Energy Efficient Spectrum Aware Clustering for Cognitive Sensor Networks

Combining cognitive radio technology with wireless sensor networks has been introduced in the literature as a solution to the spectrum deficiency problem. Many clustering algorithms have been proposed for wireless sensor networks. However, most of them are not suitable for cognitive sensor networks as they operate on a fixed channel settings. In this work, we propose a low energy spectrum aware clustering algorithm, CogLEACH-C, based on CogLEACH algorithm in order to improve the performance in terms of system lifetime.To accomplish that, energy level of each sensor node should be taken into account during the selection process. CogLEACH-C uses not only the number of channels sensed idle by the node but also the node energy level in determining the probability for each node to be a cluster head. Hence, allows the base station to select K cluster heads that are in a better position for the nodes in the network. Moreover, as the network consists of primary users (PU) and secondary users sharing the same channels with the priority for the primary users, secondary nodes that are within the coverage of primary users will sense a low number of idle channels depending on the primary user’s activity. As a result, those nodes will experience difficulty to connect with a cluster head and that affects the performance of the network.In particular, when the probability of a channel to be idle is low and the majority of the channels are within the coverage of the PUs. We provide an analysis of the probability of connectivity of a sensor node in cognitive wireless sensor network when CogLeach-C algorithm is used, and we show how that affects the performance of the network in terms of delay and network lifetime

Optimized Cluster-Based Dynamic Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks in Agriculture Precision

