Sharing Stress With a Robot: What Would a Robot Say?

With the prevalence of mental health problems today, designing human-robot interaction for mental health intervention is not only possible, but critical. The current experiment examined how three types of robot disclosure (emotional, technical, and by-proxy) affect robot perception and human disclosure behavior during a stress-sharing activity. Emotional robot disclosure resulted in the lowest robot perceived safety. Post-hoc analysis revealed that increased perceived stress predicted reduced human disclosure, user satisfaction, robot likability, and future robot use. Negative attitudes toward robots also predicted reduced intention for future robot use. This work informs on the possible design of robot disclosure, as well as how individual attributes, such as perceived stress, can impact human robot interaction in a mental health context

Human-Machine Communication: Complete Volume. Volume 1

This is the complete volume of HMC Volume 1

헬스케어를 위한 대화형 인공지능의 모사된 페르소나 디자인 및 사용자 경험 연구

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 인문대학 협동과정 인지과학전공, 2021.8. 이준환.디지털 헬스케어(Digital Healthcare) 기술의 발전은 일상 헬스케어 영역에서의 혁신을 주도 하고 있다. 이는 의학 전문가들의 정확한 진단, 질병의 치료를 도울 뿐만 아니라 사용자가 스스로 일상에서 자기관리를 할 수 있도록 돕는다. 디지털 헬스케어 기술의 대표적인 목표 중 하나는 효과적으로 헬스케어 서비스를 개인화 시키는 것인데, 이러한 측면에서 대화형 인공지능(Conversational AI)은 사용하기 쉽고 효율적인 비용으로 개인화된 서비스를 제공할 수 있기에 주목받고 있다. 기존의 개인화된 케어 서비스들의 경우는 대부분 의료기관의 질병치료 서비스들에 포함되었는데, 대화형 인공지능은 이러한 개인화된 케어 서비스의 영역을 일상에서의 질병 예방을 위한 관리로 확장하는데 기여한다. 일대일 대화를 통해 맞춤형 교육, 테라피, 그외의 관련 정보 등을 제공할 수 있다는 측면에서 일상 헬스케어에 적합한 디지털 헬스케어 기술로의 활용도가 높다. 이러한 이점으로 인해 다양한 역할을 가진 대화형 인공지능들의 개발이 이루어지고 있다. 그러나, 이러한 대화형 인공지능들에게 사용자의 선호도에 적합한 페르소나를 부여하는 연구는 드물게 이루어 지고 있다. 대화형 인공지능의 주요 기능인 자연어 기반 상호작용은 CASA 패러다임(CASA Paradigm)에서 제기하는 사용자가 시스템을 의인화하는 경향을 높인다. 때문에 페르소나에 대한 사용자의 선호도가 지속적인 대화형 인공지능의 사용과 몰입에 영향을 미친다. 또한 대화형 인공지능의 장기적인 사용을 위해서 적절한 사용자와의 사회적, 감정적 상호작용을 디자인 해 주어야 하는데, 인지된 페르소나에 대한 사용자의 선호도가 이 과정에도 유의미한 영향을 미친다. 때문에 지속적인 참여가 결과에 큰 영향을 미치는 일상 헬스케어 영역에서 대화형 인공지능을 활용하는데 개인화된 페르소나 디자인이 긍정적인 사용자 경험 및 사용자 건강 증진의 가능성을 높일 것으로 본 연구는 가정한다. 개인화된 페르소나 디자인을 위해 사용자와 현실에서 친밀한 관계에 있는 실존인물(호스트)의 페르소나를 대화형 인공지능에 적용하고 평가하는 것이 본 연구의 핵심적인 아아디어이다. 이를 검증하기 위해서 해당 학위 논문은 총 세 가지의 세부 연구를 포함한다. 첫째는 실존인물의 페르소나 중에서도 일상 건강관리에 적합한 호스트의 페르소나를 탐색하는 연구이다. 둘째는 호스트의 페르소나를 대화형 인공지능에 적용하기 위해 고려해야 할 언어적 요소들을 정의하는 연구이다. 마지막으로는 위의 과정을 통해 개발된 실존하는 인물의 페르소나를 가진 대화형 인공지능이 일상 헬스케어 영역에서 실제 효과를 보이는지를 평가하는 연구이다. 또한 해당 학위논문은 일련의 연구들에서 발견한 결과들을 바탕으로 사용자와 친밀한 관계에 있는 페르소나를 일상 헬스케어를 위한 대화형 인공지능에 적용할 때 고려해야할 디자인 함의점들을 도출하고 가이드라인을 제시한다.Advance in digital healthcare technologies has been leading a revolution in healthcare. It has been showing the enormous potential to improve medical professionals’ ability for accurate diagnosis, disease treatment, and the users’ daily self-care. Since the recent transformation of digital healthcare aims to provide effective personalized health services, Conversational AI (CA) is being highlighted as an easy-to-use and cost-effective means to deliver personalized services. Particularly, CA is gaining attention as a mean for personalized care by ingraining positive self-care behavior in a daily manner while previous methods for personalized care are focusing on the medical context. CA expands the boundary of personalized care by enabling one-to-one tailored conversation to deliver health education and healthcare therapies. Due to CA's opportunities as a method for personalized care, it has been implemented with various types of roles including CA for diagnosis, CA for prevention, and CA for therapy. However, there lacks study on the personalization of healthcare CA to meet user's preferences on the CA's persona. Even though the CASA paradigm has been applied