16,020 research outputs found
Designing electronic collaborative learning environments
Electronic collaborative learning environments for learning and working are in vogue. Designers design them according to their own constructivist interpretations of what collaborative learning is and what it should achieve. Educators employ them with different educational approaches and in diverse situations to achieve different ends. Students use them, sometimes very enthusiastically, but often in a perfunctory way. Finally, researchers study them and—as is usually the case when apples and oranges are compared—find no conclusive evidence as to whether or not they work, where they do or do not work, when they do or do not work and, most importantly, why, they do or do not work. This contribution presents an affordance framework for such collaborative learning environments; an interaction design procedure for designing, developing, and implementing them; and an educational affordance approach to the use of tasks in those environments. It also presents the results of three projects dealing with these three issues
Group virtue: the importance of morality (vs. competence and sociability) in the positive evaluation of in-groups.
Although previous research has focused on competence and sociability as the characteristics most important to positive group evaluation, the authors suggest that morality is more important. Studies with preexisting and experimentally created in-groups showed that a set of positive traits constituted distinct factors of morality, competence, and sociability. When asked directly, Study 1 participants reported that their in-group's morality was more important than its competence or sociability. An unobtrusive factor analytic method also showed morality to be a more important explanation of positive in-group evaluation than competence or sociability. Experimental manipulations of morality and competence (Study 4) and morality and sociability (Study 5) showed that only in-group morality affected aspects of the group-level self-concept related to positive evaluation (i.e., pride in, or distancing from, the in-group). Consistent with this finding, identification with experimentally created (Study 2b) and preexisting (Studies 4 and 5) in-groups predicted the ascription of morality, but not competence or sociability, to the in-group
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Ethnography, education and on-line research
This paper is an attempt to establish the methodological basis for carrying out ethnographies of online education communities, in particular in the Continuing Professional Development VITAL project co-ordinated by the Faculty of Education and Language Studies at The Open University www.vital.ac.uk/
A much shorter earlier draft version of this paper was given at the Qualitative Research For Web 2.0/3.0: The Next Leap! 25 & 26 March 2010 in Berlin. Organised by Merlien.
The arguments and references in this paper are almost all to be found in two books 'one authored and one edited – by Professor Christine Hine of Surrey University, UK (Hine 2000; Hine 2005)
Personality factors and acceptability of socially assistive robotics in teachers with and without specialized training for children with disability
Personality factors can be predictors of acceptability and intention to use new technologies, especially regarding education and care fields in the whole lifespan. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive factors and attitudes of curricular and specialized teachers towards socially assistive robotics and the intention to use robots in teaching activities. In our research, we investigated the impact of the personality factors measured with the Big Five Questionnaire, on acceptability questionnaires derived by Eurobarometer and by the model Unified Theory of the Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), administered respectively before and after showing the possible uses of the robot NAO in education and teaching. The study was conducted in four schools, participants were 114 teachers (52.07 ± 8.22), aged 26 to 68 years, of the primary and middle school level. The results highlight the primary role of the personality factors Openness to Experience and Extraversion for promoting the acceptability and reduce the prejudicial reject regarding the use of educational and assistive robotic technologies. In conclusion, for using at best robotics in education, teachers need to receive appropriate training - also on the basis of their attitudes and personality traits - to learn how to plan their educational activities integrating the robotics tool
Online networks and subjective well-being
We argue that the use of online networks may threaten subjective well-being
in several ways, due to the inherent attributes of Internet-mediated
interaction and through its effects on social trust and sociability. We test
our hypotheses on a representative sample of the Italian population. We find a
significantly negative correlation between online networking and well-being.