[EN] Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are becoming one of the demanding platforms, where sensor nodes are sensing and monitoring the physical or environmental conditions and transmit the data to the base station via multihop routing. Agriculture sector also adopted these networks to promote innovations for environmental friendly farming methods, lower the management cost, and achieve scientific cultivation. Due to limited capabilities, the sensor nodes have suffered with energy issues and complex routing processes and lead to data transmission failure and delay in the sensor-based agriculture fields. Due to these limitations, the sensor nodes near the base station are always relaying on it and cause extra burden on base station or going into useless state. To address these issues, this study proposes a Gateway Clustering Energy-Efficient Centroid- (GCEEC-) based routing protocol where cluster head is selected from the centroid position and gateway nodes are selected from each cluster. Gateway node reduces the data load from cluster head nodes and forwards the data towards the base station. Simulation has performed to evaluate the proposed protocol with state-of-the-art protocols. The experimental results indicated the better performance of proposed protocol and provide more feasible WSN-based monitoring for temperature, humidity, and illumination in agriculture sector.This work has also been partially supported by the European Union through the ERANETMED (Euromediterranean Cooperation through ERANET joint activities and beyond) project ERANETMED3-227 SMARTWATIR.Qureshi, KN.; Bashir, MU.; Lloret, J.; León Fernández, A. (2020). Optimized Cluster-Based Dynamic Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks in Agriculture Precision. Journal of Sensors. 2020:1-19. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9040395S1192020Sneha, K., Kamath, R., Balachandra, M., & Prabhu, S. (2019). New Gossiping Protocol for Routing Data in Sensor Networks for Precision Agriculture. Soft Computing and Signal Processing, 139-152. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3393-4_15Qureshi, K. N., Abdullah, A. H., Bashir, F., Iqbal, S., & Awan, K. M. (2018). Cluster-based data dissemination, cluster head formation under sparse, and dense traffic conditions for vehicular ad hoc networks. International Journal of Communication Systems, 31(8), e3533. doi:10.1002/dac.3533Rault, T., Bouabdallah, A., & Challal, Y. (2014). Energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks: A top-down survey. Computer Networks, 67, 104-122. doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2014.03.027Feng, X., Zhang, J., Ren, C., & Guan, T. (2018). An Unequal Clustering Algorithm Concerned With Time-Delay for Internet of Things. IEEE Access, 6, 33895-33909. doi:10.1109/access.2018.2847036Savaglio, C., Pace, P., Aloi, G., Liotta, A., & Fortino, G. (2019). Lightweight Reinforcement Learning for Energy Efficient Communications in Wireless Sensor Networks. 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(2014). A survey of wireless sensor network approaches and their energy consumption for monitoring farm fields in precision agriculture. Precision Agriculture, 16(2), 216-238. doi:10.1007/s11119-014-9371-8Long, D. S., & McCallum, J. D. (2015). On-combine, multi-sensor data collection for post-harvest assessment of environmental stress in wheat. Precision Agriculture, 16(5), 492-504. doi:10.1007/s11119-015-9391-zFu, X., Fortino, G., Li, W., Pace, P., & Yang, Y. (2019). WSNs-assisted opportunistic network for low-latency message forwarding in sparse settings. Future Generation Computer Systems, 91, 223-237. doi:10.1016/j.future.2018.08.031Mehmood, A., Khan, S., Shams, B., & Lloret, J. (2013). Energy-efficient multi-level and distance-aware clustering mechanism for WSNs. International Journal of Communication Systems, 28(5), 972-989. doi:10.1002/dac.2720Pantazis, N. A., Nikolidakis, S. A., & Vergados, D. D. (2013). Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 15(2), 551-591. doi:10.1109/surv.2012.062612.00084De Farias, C. M., Pirmez, L., Fortino, G., & Guerrieri, A. (2019). A multi-sensor data fusion technique using data correlations among multiple applications. Future Generation Computer Systems, 92, 109-118. doi:10.1016/j.future.2018.09.034Rao, P. C. S., Jana, P. K., & Banka, H. (2016). A particle swarm optimization based energy efficient cluster head selection algorithm for wireless sensor networks. Wireless Networks, 23(7), 2005-2020. doi:10.1007/s11276-016-1270-7Fu, X., Fortino, G., Pace, P., Aloi, G., & Li, W. (2020). Environment-fusion multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. Information Fusion, 53, 4-19. doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2019.06.001Liu, X. (2015). Atypical Hierarchical Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review. IEEE Sensors Journal, 15(10), 5372-5383. doi:10.1109/jsen.2015.2445796Jan, N., Javaid, N., Javaid, Q., Alrajeh, N., Alam, M., Khan, Z. A., & Niaz, I. A. (2017). A Balanced Energy-Consuming and Hole-Alleviating Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Access, 5, 6134-6150. doi:10.1109/access.2017.2676004Gupta, G. P., Misra, M., & Garg, K. (2014). Energy and trust aware mobile agent migration protocol for data aggregation in wireless sensor networks. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 41, 300-311. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2014.01.003Safa, H., Karam, M., & Moussa, B. (2014). PHAODV: Power aware heterogeneous routing protocol for MANETs. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 46, 60-71. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2014.07.035Liu, X. (2015). An Optimal-Distance-Based Transmission Strategy for Lifetime Maximization of Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Sensors Journal, 15(6), 3484-3491. doi:10.1109/jsen.2014.2372340Brar, G. S., Rani, S., Chopra, V., Malhotra, R., Song, H., & Ahmed, S. H. (2016). Energy Efficient Direction-Based PDORP Routing Protocol for WSN. IEEE Access, 4, 3182-3194. doi:10.1109/access.2016.2576475Abo-Zahhad, M., Ahmed, S. M., Sabor, N., & Sasaki, S. (2015). Mobile Sink-Based Adaptive Immune Energy-Efficient Clustering Protocol for Improving the Lifetime and Stability Period of Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Sensors Journal, 15(8), 4576-4586. doi:10.1109/jsen.2015.2424296Huynh, T.-T., Dinh-Duc, A.-V., & Tran, C.-H. (2016). Delay-constrained energy-efficient cluster-based multi-hop routing in wireless sensor networks. Journal of Communications and Networks, 18(4), 580-588. doi:10.1109/jcn.2016.000081Shen, J., Wang, A., Wang, C., Hung, P. C. K., & Lai, C.-F. (2017). An Efficient Centroid-Based Routing Protocol for Energy Management in WSN-Assisted IoT. IEEE Access, 5, 18469-18479. doi:10.1109/access.2017.2749606Awan, K. M., Shah, P. A., Iqbal, K., Gillani, S., Ahmad, W., & Nam, Y. (2019). Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review of Recent Issues and Challenges. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2019, 1-20. doi:10.1155/2019/6470359Sajwan, M., Gosain, D., & Sharma, A. K. (2018). CAMP: cluster aided multi-path routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. Wireless Networks, 25(5), 2603-2620. doi:10.1007/s11276-018-1689-0Varga, A. (2010). OMNeT++. Modeling and Tools for Network Simulation, 35-59. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12331-3_3Lartillot, O., Toiviainen, P., & Eerola, T. (2008). A Matlab Toolbox for Music Information Retrieval. Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization, 261-268. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-78246-9_31Mathur, P., Nielsen, R. H., Prasad, N. R., & Prasad, R. (2016). Data collection using miniature aerial vehicles in wireless sensor networks. IET Wireless Sensor Systems, 6(1), 17-25. doi:10.1049/iet-wss.2014.0120Zou, T., Lin, S., Feng, Q., & Chen, Y. (2016). Energy-Efficient Control with Harvesting Predictions for Solar-Powered Wireless Sensor Networks. 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Analyzing Energy-efficiency and Route-selection of Multi-level Hierarchal Routing Protocols in WSNs

