Survey of Spectrum Sharing for Inter-Technology Coexistence

Increasing capacity demands in emerging wireless technologies are expected to be met by network densification and spectrum bands open to multiple technologies. These will, in turn, increase the level of interference and also result in more complex inter-technology interactions, which will need to be managed through spectrum sharing mechanisms. Consequently, novel spectrum sharing mechanisms should be designed to allow spectrum access for multiple technologies, while efficiently utilizing the spectrum resources overall. Importantly, it is not trivial to design such efficient mechanisms, not only due to technical aspects, but also due to regulatory and business model constraints. In this survey we address spectrum sharing mechanisms for wireless inter-technology coexistence by means of a technology circle that incorporates in a unified, system-level view the technical and non-technical aspects. We thus systematically explore the spectrum sharing design space consisting of parameters at different layers. Using this framework, we present a literature review on inter-technology coexistence with a focus on wireless technologies with equal spectrum access rights, i.e. (i) primary/primary, (ii) secondary/secondary, and (iii) technologies operating in a spectrum commons. Moreover, we reflect on our literature review to identify possible spectrum sharing design solutions and performance evaluation approaches useful for future coexistence cases. Finally, we discuss spectrum sharing design challenges and suggest future research directions

Towards efficient coexistence of IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH and IEEE 802.11

A major challenge in wide deployment of smart wireless devices, using different technologies and sharing the same 2.4 GHz spectrum, is to achieve coexistence across multiple technologies. The IEEE~802.11 (WLAN) and the IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH (WSN) where designed with different goals in mind and both play important roles for respective applications. However, they cause mutual interference and degraded performance while operating in the same space. To improve this situation we propose an approach to enable a cooperative control which type of network is transmitting at given time, frequency and place. We recognize that TSCH based sensor network is expected to occupy only small share of time, and that the nodes are by design tightly synchronized. We develop mechanism enabling over-the-air synchronization of the Wi-Fi network to the TSCH based sensor network. Finally, we show that Wi-Fi network can avoid transmitting in the "collision periods". We provide full design and show prototype implementation based on the Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) devices. Our solution does not require changes in any of the standards.Comment: 8 page

Sub-GHz LPWAN network coexistence, management and virtualization : an overview and open research challenges

The IoT domain is characterized by many applications that require low-bandwidth communications over a long range, at a low cost and at low power. Low power wide area networks (LPWANs) fulfill these requirements by using sub-GHz radio frequencies (typically 433 or 868 MHz) with typical transmission ranges in the order of 1 up to 50 km. As a result, a single base station can cover large areas and can support high numbers of connected devices (> 1000 per base station). Notorious initiatives in this domain are LoRa, Sigfox and the upcoming IEEE 802.11ah (or "HaLow") standard. Although these new technologies have the potential to significantly impact many IoT deployments, the current market is very fragmented and many challenges exists related to deployment, scalability, management and coexistence aspects, making adoption of these technologies difficult for many companies. To remedy this, this paper proposes a conceptual framework to improve the performance of LPWAN networks through in-network optimization, cross-technology coexistence and cooperation and virtualization of management functions. In addition, the paper gives an overview of state of the art solutions and identifies open challenges for each of these aspects

Exploiting programmable architectures for WiFi/ZigBee inter-technology cooperation

The increasing complexity of wireless standards has shown that protocols cannot be designed once for all possible deployments, especially when unpredictable and mutating interference situations are present due to the coexistence of heterogeneous technologies. As such, flexibility and (re)programmability of wireless devices is crucial in the emerging scenarios of technology proliferation and unpredictable interference conditions. In this paper, we focus on the possibility to improve coexistence performance of WiFi and ZigBee networks by exploiting novel programmable architectures of wireless devices able to support run-time modifications of medium access operations. Differently from software-defined radio (SDR) platforms, in which every function is programmed from scratch, our programmable architectures are based on a clear decoupling between elementary commands (hard-coded into the devices) and programmable protocol logic (injected into the devices) according to which the commands execution is scheduled. Our contribution is two-fold: first, we designed and implemented a cross-technology time division multiple access (TDMA) scheme devised to provide a global synchronization signal and allocate alternating channel intervals to WiFi and ZigBee programmable nodes; second, we used the OMF control framework to define an interference detection and adaptation strategy that in principle could work in independent and autonomous networks. Experimental results prove the benefits of the envisioned solution