to previous studies designing and evaluating the human-likeness of CA, few healthcare CAs personalize its human-like persona except some CAs for mental health therapy. Moreover, there exists the need to improve user experience by increasing social and emotional interaction between the user and the CA. Therefore, designing an acceptable and personalized persona of CA should be also considered to make users to be engaged in the healthcare task with the CA. In this manner, the thesis suggests an idea of applying the persona of the person who is in a close relationship with the user to the conversational CA for daily healthcare as a strategy for persona personalization. The main hypothesis is the idea of applying a close person's persona would improve user engagement. To investigate the hypothesis, the thesis explores if dynamics derived from the social relationship in the real world can be implemented to the relationship between the user and the CA with the persona of a close person. To explore opportunities and challenges of the research idea, series of studies were conducted to (1) explore appropriate host whose persona would be implemented to healthcare CA, (2) define linguistic characteristics to consider when applying the persona of a close person to the CA, and (3)implement CA with the persona of a close person to major lifestyle domains. Based on findings, the thesis provides design guidelines for healthcare CA with the persona of the real person who is in a close relationship with the user.Abstract 1 1 Introduction 12 2 Literature Review 18 2.1 Roles of CA in Healthcare 18 2.2 Personalization in Healthcare CA 23 2.3 Persona Design CA 25 2.4 Methods for Designing Chatbot’s Dialogue Style 30 2.4.1 Wizard of Oz Method 32 2.4.2 Analyzing Dialogue Data with NLP 33 2.4.3 Participatory Design 35 2.4.4 Crowdsourcing 37 3 Goal of the Study 39 4 Study 1. Exploring Candidate Persona for CA 43 4.1 Related Work 44 4.1.1 Need for Support in Daily Healthcare 44 4.1.2 Applying Persona to Text-based CA 45 4.2 Research Questions 47 4.3 Method 48 4.3.1 Wizard of Oz Study 49 4.3.2 Survey Measurement 52 4.3.3 Post Interview 54 4.3.4 Analysis 54 4.4 Results 55 4.4.1 System Acceptance 56 4.4.2 Perceived Trustfulness and Perceived Intimacy 57 4.4.3 Predictive Power of Corresponding Variables 58 4.4.4 Linguistic Factors Affecting User Perception 58 4.5 Implications 60 5 Study 2. Linguistic Characteristics to Consider When Applying Close Person’s Persona to a Text-based Agent 63 5.1 Related Work 64 5.1.1 Linguistic Characteristics and Persona Perception 64 5.1.2 Language Component 66 5.2 Research Questions 68 5.3 Method 69 5.3.1 Modified Wizard of Oz Study 69 5.3.2 Survey 72 5.4 Results 73 5.4.1 Linguistic Characteristics 73 5.4.2 Priority of Linguistic Characteristics 80 5.4.3 Differences between language Component 82 5.5 Implications 82 6 Study3.Implementation on Lifestyle Domains 85 6.1 Related Work 86 6.1.1 Family as Effective Healthcare Provider 86 6.1.2 Chatbots Promoting Healthy Lifestyle 87 6.2 Research questions 94 6.3 Implementing Persona of Family Member 95 6.3.1 Domains of Implementation 96 6.3.2 Measurements Used in the Study 97 6.4 Experiment 1: Food Journaling Chatbot 100 6.4.1 Method 100 6.4.2 Results 111 6.5 Experiment 2: Physical Activity Intervention 128 6.5.1 Method 131 6.5.2 Results 140 6.6 Experiment 3: Chatbot for Coping Stress 149 6.6.1 Method 151 6.6.2 Results 158 6.7 Implications from Domain Experiments 169 6.7.1 Comparing User Experience 170 6.7.2 Comparing User Perception 174 6.7.3 Implications from Study 3 183 7 Discussion 192 7.1 Design Guidelines 193 7.2 Ethical Considerations 200 7.3 Limitations 206 8 Conclusion 210 References 212 Appendix 252 국문초록 262박

