1,044 research outputs found

    The Texture of Everyday Life: Carceral Realism and Abolitionist Speculation

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    Exploring the ways in which prisons shape the subjectivity of free-world thinkers, and the ways that subjectivity is expressed in literary texts, this dissertation develops the concept of carceral realism: a cognitive and literary mode that represents prisons and police as the only possible response to social disorder. As this dissertation illustrates, this form of consciousness is experienced as racial paranoia, and it is expressed literary texts, which reflect and help to reify it. Through this process of cultural reification, carceral realism increasingly insists on itself as the only possible mode of thinking. As I argue, however, carceral realism actually stands in a dialectical relationship to abolitionist speculation, or, the active imagining of a world without prisons and police and/or the conditions necessary to actualize such a world. In much the same way that carceral realism embeds itself in realist literary forms, abolitionist speculation plays a constitutive role in the utopian literary tradition. In order to elaborate these concepts, this dissertation begins with a meta-consideration of how cultural productions by incarcerated people are typically framed. Building upon the work of scholars and incarcerated authors’ own interventions in questions of consciousness, authorship, textual production, and study, this chapter contrasts that typical frame with a method of abolitionist reading. Chapter two applies this methodology to Edward Bunker’s 1977 novel The Animal Factory and Claudia Rankine’s 2010 poem Citizen in order to develop the concept of carceral realism and demonstrate how it has developed from the 1970s to the present. In order to lay out the historical foundations of the modern prison, chapter three looks back to the late 18th century and situates the emergence of the penitentiary within debates regarding race, citizenship, and state power. Returning to the 1970s, chapter four investigates the role universities have played in the formation of carceral realism and the complex relationship Chicanos and Asian Americans have to prisons and police by analogizing the institutionalization of prison literary study to the formation of ethnic studies. Chapter five draws this project to a conclusion by developing the concept of abolitionist speculation, or the active imagining of a world without prisons or the police and/or the conditions necessary to realize such a world, which I identify as both a constitutive generic feature of utopian literature and something that exceeds literature altogether. In doing so, this dissertation establishes an ongoing historical relationship between social reproduction of prisons and literary forms that cuts across time, geography, race, gender, and genre

    Computer Vision and Architectural History at Eye Level:Mixed Methods for Linking Research in the Humanities and in Information Technology

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    Information on the history of architecture is embedded in our daily surroundings, in vernacular and heritage buildings and in physical objects, photographs and plans. Historians study these tangible and intangible artefacts and the communities that built and used them. Thus valuableinsights are gained into the past and the present as they also provide a foundation for designing the future. Given that our understanding of the past is limited by the inadequate availability of data, the article demonstrates that advanced computer tools can help gain more and well-linked data from the past. Computer vision can make a decisive contribution to the identification of image content in historical photographs. This application is particularly interesting for architectural history, where visual sources play an essential role in understanding the built environment of the past, yet lack of reliable metadata often hinders the use of materials. The automated recognition contributes to making a variety of image sources usable forresearch.<br/

    The European Experience: A Multi-Perspective History of Modern Europe, 1500–2000

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    The European Experience brings together the expertise of nearly a hundred historians from eight European universities to internationalise and diversify the study of modern European history, exploring a grand sweep of time from 1500 to 2000. Offering a valuable corrective to the Anglocentric narratives of previous English-language textbooks, scholars from all over Europe have pooled their knowledge on comparative themes such as identities, cultural encounters, power and citizenship, and economic development to reflect the complexity and heterogeneous nature of the European experience. Rather than another grand narrative, the international author teams offer a multifaceted and rich perspective on the history of the continent of the past 500 years. Each major theme is dissected through three chronological sub-chapters, revealing how major social, political and historical trends manifested themselves in different European settings during the early modern (1500–1800), modern (1800–1900) and contemporary period (1900–2000). This resource is of utmost relevance to today’s history students in the light of ongoing internationalisation strategies for higher education curricula, as it delivers one of the first multi-perspective and truly ‘European’ analyses of the continent’s past. Beyond the provision of historical content, this textbook equips students with the intellectual tools to interrogate prevailing accounts of European history, and enables them to seek out additional perspectives in a bid to further enrich the discipline

    (b2023 to 2014) The UNBELIEVABLE similarities between the ideas of some people (2006-2016) and my ideas (2002-2008) in physics (quantum mechanics, cosmology), cognitive neuroscience, philosophy of mind, and philosophy (this manuscript would require a REVOLUTION in international academy environment!)