A survey of IEEE 802.15.4 effective system parameters for wireless body sensor networks

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Moravejosharieh, Amirhossein, Lloret, Jaime. (2016). A survey of IEEE 802.15.4 effective system parameters for wireless body sensor networks.International Journal of Communication Systems, 29, 7, 1269-1292. DOI: 10.1002/dac.3098, which has been published in final form at http://doi.org/10.1002/dac.3098. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving[EN] Wireless body sensor networks are offered to meet the requirements of a diverse set of applications such as health-related and well-being applications. For instance, they are deployed to measure, fetch and collect human body vital signs. Such information could be further used for diagnosis and monitoring of medical conditions. IEEE 802.15.4 is arguably considered as a well-designed standard protocol to address the need for low-rate, low-power and low-cost wireless body sensor networks. Apart from the vast deployment of this technology, there are still some challenges and issues related to the performance of the medium access control (MAC) protocol of this standard that are required to be addressed. This paper comprises two main parts. In the first part, the survey has provided a thorough assessment of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol performance where its functionality is evaluated considering a range of effective system parameters, that is, some of the MAC and application parameters and the impact of mutual interference. The second part of this paper is about conducting a simulation study to determine the influence of varying values of the system parameters on IEEE 802.15.4 performance gains. More specifically, we explore the dependability level of IEEE 802.5.4 performance gains on a candidate set of system parameters. Finally, this paper highlights the tangible needs to conduct more investigations on particular aspect(s) of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Moravejosharieh, A.; Lloret, J. (2016). A survey of IEEE 802.15.4 effective system parameters for wireless body sensor networks. International Journal of Communication Systems. 29(7):1269-1292. https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.3098S12691292297Alrajeh, N. A., Lloret, J., & Canovas, A. (2014). A Framework for Obesity Control Using a Wireless Body Sensor Network. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 10(7), 534760. doi:10.1155/2014/534760Lopes I Silva B Rodrigues J Lloret J Proenca M A mobile health monitoring solution for weight control International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP) Nanjing / China 2011 1 5Singh, N., Singh, A. K., & Singh, V. K. (2015). Design and performance of wearable ultrawide band textile antenna for medical applications. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 57(7), 1553-1557. doi:10.1002/mop.29131Lan, K., Chou, C.-M., Wang, T., & Li, M.-W. (2012). Using body sensor networks for motion detection: a cluster-based approach for green radio. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, 25(2), 199-216. doi:10.1002/ett.2559Lloret, J., Garcia, M., Catala, A., & Rodrigues, J. J. P. C. (2016). A group-based wireless body sensors network using energy harvesting for soccer team monitoring. International Journal of Sensor Networks, 21(4), 208. doi:10.1504/ijsnet.2016.079172Garcia M Catala A Lloret J Rodrigues J A wireless sensor network for soccer team monitoring International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems and Workshops (DCOSS) Barcelona / Spain 2011 1 6Penders J Gyselinckx B Vullers R De Nil M Nimmala V van de Molengraft J Yazicioglu F Torfs T Leonov V Merken P Van Hoof C Human++: from technology to emerging health monitoring concepts 5th International Summer School and Symposium ISSS-MDBS on Medical Devices and Biosensors Hong Kong 2008 94 98Penders J Van de Molengraft J. Brown L Grundlehner B Gyselinckx B Van Hoof C Potential and challenges of body area networks for personal health Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBC Minneapolis, U.S. 2009 6569 6572Ullah, S., Higgins, H., Braem, B., Latre, B., Blondia, C., Moerman, I., … Kwak, K. S. (2010). A Comprehensive Survey of Wireless Body Area Networks. Journal of Medical Systems, 36(3), 1065-1094. doi:10.1007/s10916-010-9571-3Cao, H., Leung, V., Chow, C., & Chan, H. (2009). Enabling technologies for wireless body area networks: A survey and outlook. IEEE Communications Magazine, 47(12), 84-93. doi:10.1109/mcom.2009.5350373Hall, P. S., Yang Hao, Nechayev, Y. I., Alomainy, A., Constantinou, C. C., Parini, C., … Bozzetti, M. (2007). Antennas and propagation for on-body communication systems. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 49(3), 41-58. doi:10.1109/map.2007.4293935Mamaghanian, H., Khaled, N., Atienza, D., & Vandergheynst, P. (2011). Compressed Sensing for Real-Time Energy-Efficient ECG Compression on Wireless Body Sensor Nodes. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 58(9), 2456-2466. doi:10.1109/tbme.2011.2156795LAN-MAN Standards Committee the IEEE Computer Society IEEE standard for local and metropolitan area networks - part 15.4: low rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs) 2011Petrova M Riihijarvi J Mahonen P Labella S Performance study of IEEE 802.15.4 using measurements and simulations IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC) Las Vegas, U.S. 2006 487 492Vaithiyanathan, J., Raju, R. K., & Sadayan, G. (2011). Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4 Using Association Process and Channel Measurement. Communications in Computer and Information Science, 409-417. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-22555-0_42Yazdi E Moravejosharieh A Willig A Pawlikowski K Coupling power and frequency adaptation for interference mitigation in IEEE 802.15.4-based mobile body sensor networks: part II 2014 Australasian Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ATNAC) Melbourne, Australia 2014 105 110Pelegris P Banitsas K Investigating the efficiency of IEEE 802.15.4 for medical monitoring applications 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBC Boston, U.S. 2011 8215 8218Ranjit, J. S., & Shin, S. (2013). A Modified IEEE 802.15.4 Superframe Structure for Guaranteed Emergency Handling in Wireless Body Area Network. Network Protocols and Algorithms, 5(2), 1. doi:10.5296/npa.v5i2.3375Jianliang Zheng, & Lee, M. J. (2004). Will IEEE 802.15.4 make ubiquitous networking a reality?: a discussion on a potential low power, low bit rate standard. IEEE Communications Magazine, 42(6), 140-146. doi:10.1109/mcom.2004.1304251Toscano E Lo Bello L Cross-channel interference in IEEE 802.15.4 networks IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems, 2008. WFCS 2008 Dresden, Germany 2008 139 148Bashir F Baek WS Sthapit P Pandey D young Pyun J Coordinator assisted passive discovery for mobile end devices in IEEE 802.15.4 2013 IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC) Las Vegas, U.S. 2013 601 604Tabatabaei Yazdi E Willig A Pawlikowski K Shortening orphan time in IEEE 802.15.4: what can be gained 2013 19th IEEE International Conference on Networks (ICON) Singapore 2013 1 6Park, T. R., Kim, T. H., Choi, J. Y., Choi, S., & Kwon, W. H. (2005). Throughput and energy consumption analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 slotted CSMA∕CA. Electronics Letters, 41(18), 1017. doi:10.1049/el:20051662Bianchi, G. (2000). Performance analysis of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 18(3), 535-547. doi:10.1109/49.840210IEEE Computer Society LAN MAN Standards Committee Wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications 1997Pollin, S., Ergen, M., Ergen, S. C., Bougard, B., Der Perre, L. V., Moerman, I., … Catthoor, F. (2008). Performance Analysis of Slotted Carrier Sense IEEE 802.15.4 Medium Access Layer. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 7(9), 3359-3371. doi:10.1109/twc.2008.060057Xinhua Ling, Yu Cheng, Mark, J. W., & Xuemin Shen. (2008). A Renewal Theory Based Analytical Model for the Contention Access Period of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 7(6), 2340-2349. doi:10.1109/twc.2008.070048Lee, C. Y., Cho, H. I., Hwang, G. U., Doh, Y., & Park, N. (2011). Performance modeling and analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 slotted CSMA/CA protocol with ACK mode. AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 65(2), 123-131. doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2010.02.007Wang, F., Zhao, Y., & Li, D. (2011). Analysis of CSMA/CA in IEEE 802.15.4. IET Communications, 5(15), 2187-2195. doi:10.1049/iet-com.2010.1007Zhu, J., Tao, Z., & Lv, C. (2011). Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4 CSMA/CA Scheme Adopting a Modified LIB Model. Wireless Personal Communications, 65(1), 25-51. doi:10.1007/s11277-011-0226-6Shu F Sakurai T Analysis of an energy conserving CSMA-CA GLOBECOM Washington DC, U.S. 2007 2536 2540Shu, F., & Sakurai, T. (2011). A new analytical model for the IEEE 802.15.4 CSMA-CA protocol. Computer Networks, 55(11), 2576-2591. doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2011.04.017Cano-Garcia, J. M., & Casilari, E. (2011). An empirical evaluation of the consumption of 802.15.4/ZigBee sensor motes in noisy environments. 2011 International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control. doi:10.1109/icnsc.2011.5874886Baz, M., Mitchell, P. D., & Pearce, D. A. J. (2013). Versatile Analytical Model for Delay and Energy Evaluation in WPANs: A Case Study for IEEE 802.15.4 CSMA-CA. Wireless Personal Communications, 75(1), 415-445. doi:10.1007/s11277-013-1370-yLiu Q Czylwik A A priority-based adaptive service differentiation scheme for IEEE 802.15.4 sensor networks Proceedings of European Wireless 2014; 20th European Wireless Conference Barcelona, Spain 2014 1 6Golmie, N., Cypher, D., & Rebala, O. (s. f.). Performance evaluation of low rate WPANs for medical applications. IEEE MILCOM 2004. Military Communications Conference, 2004. doi:10.1109/milcom.2004.1494952Misic, J., Misic, V. B., & Shafi, S. (s. f.). Performance of IEEE 802.15.4 beacon enabled PAN with uplink transmissions in non-saturation mode - access delay for finite buffers. First International Conference on Broadband Networks. doi:10.1109/broadnets.2004.61Mišić, J., Shafi, S., & Mišić, V. B. (2005). The impact of MAC parameters on the performance of 802.15.4 PAN. Ad Hoc Networks, 3(5), 509-528. doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2004.08.002Anastasi, G., Conti, M., & Di Francesco, M. (2011). A Comprehensive Analysis of the MAC Unreliability Problem in IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 7(1), 52-65. doi:10.1109/tii.2010.2085440Lee, B.-H., Al Rasyid, M. U. H., & Wu, H.-K. (2012). Analysis of superframe adjustment and beacon transmission for IEEE 802.15.4 cluster tree networks. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2012(1). doi:10.1186/1687-1499-2012-219Zimmerling, M., Ferrari, F., Mottola, L., Voigt, T., & Thiele, L. (2012). pTunes. Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks - IPSN ’12. doi:10.1145/2185677.2185730Rohm, D., Goyal, M., Hosseini, H., Divjak, A., & Bashir, Y. (2009). Configuring Beaconless IEEE 802.15.4 Networks Under Different Traffic Loads. 2009 International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications. doi:10.1109/aina.2009.84Jin-Shyan Lee. (2006). Performance evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4 for low-rate wireless personal area networks. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 52(3), 742-749. doi:10.1109/tce.2006.1706465De Paz Alberola, R., & Pesch, D. (2012). Duty cycle learning algorithm (DCLA) for IEEE 802.15.4 beacon-enabled wireless sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 10(4), 664-679. doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2011.06.006Barbieri, A., Chiti, F., & Fantacci, R. (2006). WSN17-2: Proposal of an Adaptive MAC Protocol for Efficient IEEE 802.15.4 Low Power Communications. IEEE Globecom 2006. doi:10.1109/glocom.2006.989Jeon, J., Lee, J. W., Ha, J. Y., & Kwon, W. H. (2007). DCA: Duty-Cycle Adaptation Algorithm for IEEE 802.15.4 Beacon-Enabled Networks. 2007 IEEE 65th Vehicular Technology Conference - VTC2007-Spring. doi:10.1109/vetecs.2007.35Kang, M., Chong, J., Hyun, H., Kim, S., Jung, B., & Sung, D. (2007). Adaptive Interference-Aware Multi-Channel Clustering Algorithm in a ZigBee Network in the Presence of WLAN Interference. 2007 2nd International Symposium on Wireless Pervasive Computing. doi:10.1109/iswpc.2007.342601Yi, P., Iwayemi, A., & Zhou, C. (2011). Developing ZigBee Deployment Guideline Under WiFi Interference for Smart Grid Applications. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2(1), 110-120. doi:10.1109/tsg.2010.2091655Tang, L., Wang, K.-C., Huang, Y., & Gu, F. (2007). Channel Characterization and Link Quality Assessment of IEEE 802.15.4-Compliant Radio for Factory Environments. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 3(2), 99-110. doi:10.1109/tii.2007.898414Sha M Xing G Zhou G Liu S Wang X C-MAC: model-driven concurrent medium access control for wireless sensor networks IEEE INFOCOM 2009 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2009 1845 1853 10.1109/INFCOM.2009.5062105Peizhong Yi, Iwayemi, A., & Chi Zhou. (2010). Frequency agility in a ZigBee network for smart grid application. 