Efficient asymptotic preserving schemes for BGK and ES-BGK models on cartesian grids

This work is devoted to the study of complex flows where hydrodynamic and rarefied regimes coexist. This kind of flows are found in vacuum pumps or hypersonic re-entries of space vehicles where the distance between gas molecules is so large that their microscopic behaviour differ from the average behaviour of the flow and has be taken into account. We then consider two models of the Boltzmann equation viable for such flows: the BGK model dans the ES-BGK model. We first devise a new wall boundary condition ensuring a smooth transition of the solution from the rarefied regime to the hydrodynamic regime. We then describe how this boundary condition (and boundary conditions in general) can be enforced with second order accuracy on an immersed body on Cartesian grids preserving the asymptotic limit towards compressible Euler equations. We exploit the ability of Cartesian grids to massive parallel computations (HPC) to drastically reduce the computational time which is an issue for kinetic models. A new approach considering local velocity grids is then presented showing important gain on the computational time (up to 80$\%$). 3D simulations are also presented showing the efficiency of the methods. Finally, solid particle transport in a rarefied flow is studied. The kinetic model is coupled with a Vlasov-type equation modeling the passive particle transport solved with a method based on remeshing processes. As application, we investigate the realistic test case of the pollution of optical devices carried by satellites due to incompletely burned particles coming from the altitude control thrusters

A conservative and consistent implicit Cartesian cut-cell method for moving geometries with reduced spurious pressure oscillations

A conservative and consistent three-dimensional Cartesian cut-cell method is presented for reducing the spurious pressure oscillations often observed in moving body simulations in sharp-interface Cartesian grid methods. By analysing the potential sources of the oscillation in the cut-cell framework, an improved moving body algorithm is proposed for the cut-cell method for the temporal discontinuity of the solid volume change. Strict conservation of mass and momentum for both fluid and cut cells is enforced through pressure-velocity coupling to reduce local mass conservation errors. A consistent mass and momentum flux computation is employed in the finite volume method. In contrary to the commonly cut-cell methods, an implicit time integration scheme is employed in the present method, which prevents numerical instability without any additional small cut-cell treatment. The effectiveness of the present cut-cell method for reducing spurious pressure oscillations is demonstrated by simulating various two- and three-dimensional benchmark cases (in-line and transversely oscillating cylinder, oscillating and free-falling sphere), with good agreement with previous experimental measurements and other numerical methods available in the literature

Ein Gas-Kinetic Scheme Ansatz zur Modellierung und Simulation von Feuer auf massiv paralleler Hardware