The advent and development in the field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in recent years has seen the growth of extremely small and low-cost sensors that possess sensing, signal processing and wireless communication capabilities. These sensors can be expended at a much lower cost and are capable of detecting conditions such as temperature, sound, security or any other system. A good protocol design should be able to scale well both in energy heterogeneous and homogeneous environment, meet the demands of different application scenarios and guarantee reliability. On this basis, we have compared six different protocols of different scenarios which are presenting their own schemes of energy minimizing, clustering and route selection in order to have more effective communication. This research is motivated to have an insight that which of the under consideration protocols suit well in which application and can be a guide-line for the design of a more robust and efficient protocol. MATLAB simulations are performed to analyze and compare the performance of LEACH, multi-level hierarchal LEACH and multihop LEACH.Comment: NGWMN with 7th IEEE Inter- national Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications (BWCCA 2012), Victoria, Canada, 201

Energy-Efficient Multi-Level and Distance-Aware Clustering Mechanism for WSNs

[EN] Most sensor networks are deployed at hostile environments to sense and gather specific information. As sensor nodes have battery constraints, therefore, the research community is trying to propose energyefficient solutions for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to prolong the lifetime of the network. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient multi-level and distance-aware clustering (EEMDC) mechanism for WSNs. In this mechanism, the area of the network is divided into three logical layers, which depends upon the hop-count-based distance from the base station. The simulation outcomes show that EEMDC is more energy efficient than other existing conventional approaches.This work has been partially supported by the 'Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion', through the 'Plan Nacional de I+D+i 2008-2011' in the 'Subprograma de Proyectos de Investigacion Fundamental', project TEC2011-27516, and by the Polytechnic University of Valencia, through the PAID-15-11 multidisciplinary projectsMehmood, A.; Khan, S.; Shams, B.; Lloret, J. (2015). Energy-Efficient Multi-Level and Distance-Aware Clustering Mechanism for WSNs. International Journal of Communication Systems. 28(5):972-989. https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.2720S972989285Sendra, S., Lloret, J., Garcia, M., & Toledo, J. F. (2011). Power Saving and Energy Optimization Techniques for Wireless Sensor Neworks (Invited Paper). 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A Cluster-Based Architecture to Structure the Topology of Parallel Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors, 9(12), 10513-10544. doi:10.3390/s91210513LEHSAINI, M., GUYENNET, H., & FEHAM, M. (2010). Cluster-based Energy-efficient k-Coverage for Wireless Sensor Networks. Network Protocols and Algorithms, 2(2). doi:10.5296/npa.v2i2.325Liu, G., Xu, B., & Chen, H. (2011). Decentralized estimation over noisy channels in cluster-based wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Communication Systems, 25(10), 1313-1329. doi:10.1002/dac.1308Cheng, L., Chen, C., Ma, J., & Shu, L. (2011). Contention-based geographic forwarding in asynchronous duty-cycled wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Communication Systems, 25(12), 1585-1602. doi:10.1002/dac.1325Wang, X., & Qian, H. (2011). Hierarchical and low-power IPv6 address configuration for wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Communication Systems, 25(12), 1513-1529. doi:10.1002/dac.1318Zhang, D., Yang, Z., Raychoudhury, V., Chen, Z., & Lloret, J. (2013). An Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol Using Movement Trends in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks. The Computer Journal, 56(8), 938-946. doi:10.1093/comjnl/bxt028Chen, J.-S., Hong, Z.-W., Wang, N.-C., & Jhuang, S.-H. (2010). Efficient Cluster Head Selection Methods for Wireless Sensor Networks. Journal of Networks, 5(8). doi:10.4304/jnw.5.8.964-970Peiravi, A., Mashhadi, H. R., & Hamed Javadi, S. (2011). An optimal energy-efficient clustering method in wireless sensor networks using multi-objective genetic algorithm. International Journal of Communication Systems, 26(1), 114-126. doi:10.1002/dac.1336Zeynali, M., Mollanejad, A., & Khanli, L. M. (2011). Novel hierarchical routing protocol in wireless sensor network. 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COCA: Constructing optimal clustering architecture to maximize sensor network lifetime. Computer Communications, 36(3), 256-268. doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2012.10.006Aslam N Phillips W Robertson W Sivakumar S A multi-criterion optimization technique for energy efficient cluster formation in wireless sensor networks 4th IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, (CCNC 2007) 2007 650 654Yi, S., Heo, J., Cho, Y., & Hong, J. (2007). PEACH: Power-efficient and adaptive clustering hierarchy protocol for wireless sensor networks. Computer Communications, 30(14-15), 2842-2852. doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2007.05.034Yong, Z., & Pei, Q. (2012). A Energy-Efficient Clustering Routing Algorithm Based on Distance and Residual Energy for Wireless Sensor Networks. Procedia Engineering, 29, 1882-1888. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.231Chuan-Chi W A minimum transmission energy consumption routing protocol for user-centric wireless networks 2011 1143 1148Kumar, D., Aseri, T. C., & Patel, R. B. (2009). 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Multihop clustering algorithm for load balancing in wireless sensor networks

