Urban Deformation Monitoring using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry and SAR tomography

This book focuses on remote sensing for urban deformation monitoring. In particular, it highlights how deformation monitoring in urban areas can be carried out using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Tomography (TomoSAR). Several contributions show the capabilities of Interferometric SAR (InSAR) and PSI techniques for urban deformation monitoring. Some of them show the advantages of TomoSAR in un-mixing multiple scatterers for urban mapping and monitoring. This book is dedicated to the technical and scientific community interested in urban applications. It is useful for choosing the appropriate technique and gaining an assessment of the expected performance. The book will also be useful to researchers, as it provides information on the state-of-the-art and new trends in this fiel

Spatiotemporal Evolution of Land Subsidence in the Beijing Plain 2003–2015 Using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) with Multi-Source SAR Data

Land subsidence is one of the most important geological hazards in Beijing, China, and its scope and magnitude have been growing rapidly over the past few decades, mainly due to long-term groundwater withdrawal. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) has been used to monitor the deformation in Beijing, but there is a lack of analysis of the long-term spatiotemporal evolution of land subsidence. This study focused on detecting and characterizing spatiotemporal changes in subsidence in the Beijing Plain by using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) and geographic spatial analysis. Land subsidence during 2003–2015 was monitored by using ENVISAT ASAR (2003–2010), RADARSAT-2 (2011–2015) and TerraSAR-X (2010–2015) images, with results that are consistent with independent leveling measurements. The radar-based deformation velocity ranged from −136.9 to +15.2 mm/year during 2003–2010, and −149.4 to +8.9 mm/year during 2011–2015 relative to the reference point. The main subsidence areas include Chaoyang, Tongzhou, Shunyi and Changping districts, where seven subsidence bowls were observed between 2003 and 2015. Equal Fan Analysis Method (EFAM) shows that the maximum extensive direction was eastward, with a growing speed of 11.30 km2/year. Areas of differential subsidence were mostly located at the boundaries of the seven subsidence bowls, as indicated by the subsidence rate slope. Notably, the area of greatest subsidence was generally consistent with the patterns of groundwater decline in the Beijing Plain

Chronological reflection on monitoring urban areas subsidence due to groundwater extraction

Land subsidence affects urban areas worldwide. Sometimes it could be driven by intensive groundwater withdrawal to assure different urban needs and functionalities. Some of these urban areas have a long history of subsidence that covers almost a century. The aim of this paper is to present the evolution of several urban areas affected by land subsidence, the methods used to monitor vertical displacements along the decades in relationship to the groundwater extraction associated to the urban expansion, and the mitigation techniques used for countering the effects of intensive groundwater withdrawal. Even the originally applied subsidence monitoring methods (such as geometric levelling) are still very sensitive, in terms of time consuming, covered area, and financial effort, these methods might be complemented by new methods based on Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR). InSAR methods show also a significant progress during the last decades when considering the subsidence sensed order of magnitude

Application of Multiple Sensors in Monitoring Land Subsidence in Central Taiwan

Source: ICHE Conference Archive - https://mdi-de.baw.de/icheArchive

Multi-sensor synergy for persistent scatterer interferometry based ground subsidence monitoring