This result is partially confirmed after accounting for endogeneity. We explore
the direct and indirect effects of the use of social networking sites (SNS) on
well-being in a SEM analysis. We find that online networking plays a positive
role in subjective well-being through its impact on physical interactions,
whereas SNS use is associated with lower social trust. The overall effect of
networking on individual welfare is significantly negative.Comment: 40 page
Leveraging Social Media for Work Value: Social and Work Affordances
The reasons that people using social media is going beyond personal socializing. Many individuals leverage the social and work affordances of social media to enhance work performance and complete tasks. This study proposed a framework of social media enabled work value based on social psychological theories including social affordance and social presence. We explore how different affordances (social, work, and negative affordances) of social media affect the social value (social presence) and work value perceived by the users. The effects of social affordance, work affordance, and negative affordance were examined. The proposed model was empirically evaluated on a sample of 194 social media users. The results provide support to the themes (1) both social and work values are increased by social and work affordance; (2) negative affordance, however, would not affect the work value; (3) increasing social presence could not enhance the work value. Several suggestions are provided
Care-oriented occupations' devaluation and their relationship with profit and production
Dissertação de mestrado, Psicologia (Área de especialização em Cognição Social Aplicada), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia, 2021Healthcare, Early Education and Domestic (HEED) occupations are less socially
valued than Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) occupations.
Social psychologists have predominantly focused on HEED occupations being typically
female and communal, while STEM occupations are typically male and agentic. We
propose that the caring nature of HEED work itself may play a role in its devaluation.
With female liberation, this work migrated from the private sphere towards being
monetized, while not offering means of production on which modern society is based
on. Thus, we suggest that not conforming to profit and production norms may be at the
core of the devaluation of HEED occupations. Study 1 aimed at exploring whether the
care orientation of HEED occupations readily comes to people’s minds. In a free
association task, participants (N = 64) wrote 3 words related to each of 18 different
occupations in HEED, STEM, and filler fields. As expected, HEED occupations elicited
more care-related words than the other occupations. In Study 2, we manipulated how
the impact of a HEED or STEM occupation was described in a text: economic versus
well-being impact. After reading the text, participants (N = 143) rated several aspects of
the occupation (e.g., ideal income, perceived status, difficulty, professionals’ attributes).
Results replicated previous findings relating to occupational stereotypes and social
perception models. Contrary to our expectations, our manipulation did not lead to more
positive ratings or higher compensation. Our findings suggest that care labour may be
damaged by heightened perceptions of profit and that general communal orientations
benefit both communal workers and society at large. Future research could expand on
these findings through exploration of the agentic versus collective efforts in a similar
design and through furthering the social perception of communion, emotional
expression and emotional intelligence in the workplace.Ocupações de cuidados de saúde, educação primária e domésticas (designadas na
literatura como HEED, Block et al., 2019) são menos valorizadas socialmente do que
ocupações de ciência, tecnologia, engenharia e matemática (comummente chamadas
STEM). A psicologia social focou-se predominantemente na caracterização de
ocupações HEED como tipicamente femininas e comunais, por oposição a ocupações
STEM, tipicamente masculinas e focadas no agente (Block et al., 2019; Croft et al.,
2015). Modelos de perceção social (e.g., Koch et al., 2021) identificaram como
dimensões fundamentais da perceção social a comunhão e a agência. Tendo em conta
que estas dimensões são características respetivamente de HEED e STEM, estes
modelos são fundamentais para entender as mecânicas subjacentes. Os grupos
percecionados como competentes são geralmente de estatuto social mais alto, mas são
percecionados como emocionalmente frios enquanto os grupos menos competentes
tendem a ser interpretados como mais comunais (Elemers & van den Bos, 2012;
Yzerbyt, 2018). Os trabalhadores nos campos HEED e STEM são afetados por estes
mecanismos nomeadamente porque as pessoas inferem mais das ocupações das pessoas
do que da sua raça ou género (Noyes et al., 2021). A disparidade de género tem
gradualmente sido reduzida na área STEM mas esta tendência não se verifica em HEED,
nomeadamente devido à maior presença feminina (Croft et al., 2015). A estagnação em
HEED também pode estar relacionada com os cuidados serem considerados uma
atividade essencialmente feminina (Cancian & Oliker, 2000). É difícil ultrapassar estas
barreiras quando socialmente a remuneração apropriada é associada a uma perda de
motivação intrínseca e os próprios trabalhadores sentem dificuldade em exigir melhor
remuneração uma vez que estão muitas vezes emocionalmente investidos nas pessoas
que cuidam (England & Folbre, 2003). O contexto histórico e cultural não incentiva à
mudança uma vez que a sociedade moderna está construída sob premissas de valor de
produção, por contraposto à reprodução e manutenção (Debord, 2012).