The paper presents a new cluster based routing algorithm that exploits the redundancy properties of the sensor networks in order to address the traditional problem of load balancing and energy efficiency in the WSNs.The algorithm makes use of the nodes in a sensor network of which area coverage is covered by the neighbours of the nodes and mark them as temporary cluster heads. The algorithm then forms two layers of multi hop communication. The bottom layer which involves intra cluster communication and the top layer which involves inter cluster communication involving the temporary cluster heads. Performance studies indicate that the proposed algorithm solves effectively the problem of load balancing and is also more efficient in terms of energy consumption from Leach and the enhanced version of Leach

Coverage Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: Review and Future Directions

The coverage problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be generally defined as a measure of how effectively a network field is monitored by its sensor nodes. This problem has attracted a lot of interest over the years and as a result, many coverage protocols were proposed. In this survey, we first propose a taxonomy for classifying coverage protocols in WSNs. Then, we classify the coverage protocols into three categories (i.e. coverage aware deployment protocols, sleep scheduling protocols for flat networks, and cluster-based sleep scheduling protocols) based on the network stage where the coverage is optimized. For each category, relevant protocols are thoroughly reviewed and classified based on the adopted coverage techniques. Finally, we discuss open issues (and recommend future directions to resolve them) associated with the design of realistic coverage protocols. Issues such as realistic sensing models, realistic energy consumption models, realistic connectivity models and sensor localization are covered

AM-DisCNT: Angular Multi-hop DIStance based Circular Network Transmission Protocol for WSNs

The nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) contain limited energy resources, which are needed to transmit data to base station (BS). Routing protocols are designed to reduce the energy consumption. Clustering algorithms are best in this aspect. Such clustering algorithms increase the stability and lifetime of the network. However, every routing protocol is not suitable for heterogeneous environments. AM-DisCNT is proposed and evaluated as a new energy efficient protocol for wireless sensor networks. AM-DisCNT uses circular deployment for even consumption of energy in entire wireless sensor network. Cluster-head selection is on the basis of energy. Highest energy node becomes CH for that round. Energy is again compared in the next round to check the highest energy node of that round. The simulation results show that AM-DisCNT performs better than the existing heterogeneous protocols on the basis of network lifetime, throughput and stability of the system.Comment: IEEE 8th International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications (BWCCA'13), Compiegne, Franc

Markov Decision Processes with Applications in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of autonomous and resource-limited devices. The devices cooperate to monitor one or more physical phenomena within an area of interest. WSNs operate as stochastic systems because of randomness in the monitored environments. For long service time and low maintenance cost, WSNs require adaptive and robust methods to address data exchange, topology formulation, resource and power optimization, sensing coverage and object detection, and security challenges. In these problems, sensor nodes are to make optimized decisions from a set of accessible strategies to achieve design goals. This survey reviews numerous applications of the Markov decision process (MDP) framework, a powerful decision-making tool to develop adaptive algorithms and protocols for WSNs. Furthermore, various solution methods are discussed and compared to serve as a guide for using MDPs in WSNs