This work presents a simulation approach based on a Gas Kinetic Scheme (GKS) for the simulation of fire that is implemented on massively parallel hardware in terms of Graphics Processing Units (GPU) in the framework of General Purpose computing on Graphics Processing Units (GPGPU). Gas kinetic schemes belong to the class of kinetic methods because their governing equation is the mesoscopic Boltzmann equation, rather than the macroscopic Navier-Stokes equations. Formally, kinetic methods have the advantage of a linear advection term which simplifies discretization. GKS inherently contains the full energy equation which is required for compressible flows. GKS provides a flux formulation derived from kinetic theory and is usually implemented as a finite volume method on cell-centered grids. In this work, we consider an implementation on nested Cartesian grids. To that end, a coupling algorithm for uniform grids with varying resolution was developed and is presented in this work. The limitation to local uniform Cartesian grids allows an efficient implementation on GPUs, which belong to the class of many core processors, i.e. massively parallel hardware. Multi-GPU support is also implemented and efficiency is enhanced by communication hiding. The fluid solver is validated for several two- and three-dimensional test cases including natural convection, turbulent natural convection and turbulent decay. It is subsequently applied to a study of boundary layer stability of natural convection in a cavity with differentially heated walls and large temperature differences. The fluid solver is further augmented by a simple combustion model for non-premixed flames. It is validated by comparison to experimental data for two different fire plumes. The results are further compared to the industry standard for fire simulation, i.e. the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). While the accuracy of GKS appears slightly reduced as compared to FDS, a substantial speedup in terms of time to solution is found. Finally, GKS is applied to the simulation of a compartment fire. This work shows that the GKS has a large potential for efficient high performance fire simulations.Diese Arbeit präsentiert einen Simulationsansatz basierend auf einer gaskinetischen Methode (eng. Gas Kinetic Scheme, GKS) zur Simulation von Bränden, welcher für massiv parallel Hardware im Sinne von Grafikprozessoren (eng. Graphics Processing Units, GPUs) implementiert wurde. GKS gehört zur Klasse der kinetischen Methoden, die nicht die makroskopischen Navier-Stokes Gleichungen, sondern die mesoskopische Boltzmann Gleichung lösen. Formal haben kinetische Methoden den Vorteil, dass der Advektionsterms linear ist. Dies vereinfacht die Diskretisierung. In GKS ist die vollständige Energiegleichung, die zur Lösung kompressibler Strömungen benötigt wird, enthalten. GKS formuliert den Fluss von Erhaltungsgrößen basierend auf der gaskinetischen Theorie und wird meistens im Rahmen der Finiten Volumen Methode umgesetzt. In dieser Arbeit betrachten wir eine Implementierung auf gleichmäßigen Kartesischen Gittern. Dazu wurde ein Kopplungsalgorithmus für die Kombination von Gittern unterschiedlicher Auflösung entwickelt. Die Einschränkung auf lokal gleichmäßige Gitter erlaubt eine effiziente Implementierung auf GPUs, welche zur Klasse der massiv parallelen Hardware gehören. Des Weiteren umfasst die Implementierung eine Unterstützung für Multi-GPU mit versteckter Kommunikation. Der Strömungslöser ist für zwei und dreidimensionale Testfälle validiert. Dabei reichen die Tests von natürlicher Konvektion über turbulente Konvektion bis hin zu turbulentem Zerfall. Anschließend wird der Löser genutzt um die Grenzschichtstabilität in natürlicher Konvektion bei großen Temperaturunterschieden zu untersuchen. Darüber hinaus umfasst der Löser ein einfaches Verbrennungsmodell für Diffusionsflammen. Dieses wird durch Vergleich mit experimentellen Feuern validiert. Außerdem werden die Ergebnisse mit dem gängigen Brandsimulationsprogramm FDS (eng. Fire Dynamics Simulator) verglichen. Die Qualität der Ergebnisse ist dabei vergleichbar, allerdings ist der in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Löser deutlich schneller. Anschließend wird das GKS noch für die Simulation eines Raumbrandes angewendet. Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass GKS ein großes Potential für die Hochleistungssimulation von Feuer hat

A conservative and consistent implicit Cartesian cut-cell method for moving geometries with reduced spurious pressure oscillations

A conservative and consistent three-dimensional Cartesian cut-cell method is presented for reducing the spurious pressure oscillations often observed in moving body simulations in sharp-interface Cartesian grid methods. By analysing the potential sources of the oscillation in the cut-cell framework, an improved moving body algorithm is proposed for the cut-cell method for the temporal discontinuity of the solid volume change. Strict conservation of mass and momentum for both fluid and cut cells is enforced through pressure-velocity coupling to reduce local mass conservation errors. A consistent mass and momentum flux computation is employed in the finite volume method. In contrary to the commonly cut-cell methods, an implicit time integration scheme is employed in the present method, which prevents numerical instability without any additional small cut-cell treatment. The effectiveness of the present cut-cell method for reducing spurious pressure oscillations is demonstrated by simulating various two- and three-dimensional benchmark cases (in-line and transversely oscillating cylinder, oscillating and free-falling sphere), with good agreement with previous experimental measurements and other numerical methods available in the literature

Méthodes numériques pour la simulation d'écoulements de gaz raréfiés autour d'obstacles mobiles

