Design and Evaluation of a Traffic Safety System based on Vehicular Networks for the Next Generation of Intelligent Vehicles

La integración de las tecnologías de las telecomunicaciones en el sector del automóvil permitirá a los vehículos intercambiar información mediante Redes Vehiculares, ofreciendo numerosas posibilidades. Esta tesis se centra en la mejora de la seguridad vial y la reducción de la siniestralidad mediante Sistemas Inteligentes de Transporte (ITS). El primer paso consiste en obtener una difusión eficiente de los mensajes de advertencia sobre situaciones potencialmente peligrosas. Hemos desarrollado un marco para simular el intercambio de mensajes entre vehículos, utilizado para proponer esquemas eficientes de difusión. También demostramos que la disposición de las calles tiene gran influencia sobre la eficiencia del proceso. Nuestros algoritmos de difusión son parte de una arquitectura más amplia (e-NOTIFY) capaz de detectar accidentes de tráfico e informar a los servicios de emergencia. El desarrollo y evaluación de un prototipo demostró la viabilidad del sistema y cómo podría ayudar a reducir el número de víctimas en carretera

A Simulation Framework for Traffic Safety with Connected Vehicles and V2X Technologies

With the advancement in automobile technologies, existing research shows that connected vehicle (CV) technologies can provide better traffic safety through Surrogate Safety Measure (SSM). CV technologies involves two network systems: traffic network and wireless communication network. We found that the research in the wireless communication network for CV did not interact properly with the research in SSM in transportation network, and vice versa. Though various SSM has been proposed in previous studies, a few of them have been tested in simulation software in limited extent. On the other hand, A large body of researchers proposed various communication architecture for CV technologies to improve communication performance. However, none of them tested the advanced SSM in their proposed architecture. Hence, there exists a research gap between these two communities, possibly due to difference in research domain. In this study, we developed a V2X simulation framework using SUMO, OMNeT++ and Veins for the development and testing of various SSM algorithms in run time simulation. Our developed framework has three level of communication ( CV to RSU To TS) system and is applicable for large traffic network that can have mixed traffic system (CV and non-CV), multiple road side unit (RSUs), and traffic server (TS). Moreover, the framework can be used to test SSM algorithms for other traffic networks without doing much modification. Our developed framework will be publicly available for its further development and optimization

VANET Applications: Hot Use Cases

Current challenges of car manufacturers are to make roads safe, to achieve free flowing traffic with few congestions, and to reduce pollution by an effective fuel use. To reach these goals, many improvements are performed in-car, but more and more approaches rely on connected cars with communication capabilities between cars, with an infrastructure, or with IoT devices. Monitoring and coordinating vehicles allow then to compute intelligent ways of transportation. Connected cars have introduced a new way of thinking cars - not only as a mean for a driver to go from A to B, but as smart cars - a user extension like the smartphone today. In this report, we introduce concepts and specific vocabulary in order to classify current innovations or ideas on the emerging topic of smart car. We present a graphical categorization showing this evolution in function of the societal evolution. Different perspectives are adopted: a vehicle-centric view, a vehicle-network view, and a user-centric view; described by simple and complex use-cases and illustrated by a list of emerging and current projects from the academic and industrial worlds. We identified an empty space in innovation between the user and his car: paradoxically even if they are both in interaction, they are separated through different application uses. Future challenge is to interlace social concerns of the user within an intelligent and efficient driving

A comprehensive survey on cooperative intersection management for heterogeneous connected vehicles

Nowadays, with the advancement of technology, world is trending toward high mobility and dynamics. In this context, intersection management (IM) as one of the most crucial elements of the transportation sector demands high attention. Today, road entities including infrastructures, vulnerable road users (VRUs) such as motorcycles, moped, scooters, pedestrians, bicycles, and other types of vehicles such as trucks, buses, cars, emergency vehicles, and railway vehicles like trains or trams are able to communicate cooperatively using vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications and provide traffic safety, efficiency, infotainment and ecological improvements. In this paper, we take into account different types of intersections in terms of signalized, semi-autonomous (hybrid) and autonomous intersections and conduct a comprehensive survey on various intersection management methods for heterogeneous connected vehicles (CVs). We consider heterogeneous classes of vehicles such as road and rail vehicles as well as VRUs including bicycles, scooters and motorcycles. All kinds of intersection goals, modeling, coordination architectures, scheduling policies are thoroughly discussed. Signalized and semi-autonomous intersections are assessed with respect to these parameters. We especially focus on autonomous intersection management (AIM) and categorize this section based on four major goals involving safety, efficiency, infotainment and environment. Each intersection goal provides an in-depth investigation on the corresponding literature from the aforementioned perspectives. Moreover, robustness and resiliency of IM are explored from diverse points of view encompassing sensors, information management and sharing, planning universal scheme, heterogeneous collaboration, vehicle classification, quality measurement, external factors, intersection types, localization faults, communication anomalies and channel optimization, synchronization, vehicle dynamics and model mismatch, model uncertainties, recovery, security and privacy

EBP: An Efficient Broadcast Protocol for Warning Message Dissemination in VANETs

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) enable vehicle-to-vehicle communications to share relevant road information with various applications. Road safety is one of the main objectives of VANETs that has attracted great interest from researchers. Other so-called comfort applications have also been studied which can improve driving experience and passenger safety. In all these applications, sharing of warning messages can help drivers minimize accidents and congestions, and plan better itinerary during the congestion situations or the anticipation of potential and highly hazardous events. In this paper, we present an efficient broadcast protocol (EBP) for broadcasting warning messages in VANETs. As an improved strategy for alert data dissemination, EBP can be applied in whatever the nature of the risk, with a particular focus on mobile dangers. We first conduct an in-depth analysis and evaluation, under different conditions, of the existing approaches and mechanisms used for information dissemination in VANETs. Then, we point out their drawbacks and design the EBP to avoid these drawbacks. As a result, the EBP is an improved, well-justified and more effective protocol. We validate it by simulation experiments under various scenarios