Propomos que a natureza do cuidado em si no trabalho de ocupações HEED tenha
um papel na sua desvalorização. Com a libertação feminina, este trabalho migrou da
esfera privada para uma posição capitalizável, sem capacidade de oferecer meios de
produção, nos quais a sociedade moderna se baseia. Desta forma, sugerimos que a
inconsistência relativa a normas de lucro e produção seja fulcral para a continuada
desvalorização de ocupações HEED.
O nosso primeiro estudo foi concebido com o intuito de explorar se a orientação para
os cuidados surgia prontamente associada a ocupações HEED. Numa tarefa de
associação livre, os participantes (N = 64) escreveram três palavras relacionadas com
cada uma de dezoito diferentes ocupações HEED, STEM e de uma terceira categoria de
profissões não enquadradas nem no campo HEED, nem no campo STEM. As profissões
HEED foram selecionadas tendo em conta os ratings de comunhão de Imhoff e
colaboradores (2018). As profissões STEM foram selecionadas tendo em conta os
ratings de orientação para a ciência e a terceira categoria (controlo) foi selecionada a
partir de profissões com ratings médios nas duas escalas anteriores. Como esperámos,
as ocupações HEED produziram mais palavras relacionadas com o cuidado do qualquer
uma das outras profissões. As ocupações HEED também produziram muito mais
palavras relacionadas com grupos sociais do que a categoria de controlo, apesar da
natureza social de parte delas. Adicionalmente, as ocupações HEED produziram muito
mais palavras relacionadas com traços de personalidade e imagem do que as ocupações
STEM. É possível que isto se deva a estereótipos menos marcados para trabalhadores de
STEM. Houve uma diferença considerável entre as funções e appraisals dentro da
categoria de controlo consoante o estatuto social – profissões de baixo-estatuto social
produziram mais avaliações externas e profissões de alto-estatuto social produziram
mais funções e papéis.
No segundo estudo, manipulámos a descrição do impacto de uma ocupação HEED e
de uma ocupação STEM na informação que os participantes (N = 143) leram. Foi pedido
aos participantes que imaginassem que esta informação tinha sido publicada num jornal
europeu de renome. Este impacto podia ser de natureza económica ou relativo ao bem-estar psicológico. Após a leitura do estímulo, os participantes avaliaram diferentes
aspetos da ocupação apresentada, nomeadamente o salário ideal, o prestígio associado, a
dificuldade e traços de personalidade dos profissionais. Os traços de personalidade em
questão foram adaptados a partir do estudo bottom-up de Imhoff e colaboradores
(2018). Também incluímos uma avaliação de valores de comunhão e de agência
(adaptada de Block et al., 2019) para avaliar a projeção da perceção da ocupação para o
estereótipo do profissional e para medir o impacto dos valores dos participantes. Os
resultados replicaram investigação anterior relacionada com estereótipos ocupacionais e
modelos de perceção social. A ocupação STEM foi consistentemente mais valorizada
em termos de remuneração, prestígio e competência, enquanto a ocupação HEED foi
consistentemente mais valorizada na maior parte das dimensões avaliadas, mas pior
avaliada na hierarquia social. As diferenças de género encontradas na nossa amostra
seguem a tendência oposta à previamente reportada na literatura (Block et al., 2019), na
medida em que homens e mulheres valorizaram igualmente agência e as mulheres
valorizaram consideravelmente mais comunhão. Houve algumas divergências das
expetativas de encaixe nos modelos de perceção social, em particular relativamente à
ocupação STEM, pelo que é possível que esta não fosse tão representativa como
desejável. Nomeadamente, foi avaliada como muito menos sociável, confiante e até
competente do que o esperado. Apesar disto, não afetou o seu prestígio ou qualquer
outro item de aprovação social. Podemos inferir que a sociabilidade não é
particularmente valorizada na hierarquia social, o que reflete a análise relativa ao
contexto cultural em que estamos inseridos. O mesmo se pode dizer das diferenças
relativas à comunhão. Contrariamente às nossas expectativas, a manipulação não
provocou avaliações mais positivas ou maior compensação monetária. No entanto,
apesar de os participantes serem da opinião que em geral os profissionais STEM
merecem mais do que os profissionais HEED, o aumento percentual foi muito maior