Ground subsidence is a common phenomenon which causes disturbances and damages on the Earth’s surface. Especially in urban areas, it poses risk to life and property. Establishing solutions for damage prevention requires knowledge of subsidence behavior over time and space, which entails the collection of geospatial information. The present work investigates the ground surface dynamics over a field of deep mining in Sondershausen, Germany based on multi-temporal Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. Deformation patterns are extracted by means of Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI), a technique that exploits the spatio-temporal characteristics of interferometric signatures from persistent scatterers. Since the impact of subsidence on surface structures varies spatially, high-risk areas can only be identified when the subsidence profile is known. To model the geometry of the subsidence bowl, the present study extends the extracted point information to a surface of estimations by interpolation. Furthermore, by the synergistic usage of PS estimations from different satellite sensors, this research addresses the problem of undersampling in critical areas, which is a common limitation of the PSI approach. The methodology developed here estimates missing information, i.e. refines the initial model, by deformation map of a different sensor covering a different time interval. In order to extend the period of monitoring as well as to improve the spatial and temporal sampling, the ground subsidence in Sondershausen is monitored with a multi-sensor SAR dataset. The C- and L-band acquisitions of the sensors ERS-1/2 (1995–2005), Envisat-ASAR (2004–2010) and ALOS-PALSAR (2007–2010) are used to derive 15 years of subsidence information at the location of persistent scatterers. From a temporal viewpoint, the obtained deformation maps indicate a non-linearly decreasing trend of ground subsidence, which is consistent with the backfilling history of the mine. From a spatial viewpoint, the results suggest one major subsidence trough located in the urban area of Sondershausen and a minor one found in the nearby village of Großfurra. The PSI deformation maps and models are validated in reference to the available leveling measurements covering the site in Sondershausen. In general, the validation results suggest a good agreement between the PSI and surveying models with the normalized root-mean-square error (RMSE) lower than 0.11. However, some significant deviations of ERS estimations are also found for a critical region. In this area the absence of persistent scatterers contributes largely to the observed differences. Consequently, the spatial refinement by synergy is applied to this region. The integration of points from ASAR or PALSAR deformation maps result in an improvement in the modeled geometry of the subsidence trough. With this improvement the RMSE calculated for the ERS model is decreased from 0.061 to 0.054. The application demonstrates the synergistic potential of multi-sensor PSI analysis to improve the interpretation of ground subsidence characteristics and, thus, to increase the confidence of risk assessment.Absenkungen des Bodens stellen ein häufig auftretendes Phänomen dar. Diese Bodensenkungen verursachen Störungen und Schäden an der Erdoberfläche, die, insbesondere in urbanen Gebieten, Menschenleben gefährden und die bestehende Infrastruktur beschädigen können. Die Entwicklung von Lösungsansätzen zur Vermeidung von Schäden erfordert fundierte Kenntnisse über die räumliche und zeitliche Verteilung der Absenkungsbewegungen. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Studie wurde die Dynamik der Bodenbewegungen über dem Salzabbaugebiet Sondershausen in Deutschland mittels Zeitserien von Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)-Aufnahmen untersucht. Zur Analyse der Zeitserien wurde das Verfahren der Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) eingesetzt. Diese Methode zur Extraktion der Bodendeformation basiert auf der Auswertung räumlicher und zeitlicher Charakteristika der interferometrischen Signaturen zeitlich stabiler Punktstreuer. Zur Bestimmung von Gebieten, die von den Bodensenkungen besonders stark betroffen sind, ist eine detailliertere Ermittlung der geometrischen Eigenschaften der Absenkung nötig, da die Oberflächenstrukturen entlang des Absenkungsprofiles variieren. Aufgrund dessen wurde in der vorliegenden Studie die punktweise gewonnene Information in die Flache extrapoliert, um eine räumliche Modellierung des Absenkungsbeckens zu ermöglichen. Zur genauen Vermessung von Absenkungen mittels PSI ist eine möglichst hohe räumliche und zeitliche Abtastrate anzustreben. Diese sind bei der Untersuchung eines Gebietes mithilfe eines einzelnen Radarsensors häufig nicht gewährleistet. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein Lösungsansatz für diese Limitation vorgestellt, welcher auf der synergetischen Verschneidung von Deformationskarten mehrerer Radarsensoren basiert. Fehlende Messwerte in der ERS-Zeitreihe werden anhand von Punktstreuern in ASAR- und PALSAR-Szenen geschätzt. Die Bodenbewegungen im Gebiet Sondershausen wurden mithilfe von Daten verschiedener Radarsensoren beobachtet, um eine verbesserte räumliche und zeitliche Abtastrate zu erzielen. Hierzu wurden Aufnahmen der C- bzw. L-Band Sensoren ERS-1/2 (1995–2005), Envisat-ASAR (2004–2010) und ALOS-PALSAR (2007–2010) auf zeitlich stabile Punktstreuer untersucht. Die zeitliche Analyse der resultierenden Deformationskarten zeigt eine nicht-lineare Abnahme der Bodenabsenkungen. Dieses Verhalten steht im Einklang mit den rezenten Verfüllungsaktivitäten in der stillgelegten Mine. Die räumliche Auswertung der Daten deutet auf ein Absenkungsbecken im Stadtgebiet von Sondershausen hin. Ein weiteres, kleineres Becken konnte um die Siedlung Großfurra identifiziert werden. Sowohl die Deformationskarten als auch die abgeleiteten Modelle wurden einer umfangreichen Validierung anhand von Nivellement-Messungen unterzogen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen generell eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen den PSI- und Bodenmessungen mit einem root-mean-square error (RMSE) von weniger als 0,11. Nur vereinzelt kommt es zu signifikanten Abweichungen, was insbesondere auf die ERS-Ergebnisse zutrifft. Dies lässt sich durch fehlende Punktstreuer in den aktiven Absenkungsbereichen während der ERS-Messungen begründen. Durch die Integration von Punkten aus den ASAR oder PALSAR-basierenden Deformationskarten konnte die Geometrie der Absenkungen verbessert werden. Der für das ERS-Modell ermittelte RMSE verringert sich auf diese Weise von 0,061 auf 0,054. Die vorliegende Anwendung zeigt das Synergiepotential multi-sensoraler Daten und Methoden verbesserten Interpretation von Bodenabsenkungen sowie zur genaueren Abschatzung und Bewertung von daraus resultierenden Risiken