This work is devoted to the multidimentional simulation of rarefied gases in a domain with moving boundary. The governing equation is given by BGKtype model of Boltzmann equation and velocity space is discretized with a standard discrete velocity method.We first propose three space discretizations that take boundary motion into account by specific treatment of the boundary conditions. These approaches are implemented and validated for several 1D flows. Based on this study, the cut cell method is chosen to be extend to multidimentional flows.Then we detail the cut cell algorithm for 2D and 3D flow simulations. Robustness and accuracy of the implementation are investigated through the simulation of numerous test cases. Our results are rigorously compared to the ones coming from the literature and good agreement is shown. The cut cell method has been optimized with an adaptive refinement mesh technique. The 3D unstationary simulation of the Crookes radiometer rotating vanes is a perfect illustration of the method potential.Ce travail est dédié à la simulation d’écoulements multidimensionnels de gaz raréfiés dans un domaine où l’interface avec le solide est mobile. Le comportement du gaz est modélisé par un modèle de type BGK de l’équation de Boltzmann et une méthode déterministe de vitesses discrètes est utilisée pour discrétiser l’espace des vitesses microscopiques.Dans ce document, nous proposons tout d’abord trois discrétisations spatiales du modèle qui permettent la prise en compte du mouvement des parois solides, grâce à un traitement spécifique des conditions aux limites. Ces approches sont implémentées et validées pour plusieurs cas unidimensionnels et à la suite de cette étude, la méthode maille coupée est choisie pour une extension à des écoulements de dimensions plus élevées.La suite du travail présente l’algorithme utilisé pour la simulation d’écoulements 2D et 3D. La précision et la robustesse de l’implémentation sont mises en avant grâce à la simulation de nombreux cas tests, dont les résultats sont comparés à ceux issus de la littérature. La méthode maille coupée a notamment été optimisée par une technique de raffinement de maillage adaptatif. La simulation instationnaire 3D de la rotation des pâles du radiomètre de Crookes illustre pleinement le potentiel de la méthode

An implicit Cartesian cut-cell method for incompressible viscous flows with complex geometries

A versatile conservative three-dimensional Cartesian cut-cell method for simulation of incompressible viscous flows over complex geometries is presented in this paper. The present method is based on the finite volume method on a non-uniform staggered grid together with a consistent mass and momentum flux computation. Contrary to the commonly cut-cell methods, an implicit time integration scheme is employed in the present method, which avoids numerical instability without any additional small cut-cell treatment. Strict conservation of the mass and momentum for both fluid and cut cells is enforced through the PISO algorithm for the pressure–velocity coupling. The versatility and robustness of the present cut-cell method are demonstrated by simulating various two- and three-dimensional canonical benchmarks (flow over a circular cylinder, airfoil, sphere, pipe, and heart sculpture) and the computed results agree well with previous experimental measurements and various numerical results obtained from the boundary-fitted, immersed boundary/interface, and other cut-cell methods, verifying the accuracy of the proposed method

Flowing matter

This open access book, published in the Soft and Biological Matter series, presents an introduction to selected research topics in the broad field of flowing matter, including the dynamics of fluids with a complex internal structure -from nematic fluids to soft glasses- as well as active matter and turbulent phenomena.Flowing matter is a subject at the crossroads between physics, mathematics, chemistry, engineering, biology and earth sciences, and relies on a multidisciplinary approach to describe the emergence of the macroscopic behaviours in a system from the coordinated dynamics of its microscopic constituents.Depending on the microscopic interactions, an assembly of molecules or of mesoscopic particles can flow like a simple Newtonian fluid, deform elastically like a solid or behave in a complex manner. When the internal constituents are active, as for biological entities, one generally observes complex large-scale collective motions. Phenomenology is further complicated by the invariable tendency of fluids to display chaos at the large scales or when stirred strongly enough. This volume presents several research topics that address these phenomena encompassing the traditional micro-, meso-, and macro-scales descriptions, and contributes to our understanding of the fundamentals of flowing matter.This book is the legacy of the COST Action MP1305 “Flowing Matter”