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    (b2023 to 2014) The UNBELIEVABLE similarities between the ideas of some people (2006-2016) and my ideas (2002-2008) in physics (quantum mechanics, cosmology), cognitive neuroscience, philosophy of mind, and philosophy (this manuscript would require a REVOLUTION in international academy environment!

    Gestión integrada de las áreas costeras y oceánicas que albergan mamíferos marinos: el caso de estudio del Estrecho de Gibraltar

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    The Strait of Gibraltar is a cross-border coastal and marine area in which overlapping intense maritime traffic and highly protected species of cetaceans could generate conservational or economic conflict. The current publication applies an integrated management approach in order to improve knowledge of cetaceans, maritime activities, and Whale Watching (WW), as well as to involve key stakeholders in WW and to provide insights for a sustainable public policy in the Strait. A comparative study on WW activity in the Strait of Gibraltar and in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand, was interrupted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This abrupt change allowed us to investigate the effects of the human lockdowns, such as the reduction in maritime traffic, on the marine animals of the Gulf, contributing to the study of the global effects on nature. This thesis is organized into the following sections: i) Whale watching activities, ii) monitoring maritime traffic and cetaceans using ferries as platforms and iii) effects of COVID-19 lockdowns on nature. In order to achieve social, economic, and ecological sustainability, WW in the Strait of Gibraltar needs adequate management. In Tarifa (Spain) and Gibraltar (UK), between 2017 and 2019, key stakeholders (e.g., WW customers and operators, researchers, NGOs, and policymakers) were invited to fill out 637 questionnaires and a direct assessment of the WW trips was conducted. Results suggest that: (1) local WW operators only partially follow WW legislation, (2) whale watchers had high levels of education and purchasing power, and the majority of them were national tourists who showed signs of loyalty to WW and support for conservation, (3) 51% of the expenses made by WW customers directly benefited the local economy of Tarifa, (4) customers scored WW operators more highly when cetaceans were indifferent to, or approached vessels, and their satisfaction improved depending on the education provided before and during the WW trip, and (5) interviewed stakeholders recognize the scientific, recreational and educational values of WW. As a result of this study we recommend implementing educational programmes, launching national publicity campaigns targeting whale watchers, establishing administrative facilities for WW companies, monitoring WW activities, and enforcing WW legislation to promote sustainable management of WW. Furthermore, the designation of Marine Protected Areas, a regional shipping plan, and an integrated management approach could benefit the WW industry and improve its sustainability. Cetaceans and their threats were monitored using ferries as a platform of opportunity along the routes Algeciras¿Ceuta and Algeciras-Tanger Med in the Strait during 2018 and 2019, following the standardized protocol of the international cooperative project Fix Line Transect Mediterranean Monitoring Network (FLT Med Net). During 59 visual surveys 264 sightings of cetaceans were reported, including seven species and four near-miss collisions (pilot, sperm, and fin whales). Data were used to i) investigate cetaceans¿ seasonal presence and distribution and, for the bottlenose dolphin, habitat suitability in the Strait, ii) consider cetaceans' relationships with different maritime activities identifying risk areas and the consistency of the spatial conservation spatial management measures in force, and iii) compare data with the other partner of the FLT Med Net across two Habitat Directive 6-year periods (2013-2019/2008-2012), testing four potential indicators to assess short-term range and habitat trends of the Risso¿s dolphin, and of the pilot and Cuvier¿s whale (low-density species). The FLT Med Net sampling design proved adequate for trend assessment in the Western Mediterranean and Adriatic. In conclusion, together with international surveillance, the designation of a micro-sanctuary in the Bay between Algeciras and Gibraltar, and a mandatory speed reduction to 13 knots in an extended Cetacean Critical Navigation Zone can positively optimize conservation efforts in the Strait of Gibraltar. The lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic banned all non-essential services and travel both on land and sea in several parts of the world. In response to this sudden drop in traffic, the bigeyes fish and the bottlenose dolphin experienced an immediate increase in their communication ranges by up to 65% in the Hauraki Gulf Marine Park, demonstrating how small vessels can impact underwater soundscapes. These results were shared with the global scientific community to monitor the immediate impacts of lockdowns, demonstrating how humans are both threatening and protecting ecosystems and species. It is possible to favourably tilt this delicate balance by reducing impacts and increasing conservation effectiveness