VALIDATION OF FULL-RESOLUTION DINSAR-DERIVED VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT IN CULTURAL HERITAGE MONITORING: INTEGRATION WITH GEODETIC LEVELLING MEASUREMENTS

Towards revealing the potential of satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Interferometry (InSAR) for efficient detection and monitoring of Cultural Heritage (CH) encouraging resilient built CH, this study is devoted to the validation of InSAR-derived vertical displacements with a full-resolution perspective taking advantage of high-precision geodetic levelling measurements. Considering the Cathedral of Como, northern Italy, as the case study, two different Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) techniques have been applied to Cosmo-SkyMed high-resolution SAR images acquired in both ascending and descending orbit tacks within the time interval of 2010–2012. Besides using the simplified approach for obtaining the vertical displacement velocity from Line of Sight (LOS) velocity, a weighted, localized, multi-track Vertical Displacement Extraction (VDE) approach is proposed and evaluated, which uses the technical outcome of Differential InSAR (DInSAR) and spatial information. The results, using a proper PSI technique, showed that the accuracy level of extracted vertical displacement velocities in a full-resolution application is ca. 0.6 [mm/year] with a dense concentration of InSAR-Levelling absolute errors lower than 0.3 [mm/year] which are reliable and reasonable levels based on the employed validation framework in this study. Also, the weighted localized VDE can significantly decrease the InSAR-Levelling errors, adding to the reliability of the InSAR application for CH monitoring and condition assessment in practice

Non-invasive methodological approach to detect and characterize high-risk sinkholes in urban cover evaporite karst: Integrated reflection seismics, PS-INSAR, leveling, 3D-GPR and ancillary data. a Ne Italian case study

Sinkholes linked to cover evaporite karst in urban environments still represent a challenge in terms of their clear identification and mapping considering the rehash and man-made structures. In the present research, we have proposed and tested a methodology to identify the subsiding features through an integrated and non-invasive multi-scale approach combining seismic reflection, PS-InSAR (PSI), leveling and full 3D Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), and thus overpassing the limits of each method. The analysis was conducted in a small village in the Alta Val Tagliamento Valley (Friuli Venezia Giulia region, NE Italy). Here, sinkholes have been reported for a long time as well as the hazards linked to their presence. Within past years, several houses have been demolished and at present many of them are damaged. The PSI investigation allowed the identification of an area with higher vertical velocities; seismic reflection imagined the covered karst bedrock, identifying three depocenters; leveling data presented a downward displacement comparable with PSI results; 3D GPR, applied here for the first time in the study and characterization of sinkholes, defined shallow sinking features. Combining all the obtained results with accurate field observations, we identified and mapped the highest vulnerable zone

Satellite Monitoring of Railways using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR)

There is over 15,600 km of track in the Swedish railroad network. This network is vital for the transportation of people and goods across the country. It is important that this network is monitored and maintained to ensure good function and safety. A tool for monitoring and measuring ground deformation over a large area remotely with high frequency and accuracy was developed in recent decades. This tool is known as Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), and is used by researchers, geo-technicians, and engineers. The purpose of this study has been to evaluate the use and feasibility of the InSAR technique for track condition monitoring and compare it to conventional track condition monitoring techniques. Malmbanan, which is primarily used to transport iron-ore from mines in Sweden to the ports of Luleå, Sweden and Narvik, Norway, is used as a case study for this project; specifically, the section between Kiruna and Riksgränsen. Coordinate matching of measurements from the provided Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) InSAR data and Optram data from survey trains were performed. Then measured changes over different time spans within the two systems were overlapped and classified with different thresholds to see if there is correlation between the two systems. An extensive literature review was also conducted in order to gain an understanding of InSAR technologies and uses.The literature review showed that there is a large potential and a quickly growing number of applications of InSAR to monitor railways and other types of infrastructure, and that the tools and algorithms for this are being improved. The case study, on the other hand, shows that it can be difficult to directly compare measurement series from different tools, each working on different resolutions in terms of both time and space. InSAR is thus not about to replace techniques such as those behind Optram (using measurement trains). Instead, the approaches offer complementary perspectives, each highlighting different types of issues. We find that InSAR offers a good way to identify locations with settlements or other types of ground motions. Especially transition zones between settlements and more stable ground can be challenging from a maintenance point of view and can clearly be identified and monitored using InSAR. With the rollout of national InSAR-data, and the large increase in data accessibility, we see a considerable potential for future studies that apply the technique to the railway area

Subsidence determined by InSAR – a review

Multi-temporal interferometry or InSAR allows monitoring of a deformation phenomenon at millimetre level, via the generation of mean deformation velocity maps and displacement time series from a data set of acquired SAR satellite images. The advantages of satellite radar interferometry for displacement monitoring are demonstrated in cases of monitoring man-made structures (e.g. buildings, bridges, dams, subway lines, mines exploitation). This paper presents works in which subsidence phenomena were analyzed by InSAR technique