para HEED, em particular quando os participantes leram sobre o impacto psicológico de
uma ocupação STEM. Os nossos resultados sugerem que o trabalho do cuidado é
prejudicado ao salientar perceções de lucro. De forma geral, orientações de comunhão
beneficiam tanto os trabalhadores de ocupações HEED como a sociedade como um
todo. Estas orientações permitem uma melhor integração de informação contra
estereotípica (Olsson & Martiny, 2018).
É possível que a vantagem marginal que observámos se deve a primar a valorização
do bem-estar psicológico em si através da associação a uma profissão já valorizada. É
possível que a manipulação não tenha tido o efeito esperado porque o impacto
económico da profissão HEED foi interpretado como proveniente de um coletivo de
profissionais enquanto o impacto da profissão STEM foi provavelmente interpretado
como sendo produto de um só profissional.
Investigação futura pode expandir esta área através da exploração do mesmo design
experimental comparando o impacto de um agente versus um coletivo. Outra área de
possível extensão seria o aprofundamento do conhecimento da perceção social da
comunhão, expressão emocional e inteligência emocional no mundo do trabalho. Tendo
em conta a avaliação positiva de profissionais HEED que vimos, e a forte ligação à
emocionalidade, seria pertinente esclarecer se isto se trata de um estigma pela expressão
emocional ou uma valorização do controlo emocional ou inteligência emocional nas
áreas científicas. Discutimos ainda implicações para a área de investigação e para a
aplicação e ação afirmativa
How are Asian Americans Seen and Evaluated? Examining Ethnic Stereotypes and their Cultural Complexity
Human stereotypes are more complicated and subtle than scholars or lay people often think. Based on the EPA (i.e., evaluation, potency and accuracy) theory of stereotypes (Lee, 2011; Lee, B., W. & Luo, 2007; Lee, J., & McCauley, 2013; Lee, McCauley & Jussim, 2013; Lee, V. S., & Ma, 2007), it was hypothesized and found that stereotypes of Asian Americans are derived on the basis of both evaluative considerations (prejudice) and a realistic assessment of group characteristics. This produces a pattern of stereotypic judgments that contains both agreement and disagreement when comparing stereotypes of Asian Americans among different perceiver groups (European Americans, non-Asian Minority-Americans). The results of the present study also highlight complexities that arise when one considers the effect of inter-group contact on stereotyping. Specifically, an increase in the frequency of inter-group contact was associated with a reduction in negative stereotyping, whereas an increase in the quality or closeness of inter-group contact was associated with an increase in negative stereotyping. It is concluded that inter-group stereotyping reflects a complex mixture of psychological processes that are in need of further investigation
Designing and evaluating mobile multimedia user experiences in public urban places: Making sense of the field
The majority of the world’s population now lives in cities (United Nations, 2008) resulting in an urban densification requiring people to live in closer proximity and share urban infrastructure such as streets, public transport, and parks within cities. However, “physical closeness does not mean social closeness” (Wellman, 2001, p. 234). Whereas it is a common practice to greet and chat with people you cross paths with in smaller villages, urban life is mainly anonymous and does not automatically come with a sense of community per se. Wellman (2001, p. 228) defines community “as networks of interpersonal ties that provide sociability, support, information, a sense of belonging and social identity.” While on the move or during leisure time, urban dwellers use their interactive information communication technology (ICT) devices to connect to their spatially distributed community while in an anonymous space. Putnam (1995) argues that available technology privatises and individualises the leisure time of urban dwellers. Furthermore, ICT is sometimes used to build a “cocoon” while in public to avoid direct contact with collocated people (Mainwaring et al., 2005; Bassoli et al., 2007; Crawford, 2008). Instead of using ICT devices to seclude oneself from the surrounding urban environment and the collocated people within, such devices could also be utilised to engage urban