2010 Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT). doi:10.1109/isgt.2010.5434747Torabi N Wong W Leung VCM A robust coexistence scheme for IEEE 802.15.4 wireless personal area networks IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC) Las Vegas, U.S. 2011 1031 1035 10.1109/CCNC.2011.5766322IEEE standard for local and metropolitan area networks - part 15.6: wireless body area networks IEEE Std 802.15.6-2012 2012 1 271 10.1109/IEEESTD.2012.6161600Kim, S., Kim, S., Kim, J.-W., & Eom, D.-S. (2012). Flexible beacon scheduling scheme for interference mitigation in body sensor networks. 2012 9th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON). doi:10.1109/secon.2012.6275772Bradai N Fourati LC Kamoun L Performance analysis of medium access control protocol for wireless body area networks 27th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA) Barcelona, Spain 2013 916 921Moravejosharieh A Yazdi ET Study of resource utilization in IEEE 802.15.4 wireless body sensor network, part I: the need for enhancement IEEE 16th International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering (CSE) Sydney, Australia 2013 1226 1231Moravejosharieh A Yazdi ET Willig A Study of resource utilization in IEEE 802.15.4 wireless body sensor network, part II: greedy channel utilization 19th IEEE International Conference on Networks (ICON) Singapore 2013 1 6Moravejosharieh A Yazdi E Willig A Pawlikowski K Adaptive channel utilisation in IEEE 802.15.4 wireless body sensor networks: continuous hopping approach Australasian Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ATNAC) Melbourne, Australia 2014 93 98 10.1109/ATNAC.2014.7020880Moravejosharieh, A. H. (2015). Frequency-Adaptive Approach In IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Body Sensor Networks: Continuous-Assessment or Periodic-Assessment? International Journal of Information, Communication Technology and Applications, 1(1), 19. doi:10.17972/ajicta2015113Moravejosharieh A Yazdi E Pawlikowski K Sirisena H Adaptive channel utilisation in IEEE 802.15.4 wireless body sensor networks: adaptive phase-shifting approach International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ITNAC) Sydney, Australia 2015 93 98Bian, K., Park, J.-M., & Gao, B. (2014). Channel Assignment for Multi-hop Cognitive Radio Networks. Cognitive Radio Networks, 101-116. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07329-3_6Bian, K., Park, J.-M., & Gao, B. (2014). Coexistence-Aware Spectrum Sharing for Homogeneous Cognitive Radio Networks. Cognitive Radio Networks, 61-75. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07329-3_4Wu C Yan H Huo H A multi-channel MAC protocol design based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard in industry 2012 10th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN) Beijing, China 2012 1206 1211 10.1109/INDIN.2012.6300916Incel, O. D. (2011). A survey on multi-channel communication in wireless sensor networks. Computer Networks, 55(13), 3081-3099. doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2011.05.020Kim Y Shin H Cha H Y-MAC: an energy-efficient multi-channel MAC protocol for dense wireless sensor networks Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks IPSN '08 St. Louis MO, U.S. 2008 53 63Demirkol, I., Ersoy, C., & Alagoz, F. (2006). MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks: a survey. IEEE Communications Magazine, 44(4), 115-121. doi:10.1109/mcom.2006.1632658Wykret T Correia L Macedo D Giacomin J Andrade L Evaluation and avoidance of interference in WSN: a multi-radio node prototype using dynamic spectrum allocation IFIP Wireless Days (WD) Valencia, Spain 2013 1 3 10.1109/WD.2013.6686533Doyle L Sutton P Nolan K Lotze J Ozgul B Rondeau T Fahmy S Lahlou H DaSilva L Experiences from the IRIS testbed in dynamic spectrum access and cognitive radio experimentation IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Singapore 2010 1 8 10.1109/DYSPAN.2010.5457835Ansari, J., Zhang, X., & Mahonen, P. (2010). Multi-radio medium access control protocol for wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Sensor Networks, 8(1), 47. doi:10.1504/ijsnet.2010.034066Liu Z Wu W A dynamic multi-radio multi-channel MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks 2nd International Conference on Communication Software and Networks (ICCSN) Singapore 2010 105 109Xu, W., Trappe, W., & Zhang, Y. (2008). Defending wireless sensor networks from radio interference through channel adaptation. ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks, 4(4), 1-34. doi:10.1145/1387663.1387664Kim Y Shin H Cha H Y-MAC: an energy-efficient multi-channel MAC protocol for dense wireless sensor networks Proceedings of the 7th IEEE Computer Society International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks IPSN '08 Washington, DC, USA 2008 53 63Tae Hyun Kim, Jae Yeol Ha, & Sunghyun Choi. (2009). Improving Spectral and Temporal Efficiency of Collocated IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPANs. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 8(12), 1596-1609. doi:10.1109/tmc.2009.85Chowdhury, K. R., Nandiraju, N., Chanda, P., Agrawal, D. P., & Zeng, Q.-A. (2009). Channel allocation and medium access control for wireless sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 7(2), 307-321. doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2008.03.004Deylami, M., & Jovanov, E. (2012). A distributed and collaborative scheme for mitigating coexistence in IEEE 802.15.4 based WBANs. Proceedings of the 50th Annual Southeast Regional Conference on - ACM-SE ’12. doi:10.1145/2184512.2184514Deylami, M. N., & Jovanov, E. (2014). A Distributed Scheme to Manage The Dynamic Coexistence of IEEE 802.15.4-Based Health-Monitoring WBANs. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 18(1), 327-334. doi:10.1109/jbhi.2013.2278217Deylami M Jovanov E An implementation of a distributed scheme for managing the dynamic coexistence of wireless body area networks Southeastcon, 2013 Proceedings of IEEE Jacksonville, U.S. 2013 1 6 10.1109/SECON.2013.6567446Cavallari, R., Martelli, F., Rosini, R., Buratti, C., & Verdone, R. (2014). A Survey on Wireless Body Area Networks: Technologies and Design Challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 16(3), 1635-1657. doi:10.1109/surv.2014.012214.00007Chen, M., Gonzalez, S., Vasilakos, A., Cao, H., & Leung, V. C. M. (2010). Body Area Networks: A Survey. Mobile Networks and Applications, 16(2), 171-193. doi:10.1007/s11036-010-0260-8Movassaghi, S., Abolhasan, M., Lipman, J., Smith, D., & Jamalipour, A. (2014). Wireless Body Area Networks: A Survey. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 16(3), 1658-1686. doi:10.1109/surv.2013.121313.00064Patel, M., & Wang, J. (2010). Applications, challenges, and prospective in emerging body area networking technologies. IEEE Wireless Communications, 17(1), 80-88. doi:10.1109/mwc.2010.5416354ULLAH, S., KHAN, P., ULLAH, N., SALEEM, S., HIGGINS, H., & Sup KWAK, K. (2009). A Review of Wireless Body Area Networks for Medical Applications. International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences, 02(08), 797-803. doi:10.4236/ijcns.2009.28093Boulis, A., Smith, D., Miniutti, D., Libman, L., & Tselishchev, Y. (2012). Challenges in body area networks for healthcare: the MAC. IEEE Communications Magazine, 50(5), 100-106. doi:10.1109/mcom.2012.6194389Pantelopoulos A Bourbakis N A survey on wearable biosensor systems for health monitoring 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Vancouver, Canada 2008 4887 4890 10.1109/IEMBS.2008.4650309Takei, K., Honda, W., Harada, S., Arie, T., & Akita, S. (2014). Toward Flexible and Wearable Human-Interactive Health-Monitoring Devices. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 4(4), 487-500. doi:10.1002/adhm.201400546Caldeira, J. M. L. P., Rodrigues, J. J. P. C., & Lorenz, P. (2013). Intra-Mobility Support Solutions for Healthcare Wireless Sensor Networks–Handover Issues. IEEE Sensors Journal, 13(11), 4339-4348. doi:10.1109/jsen.2013.2267729Carrano, R. C., Passos, D., Magalhaes, L. C. S., & Albuquerque, C. V. N. (2014). Survey and Taxonomy of Duty Cycling Mechanisms in Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 16(1), 181-194. doi:10.1109/surv.2013.052213.00116Sudevalayam, S., & Kulkarni, P. (2011). Energy Harvesting Sensor Nodes: Survey and Implications. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 13(3), 443-461. doi:10.1109/surv.2011.060710.00094Khanafer, M., Guennoun, M., & Mouftah, H. T. (2014). A Survey of Beacon-Enabled IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 16(2), 856-876. doi:10.1