What to Say and How to Say It: the Interplay of Self-Disclosure Depth, Similarity, and Interpersonal Liking in Initial Social Interactions

We often initiate social relationships with others through revelations of personal information, or self-disclosure. Self-disclosure is heavily involved in shaping interpersonal liking, but there are disparate and sometimes contradictory findings in the literature regarding the causal relationship between them. Moreover, a lack of careful control in experimental designs in many existing studies failed to eliminate important confounding factors that might provide alternative explanations for the disclosure-liking relationship. Here, we examined the relationships between self-disclosure and interpersonal liking during initial social interactions, while carefully controlling for a potential confounding factor, similarity between the social partners. Across the first five experiments, I independently manipulated disclosers’ self-disclosure depth, i.e., how personal and intimate the disclosures are, and their self-disclosed similarity with their social partners. High self-disclosed similarity was consistently found to lead to greater initial liking of a discloser. In comparison, the experiments failed to find support for the idea that people favor those who self-disclose more deeply, as suggested in the literature. In Experiment 6, I manipulated initial liking within a set of social partners and successfully replicated another disclosure-liking relationship identified in the literature, namely, the effect that people self-disclose to a greater extent to those whom they like. It was also found that, contrary to the expectation, participants’ risk-taking tendencies negatively predicted their self-disclosure depth to others. In Experiment 7, I extended the investigation to an emerging and novel social context and examined how self-disclosed similarity from an Artificially Intelligent (AI) agent influenced people’s perceptions of and responses to the agent. A significant interaction between the perceived identity of the partner (i.e., AI versus human) and level of self-disclosed similarity was found. The results were interpreted in light of the “uncanny valley effect”, which suggests that a high level of human realism displayed by an automatic agent could elicit unpleasant or “eerie” feelings. Through this series of experiments, I iteratively developed the paradigm to more closely mimic real-world social disclosures. The findings help disentangle the causal relationship between self-disclosure and initial liking and provide insights into some of the subtleties and processes underlying relationship formation

Use of videotape learning packages : a marital enrichment field experiment with two delivery systems

The purposes of this study were (a) to evaluate the effectiveness of two procedures (traditional group workshop and individual telephone conference/mail) for training home economics Extension agents to use videotape resources in working with married couples, and (b) to design, implement, and evaluate videotape learning packages for facilitating married couples' interpersonal competence skills in self-understanding, communication, and growth toward states of consensus and commitment to their relationships. Videotape learning packages were utilized by Extension agents acting as leaders with groups of married couples. The sample consisted of 50 married couples and 10 agent-leaders from 10 counties in two Agricultural Extension Service districts. Thirty-nine couples attended a series of four videotape/discussion programs and responded to pre-post inventories. Eleven control couples who did not attend the series also responded

The impact of religious values on the therapeutic process.

The purpose of this dissertation was to determine how therapists of different religious denominations handle the issue of their own values in the psychotherapeutic relationship when presented with hypothetical case vignettes. The major hypothesis of this study was whether therapists that scored high in religiosity on the Religious Attitude Scale would have more difficulty interpreting and handling cases than therapists who scored low. It also investigated whether those therapists that scored high in religiosity would have their values affect their interpretation of the hypothetical cases more than those low in religiosity. Another hypothesis predicted that women high in religiosity would report experiencing more difficulties interpreting and handling the hypothetical cases than men high in religiosity. The study was conducted using a convenience sample of sixty experienced psychotherapists from two mental health clinics. The participants received two instruments: eight hypothetical case vignettes describing cases with different problems and the Religious Attitude Scale. The study results did not support any of the hypotheses postulated. Degree of religiosity did not affect participant\u27s interpretation and handling of the hypothetical case vignettes. These results can be explained in two ways: it seems that therapy training program have been successful in sensitizing their students in not allowing their religious values to interfere with their work. Another possible explanation could be that those programs do not train the students to use their religious values effectively in the therapeutic process