    Transport Properties and Magnetoresistance of Cluster-Assembled Fe-Ge and Fe-Ag Nanocomposites

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    Granular nanocomposites are composite materials in which grain-like particles with dimensions on the order of nanometers form one of the phases. These nanoparticles are embedded in a second phase, the matrix. Such granular nanocomposites constitute a very promising class of materials with great potential for novel and tailorable properties, making granular nanocomposites especially interesting for scientific endeavor. In the simplest case, granular nanocomposites are synthesized via co-deposition of two immiscible chemical elements. In this approach, nanoparticles grow via incorporation of diffusing atoms of one of the elements forming the prototype material; the remaining atoms of the other element constitute the matrix. This phase segregation process may be assisted by thermal annealing. Another approach used to form granular nanocomposite prototype materials is to ion-implant nanoparticle-type atoms into already grown films or wafer surfaces. However, since these two approaches utilize the immiscibility of the combined materials, they can be applied to such immiscible material systems only. Furthermore, the range of achievable elemental compositions and particle sizes is limited. An interesting alternative strategy to synthesize granular nanocomposites is to deposit the matrix material simultaneously with preformed, spherical nanoparticles. In this approach, the nanoparticles are embedded into the matrix in a direct fashion. The preformed, spherical nanoparticles are called clusters, correspondingly, the created nanomaterials are called cluster-assembled nanocomposites. The great advantage of this special co-deposition approach is that it allows for the creation of nanocomposites out of elements that are at least partially miscible or that can form crystallographic mixed phases—that is, for the creation of so-called nonequilibrium compositions. Embedding the nanoparticles as preformed constituents instead of letting them segregate during the deposition process also increases the degree of control over the deposition process. An ultimate degree of control over the composition is achieved when the clusters are size-selected prior to deposition. This is the strategy pursued in the present thesis. Here, a cluster ion beam deposition system that features a narrow cluster size distribution of ±10% is used to synthesize films of cluster-assembled nanocomposites. Two different nanocomposites are prepared and examined: nanocomposites made of Fe-clusters embedded in Ge-matrices and nanocomposites of Fe-clusters embedded in Ag-matrices. The created Fe-clusters are only a few nanometers in size and, therefore, of superparamagnetic kind. The study of the physical properties of the prepared nanocomposites as a function of cluster size and cluster concentration, in particular, of their transport and magnetoresistive properties, is the central aim of this thesis. First, the Fe-Ge nanocomposites are examined. In this course, also the process of sample preparation and the various performed measurements are discussed. Embedding magnetic Fe nanoparticles into a semiconductor aims for a synthesis of the magnetic and the semiconducting properties, that is, for the creation of so-called magnetic semiconductors. Magnetic semiconductors define a class of materials whose properties can be controlled by means of a magnetic field in addition to—or even instead of—an electric field. For this reason, magnetic semiconductors represent an essential component for the emerging field of spintronics. Two series of Fe-Ge nanocomposites are prepared: one with clusters consisting of 500 ± 50 Fe atoms and one with clusters consisting of 1000 ± 100 Fe atoms. In the course of the analysis, Ge is found to grow in an amorphous structure under the conditions of the co-deposition experiments. A co-deposition sample layout that consists of a co-deposition mask and a complementing sample chip layout is developed. The deposited nanocomposite samples are studied by means of resistance and magnetoresistance measurements in a cryostat, by means of scanning electron microscopy including energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and by means of SQUID magnetometry. Besides tunneling magnetoresistance, which is negative, of saturating kind, and observed with a magnitude on the order of 1% here, at least one other effect not saturating within the examined magnetic field range of |µ0 H| ≤ 6 T is observed. Several effects that may explain the observed non-saturating behavior are discussed, however, the origin remains unsolved. Furthermore, the resistivity of the Fe-Ge nanocomposites as well as the tunneling magnetoresistance are each found to be a function of the average distance between the surfaces of neighboring clusters rather than the average distance between their centers of mass. Finally, some of the Fe-Ge nanocomposite samples are thermally annealed in vacuum, under the presence of hydrogen gas, and at two different temperatures in various steps. Thermal annealing alters the structure of the as-deposited nanocomposites, which is reflected by changes in the measured physical properties. These changes are identified and discussed. Secondly, the Fe-Ag nanocomposites are examined. In comparison to the Fe-Ge system, the Fe-Ag system is represented in the literature rather well. In particular, it is well-known that the giant magnetoresistance effect can occur in layered as well as in granular Fe-Ag structures. Here, the aim is to confirm that the applied methods give results comparable to those found in the literature and to perhaps even improve upon existing data. Again, two series of nanocomposite samples with clusters consisting of 500 and 1000 Fe atoms, respectively, are fabricated. In addition, a third series of Fe-Ag nanocomposite samples with clusters consisting of 1500 ± 150 Fe atoms is prepared. Giant magnetoresistance of maximum −6% is observed. The giant magnetoresistance effect increases in magnitude with decreasing size of the embedded clusters. Furthermore, an optimum composition of clusters and matrix material for a maximum magnitude of the giant magnetoresistance effect seems to exist. However, no clear dependence of the measured properties on neither the Fe concentration nor the average distance between the surfaces of neighboring clusters is observed. Besides the examination of Fe-Ge and Fe-Ag nanocomposites, a setup that combines laser ablation and inert gas condensation is designed and assembled. In contrast to other techniques, laser ablation features a large fraction of uncharged output particles. Further, laser ablation also allows for the creation of nanoparticles made of electrically insulating materials. Accordingly, the original application considered for the setup lies in the field of matter-wave diffraction experiments. In principle, the setup may be used for the deposition of cluster-assembled materials as well. However, it has never been used for experiments in any of these fields. Nevertheless, the present state of the setup as well as its principle of operation are reviewed. The review is completed with a brief analysis of a test sample of collected Ag clusters prepared with the setup