Information collection algorithm for vehicular ad-hoc networks (application domain: Urban Traffic Wireless Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs))

Vehicle to vehicle communication (V2VC) is one of the modern approaches for exchanging and generating traffic information with (yet to be realized) potential to improve road safety, driving comfort and traffic control. In this research, we present a novel algorithm which is based on V2V communication, uses in-vehicle sensor information and in collaboration with the other vehicles' sensor information can detect road conditions and determine the geographical area where this road condition exists – e.g. geographical area where there is traffic density, unusual traffic behaviour, a range of weather conditions (raining), etc. The algorithms' built-in automatic geographical restriction of the data collection, aggregation and dissemination mechanisms allows warning messages to be received by any car, not necessarily sharing the identified road condition, which may then be used to identify the optimum route taken by the vehicle e.g. avoid bottlenecks or dangerous areas including accidents or congestions on their current routes. This research covers the middle ground between MANET [1] and collaborative data generation based on knowledge granularity (aggregation). It investigates the possibility of designing, implementing and modelling of the functionality of an algorithm (as part of the design of an intelligent node in an Intelligent Transportation System - ITS) that ensures active participation in the formation, routing and general network support of MANETs and also helps in-car traffic information and real-time control generation and distribution. The work is natural extension of the efforts of several large EU projects like DRIVE [2], GST [3] and SAFESPOT [4]

Development of collision avoidance application using internet of things (loT) technology for vehicle-to-vehicle (v2v) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (v21) communication system

Rising number of road accidents have been a common issue that needs to be given attention where most of it causes fatal injury and death. 30% of accidents are involving rear-to-end crashes meanwhile more than 900,000 cases in a year are related to rearblind-spots. Even though safety improvements have been upgraded such as introduction of Assistance Driving Assistance System (ADAS), yet the numbers are still on its endangering path. To solve this issue, Vehicle Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) system is invented to ensure a safer environment for drivers and pedestrians. Vehicle-toInfrastructure (V2I) and Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Communication System is one of the technologies created under VANET . This dissertation presented the new V2V and V2I system that is applicable to avoid collisions with development of On-Board Unit (OBU) and Roadside Unit (RSU) prototype using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Single-Board Computers (SBC) is integrated with sensors such as GPS, LiDAR and ultrasonic for OBU while DHT22, CO gas sensor, PM sensor and rain sensor for RSU. Both OBU and RSU connected to internet via 4G module integrated on the SBC which also function as Apache-MySQL-PHP (AMP) server. Location Tracker, Forward Collision Warning (FCW) and Blind Spot Warning (BSW) application is embedded into OBU located in a vehicle known as a Subject Vehicle (SV). All testing involved with obstacle vehicle known as Host Vehicle (HV) executed at Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP) Pekan campus. Finding shows that OBU‟s location is as accurate as 0.0124% in latitude while 0.0084% in longitude in real-time at 60 km/h. Such GPS accuracy allow FCW application to generate alert at CP of 80% to the driver. FCW developed is tested at different speed of SV and HV and findings shows that alert is generated at a safe distance and sufficient time for the driver to react. Throughout the field testing, the new TTC has been successfully formulated and verified where the real time distance has been subtracted to 1 meter over current speed. Collision percentage (CP) of 80% is still generated even though the average lagging time (LT) delay of SBC is recorded at 1.3 seconds. The new formulated TTC and CP proven that the driver has ample time to respond to the generated alert, e.g., for the case of HV is at 0 km/h and SV is at 60 km/h, alert is generated at CP of 84.04% with TTC recorded at 2.4s, which is almost aligned with recommendation of International Organizations of Standardization 2013 stating 2.6s is the best time for driver to react. Even though there was a slight delay with the alerts, with consideration of 1m safe distance and 1.3s LT, driver was able to pull off a safe braking after the alert to slow down SV thus to avoid collision from happening. For BSW application, promising results by having 1 second delay in detecting blinded HV at the constant span of 40km/h speed limit between SV and HV which is an enabler to the safe lane changing operation. The presence of host vehicle (HV) or any obstacles is detected in the blinded area of SV. In contrast to OBU, RSU is developed to monitor the weather which in turn influenced the road conditions and eventually lead to the traffic status monitoring. The RSU‟s sensors are sensitively detected the haze, rain, temperature and humidity accurately. Therefore, this system is potentially to produce Variable Speed Limit (VSL) based on the environment conditions. Speed Limit information from the RSU can be accessed through the OBU inside the vehicles using internet from the 4G technology. Implementation of IoT technology has proven to assist the drivers in avoiding collisions thuspotential to reduce the road accidents

PDMAC: A Priority-based Enhanced TDMA Protocol for Warning Message Dissemination in VANETs

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are the key enabling technology for intelligent transportation systems. Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) is the de facto media access standard for inter-vehicular communications, but its performance degrades in high-density networks. Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA)-based protocols fill this gap to a certain extent, but encounter inefficient clock synchronization and lack of prioritized message delivery. To this end, we propose a Priority-based Direction-aware Media Access Control (PDMAC) as a novel protocol for intra-cluster and inter-cluster clock synchronization. Furthermore, PDMAC pioneers a three-tier priority assignment technique to enhance warning messages delivery by taking into account the direction component, message type, and severity level on each tier. Analytical and simulation results validate the improved performance of PDMAC in terms of clock synchronization, channel utilization, message loss rate, end-to-end delays and network throughput, as compared with eminent VANET MAC protocols