58,307 research outputs found
Models, Brains, and Scientific Realism
Prediction Error Minimization theory (PEM) is one of the most promising attempts to model perception in current science of mind, and it has recently been advocated by some prominent philosophers as Andy Clark and Jakob Hohwy. Briefly, PEM maintains that âthe brain is an organ that on aver-age and over time continually minimizes the error between the sensory input it predicts on the basis of its model of the world and the actual sensory inputâ (Hohwy 2014, p. 2). An interesting debate has arisen with regard to which is the more adequate epistemological interpretation of PEM. Indeed, Hohwy maintains that given that PEM supports an inferential view of perception and cognition, PEM has to be considered as conveying an internalist epistemological perspective. Contrary to this view, Clark maintains that it would be incorrect to interpret in such a way the indirectness of the link between the world and our inner model of it, and that PEM may well be combined with an externalist epistemological perspective. The aim of this paper is to assess those two opposite interpretations of PEM. Moreover, it will be suggested that Hohwyâs position may be considerably strengthened by adopting Carlo Cellucciâs view on knowledge (2013)
Mechanics reveals the biological trigger in wrinkly fingers
The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-016-1764-6Fingertips wrinkle due to long exposure to water. The biological reason for this morphological change is unclear and still not fully understood. There are two main hypotheses for the underlying mechanism of fingertip wrinkling: the âshrinkâ model (in which the wrinkling is driven by the contraction of the lower layers of skin, associated with the shrinking of the underlying vasculature), and the âswellâ model (in which the wrinkling is driven by the swelling of the upper layers of the skin, associated with osmosis). In reality, contraction of the lower layers of the skin and swelling of the upper layers will happen simultaneously. However, the relative importance of these two mechanisms to drive fingertip wrinkling also remains unclear. Simulating the swelling in the upper layers of skin alone, which is associated with neurological disorders, we found that wrinkles appeared above an increase of volume of Ë10%.Ë10%. Therefore, the upper layers can not exceed this swelling level in order to not contradict in vivo observations in patients with such neurological disorders. Simulating the contraction of the lower layers of the skin alone, we found that the volume have to decrease a Ë20%Ë20% to observe wrinkles. Furthermore, we found that the combined effect of both mechanisms leads to pronounced wrinkles even at low levels of swelling and contraction when individually they do not. This latter results indicates that the collaborative effect of both hypothesis are needed to induce wrinkles in the fingertips. Our results demonstrate how models from continuum mechanics can be successfully applied to testing hypotheses for the mechanisms that underly fingertip wrinkling, and how these effects can be quantified.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version
Average sex ratio and population maintenance cost
The ratio of males to females in a population is a meaningful characteristic
of sexual species. The reason for this biological property to be available to
the observers of nature seems to be a question never asked. Introducing the
notion of historically adapted populations as global minimizers of maintenance
cost functions, we propose a theoretical explanation for the reported stability
of this feature. This mathematical formulation suggests that sex ratio could be
considered as an indirect result shaped by the antagonism between the size of
the population and the finiteness of resources.Comment: 18 pages. A revised new version, where all the text was improved to
become more clear for the reade
Biomedical modeling: the role of transport and mechanics
This issue contains a series of papers that were invited following a workshop held in July 2011 at the University of Notre Dame London Center. The goal of the workshop was to present the latest advances in theory, experimentation, and modeling methodologies related to the role of mechanics in biological systems. Growth, morphogenesis, and many diseases are characterized by time dependent changes in the material properties of tissuesâaffected by resident cellsâthat, in turn, affect the function of the tissue and contribute to, or mitigate, the disease. Mathematical modeling and simulation are essential for testing and developing scientific hypotheses related to the physical behavior of biological tissues, because of the complex geometries, inhomogeneous properties, rate dependences, and nonlinear feedback interactions that it entails
On the possible Computational Power of the Human Mind
The aim of this paper is to address the question: Can an artificial neural
network (ANN) model be used as a possible characterization of the power of the
human mind? We will discuss what might be the relationship between such a model
and its natural counterpart. A possible characterization of the different power
capabilities of the mind is suggested in terms of the information contained (in
its computational complexity) or achievable by it. Such characterization takes
advantage of recent results based on natural neural networks (NNN) and the
computational power of arbitrary artificial neural networks (ANN). The possible
acceptance of neural networks as the model of the human mind's operation makes
the aforementioned quite relevant.Comment: Complexity, Science and Society Conference, 2005, University of
Liverpool, UK. 23 page
Monotonicity of Fitness Landscapes and Mutation Rate Control
A common view in evolutionary biology is that mutation rates are minimised.
However, studies in combinatorial optimisation and search have shown a clear
advantage of using variable mutation rates as a control parameter to optimise
the performance of evolutionary algorithms. Much biological theory in this area
is based on Ronald Fisher's work, who used Euclidean geometry to study the
relation between mutation size and expected fitness of the offspring in
infinite phenotypic spaces. Here we reconsider this theory based on the
alternative geometry of discrete and finite spaces of DNA sequences. First, we
consider the geometric case of fitness being isomorphic to distance from an
optimum, and show how problems of optimal mutation rate control can be solved
exactly or approximately depending on additional constraints of the problem.
Then we consider the general case of fitness communicating only partial
information about the distance. We define weak monotonicity of fitness
landscapes and prove that this property holds in all landscapes that are
continuous and open at the optimum. This theoretical result motivates our
hypothesis that optimal mutation rate functions in such landscapes will
increase when fitness decreases in some neighbourhood of an optimum, resembling
the control functions derived in the geometric case. We test this hypothesis
experimentally by analysing approximately optimal mutation rate control
functions in 115 complete landscapes of binding scores between DNA sequences
and transcription factors. Our findings support the hypothesis and find that
the increase of mutation rate is more rapid in landscapes that are less
monotonic (more rugged). We discuss the relevance of these findings to living
organisms
On the determination of the nonlinearity from localized measurements in a reaction-diffusion equation
This paper is devoted to the analysis of some uniqueness properties of a
classical reaction-diffusion equation of Fisher-KPP type, coming from
population dynamics in heterogeneous environments. We work in a one-dimensional
interval and we assume a nonlinear term of the form where belongs to a fixed subset of . We
prove that the knowledge of at and of , at a single point
and for small times is sufficient to completely
determine the couple provided is known.
Additionally, if is also measured for ,
the triplet is also completely determined. Those
analytical results are completed with numerical simulations which show that, in
practice, measurements of and at a single point (and for ) are sufficient to obtain a good approximation of the
coefficient These numerical simulations also show that the
measurement of the derivative is essential in order to accurately
determine
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