State-of-the-art in Power Line Communications: from the Applications to the Medium

In recent decades, power line communication has attracted considerable attention from the research community and industry, as well as from regulatory and standardization bodies. In this article we provide an overview of both narrowband and broadband systems, covering potential applications, regulatory and standardization efforts and recent research advancements in channel characterization, physical layer performance, medium access and higher layer specifications and evaluations. We also identify areas of current and further study that will enable the continued success of power line communication technology.Comment: 19 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. Special Issue on Power Line Communications and its Integration with the Networking Ecosystem. 201

Wireless Technologies for IoT in Smart Cities

[EN] As cities continue to grow, numerous initiatives for Smart Cities are being conducted. The concept of Smart City encompasses several concepts being governance, economy, management, infrastructure, technology and people. This means that a Smart City can have different communication needs. Wireless technologies such as WiFi, ZigBee, Bluetooth, WiMax, 4G or LTE (Long Term Evolution) have presented themselves as solutions to the communication needs of Smart City initiatives. However, as most of them employ unlicensed bands, interference and coexistence problems are increasing. In this paper, the wireless technologies available nowadays for IoT (Internet of Things) in Smart Cities are presented. Our contribution is a review of wireless technologies, their comparison and the problems that difficult coexistence among them. In order to do so, the characteristics and adequacy of wireless technologies to each domain are considered. The problems derived of over-crowded unlicensed spectrum and coexistence difficulties among each technology are discussed as well. Finally, power consumption concerns are addressed.García-García, L.; Jimenez, JM.; Abdullah, MTA.; Lloret, J. (2018). Wireless Technologies for IoT in Smart Cities. Network Protocols and Algorithms. 10(1):23-64. doi:10.5296/npa.v10i1.12798S236410