dwellers more with the urban environment and the urban dwellers within. Urban sociologists found that “what attracts people most, it would appear, is other people” (Whyte, 1980, p. 19) and “people and human activity are the greatest object of attention and interest” (Gehl, 1987, p. 31). On the other hand, sociologist Erving Goffman describes the concept of civil inattention, acknowledging strangers’ presence while in public but not interacting with them (Goffman, 1966). With this in mind, it appears that there is a contradiction between how people are using ICT in urban public places and for what reasons and how people use public urban places and how they behave and react to other collocated people. On the other hand there is an opportunity to employ ICT to create and influence experiences of people collocated in public urban places. The widespread use of location aware mobile devices equipped with Internet access is creating networked localities, a digital layer of geo-coded information on top of the physical world (Gordon & de Souza e Silva, 2011). Foursquare.com is an example of a location based 118 Mobile Multimedia – User and Technology Perspectives social network (LBSN) that enables urban dwellers to virtually check-in into places at which they are physically present in an urban space. Users compete over ‘mayorships’ of places with Foursquare friends as well as strangers and can share recommendations about the space. The research field of Urban Informatics is interested in these kinds of digital urban multimedia augmentations and how such augmentations, mediated through technology, can create or influence the UX of public urban places. “Urban informatics is the study, design, and practice of urban experiences across different urban contexts that are created by new opportunities of real-time, ubiquitous technology and the augmentation that mediates the physical and digital layers of people networks and urban infrastructures” (Foth et al., 2011, p. 4). One possibility to augment the urban space is to enable citizens to digitally interact with spaces and urban dwellers collocated in the past, present, and future. “Adding digital layer to the existing physical and social layers could facilitate new forms of interaction that reshape urban life” (Kjeldskov & Paay, 2006, p. 60). This methodological chapter investigates how the design of UX through such digital placebased mobile multimedia augmentations can be guided and evaluated. First, we describe three different applications that aim to create and influence the urban UX through mobile mediated interactions. Based on a review of literature, we describe how our integrated framework for designing and evaluating urban informatics experiences has been constructed. We conclude the chapter with a reflective discussion on the proposed framework
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The influence of national culture on the attitude towards mobile recommender systems
This is the post-print version of the final paper published in Technological Forecasting and Social Change. The published article is available from the link below. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. Copyright @ 2013 Elsevier B.V.This study aimed to identify factors that influence user attitudes towards mobile recommender systems and to examine how these factors interact with cultural values to affect attitudes towards this technology. Based on the theory of reasoned action, belief factors for mobile recommender systems are identified in three dimensions: functional, contextual, and social. Hypotheses explaining different impacts of cultural values on the factors affecting attitudes were also proposed. The research model was tested based on data collected in China, South Korea, and the United Kingdom. Findings indicate that functional and social factors have significant impacts on user attitudes towards mobile recommender systems. The relationships between belief factors and attitudes are moderated by two cultural values: collectivism and uncertainty avoidance. The theoretical and practical implications of applying theory of reasoned action and innovation diffusion theory to explain the adoption of new technologies in societies with different cultures are also discussed.National Research Foundation
of Korea Grant funded by the Korean governmen
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