments include: (1) Medium-of-exchange money will not disappear in the foreseeable future, although the quantity of base money may continue to decline. (2) In economies with very little money (e.g., no currency but bank settlement balances at the central bank), monetary policy will be conducted much as at present by activist adjustment of overnight interest rates. Operating procedures will be different, however, with payment of interest on reserves likely to become the norm. (3) In economies without any money there can be no monetary policy. The relevant notion of a general price level concerns some index of prices in terms of a medium of account. The liabilities of some official entity might serve as the medium of account, but there could be viable rivals if policy is poor. (4) A broad commodity-bundle monetary standard could be viable, even with a redemption medium, and there is scope for quantitative analysis of the properties of such a system. (5) The number of distinct national currencies may decline sharply, with the emergence of a small number of currency areas and floating exchange rates across these areas.

The Global Employer: How to Respond to a Global Crisis

This publication has been prepared for clients and professional associates of Baker & McKenzie. It is intended to provide only a summary of selected legal developments. For this reason the information contained in this publication should not form the basis of any decision as to a particular course of action; nor should it be relied on as legal advice or regarded as a substitute for detailed advice in individual cases. The services of a competent professional adviser should be obtained in each instance so that the applicability of the relevant legislation or other legal development to the particular facts can be verified