Low-Power Wireless for the Internet of Things: Standards and Applications: Internet of Things, IEEE 802.15.4, Bluetooth, Physical layer, Medium Access Control,coexistence, mesh networking, cyber-physical systems, WSN, M2M

International audienceThe proliferation of embedded systems, wireless technologies, and Internet protocols have enabled the Internet of Things (IoT) to bridge the gap between the virtual and physical world through enabling the monitoring and actuation of the physical world controlled by data processing systems. Wireless technologies, despite their offered convenience, flexibility, low cost, and mobility pose unique challenges such as fading, interference, energy, and security, which must be carefully addressed when using resource-constrained IoT devices. To this end, the efforts of the research community have led to the standardization of several wireless technologies for various types of application domains depending on factors such as reliability, latency, scalability, and energy efficiency. In this paper, we first overview these standard wireless technologies, and we specifically study the MAC and physical layer technologies proposed to address the requirements and challenges of wireless communications. Furthermore, we explain the use of these standards in various application domains, such as smart homes, smart healthcare, industrial automation, and smart cities, and discuss their suitability in satisfying the requirements of these applications. In addition to proposing guidelines to weigh the pros and cons of each standard for an application at hand, we also examine what new strategies can be exploited to overcome existing challenges and support emerging IoT applications

A baseband wireless spectrum hypervisor for multiplexing concurrent OFDM signals

The next generation of wireless and mobile networks will have to handle a significant increase in traffic load compared to the current ones. This situation calls for novel ways to increase the spectral efficiency. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a wireless spectrum hypervisor architecture that abstracts a radio frequency (RF) front-end into a configurable number of virtual RF front ends. The proposed architecture has the ability to enable flexible spectrum access in existing wireless and mobile networks, which is a challenging task due to the limited spectrum programmability, i.e., the capability a system has to change the spectral properties of a given signal to fit an arbitrary frequency allocation. The proposed architecture is a non-intrusive and highly optimized wireless hypervisor that multiplexes the signals of several different and concurrent multi-carrier-based radio access technologies with numerologies that are multiple integers of one another, which are also referred in our work as radio access technologies with correlated numerology. For example, the proposed architecture can multiplex the signals of several Wi-Fi access points, several LTE base stations, several WiMAX base stations, etc. As it able to multiplex the signals of radio access technologies with correlated numerology, it can, for instance, multiplex the signals of LTE, 5G-NR and NB-IoT base stations. It abstracts a radio frequency front-end into a configurable number of virtual RF front ends, making it possible for such different technologies to share the same RF front-end and consequently reduce the costs and increasing the spectral efficiency by employing densification, once several networks share the same infrastructure or by dynamically accessing free chunks of spectrum. Therefore, the main goal of the proposed approach is to improve spectral efficiency by efficiently using vacant gaps in congested spectrum bandwidths or adopting network densification through infrastructure sharing. We demonstrate mathematically how our proposed approach works and present several simulation results proving its functionality and efficiency. Additionally, we designed and implemented an open-source and free proof of concept prototype of the proposed architecture, which can be used by researchers and developers to run experiments or extend the concept to other applications. We present several experimental results used to validate the proposed prototype. We demonstrate that the prototype can easily handle up to 12 concurrent physical layers

A Comprehensive Analysis of Literature Reported Mac and Phy Enhancements of Zigbee and its Alliances

Wireless communication is one of the most required technologies by the common man. The strength of this technology is rigorously progressing towards several novel directions in establishing personal wireless networks mounted over on low power consuming systems. The cutting-edge communication technologies like bluetooth, WIFI and ZigBee significantly play a prime role to cater the basic needs of any individual. ZigBee is one such evolutionary technology steadily getting its popularity in establishing personal wireless networks which is built on small and low-power digital radios. Zigbee defines the physical and MAC layers built on IEEE standard. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of literature reported MAC and PHY enhancements of ZigBee and its contemporary technologies with respect to performance, power consumption, scheduling, resource management and timing and address binding. The work also discusses on the areas of ZigBee MAC and PHY towards their design for specific applications