    The Distribution and Fate of Microplastic Pollution in Polar Environments

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    The distribution of microplastics in polar regions is relatively unknown, but it is key to understanding the fate and potential impact of this pervasive and complex pollutant in these remote and threatened environments. This thesis focuses on the most accessible and arguably vital matrix in which microplastics may exist in the Arctic and Antarctic; the near-surface environments such as seawater and snow. Although likely to be transient, microplastics in these matrices present a direct interface between humans (the polluter) and the environment (the polluted). Determining distribution at the surface is vital to understanding the impact of an increasing human presence in these regions and an increasing human footprint via long-range transport. Three distinct environments have been explored in this thesis to provide data on the characteristics and concentrations of microplastics and facilitate the development of methods that enable perceived “pristine” environments to be effectively and rigorously investigated. In both the Canadian Arctic and the Southern Ocean, this thesis shows that microplastic concentrations are low compared with global concentrations. In the Arctic, it is shown that a 300 µm mesh, which has typically been used in marine microplastic research, retains only 6% of the particulate, which can be potentially captured on a 50 µm mesh, therefore significantly underestimating microplastic abundance and overlooking the characterisation of the most bioavailable size fraction to polar ecosystems. In the Southern Ocean, although concentrations are low, it is demonstrated that these are significantly high enough for microplastics to be encountered and therefore potentially ingested by pelagic amphipods. With little known about the subsidiary impacts of microplastics on the biogeochemistry of other pollutants in the Southern Ocean, an experiment exploring the impact of microplastics on mercury uptake by Antarctic krill has been carried out. Results from this ship-based laboratory experiment indicate that virgin microplastics, compared to particulate organic matter, play an insignificant role in mercury uptake by Antarctic krill. As methods developed, the final environmental dataset collected in Antarctic snow was analysed using automated analysis, revealing remarkably high concentrations of the smallest microplastics, heterogeneously distributed in continental Antarctica. These findings provide valuable insight into the distribution and potential fate of microplastics in polar environments whilst also providing vital information on the methods of carrying out polar plastics research. In combination, this is key to providing an evidence base for needs and ways to monitor and understand the impact of microplastics in remote polar regions
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