Disseny microelectrnic de circuits discriminadors de polsos pel detector LHCb

The aim of this thesis is to present a solution for implementing the front end system of the Scintillator Pad Detector (SPD) of the calorimeter system of the LHCb experiment that will start in 2008 at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The requirements of this specific system are discussed and an integrated solution is presented, both at system and circuit level. We also report some methodological achievements. In first place, a method to study the PSRR (and any transfer function) in fully differential circuits taking into account the effect of parameter mismatch is proposed. Concerning noise analysis, a method to study time variant circuits in the frequency domain is presented and justified. This would open the possibility to study the effect of 1/f noise in time variants circuits. In addition, it will be shown that the architecture developed for this system is a general solution for front ends in high luminosity experiments that must be operated with no dead time and must be robust against ballistic deficit

Belle II Technical Design Report

The Belle detector at the KEKB electron-positron collider has collected almost 1 billion Y(4S) events in its decade of operation. Super-KEKB, an upgrade of KEKB is under construction, to increase the luminosity by two orders of magnitude during a three-year shutdown, with an ultimate goal of 8E35 /cm^2 /s luminosity. To exploit the increased luminosity, an upgrade of the Belle detector has been proposed. A new international collaboration Belle-II, is being formed. The Technical Design Report presents physics motivation, basic methods of the accelerator upgrade, as well as key improvements of the detector.Comment: Edited by: Z. Dole\v{z}al and S. Un

Topical Workshop on Electronics for Particle Physics

The purpose of the workshop was to present results and original concepts for electronics research and development relevant to particle physics experiments as well as accelerator and beam instrumentation at future facilities; to review the status of electronics for the LHC experiments; to identify and encourage common efforts for the development of electronics; and to promote information exchange and collaboration in the relevant engineering and physics communities

Developments toward a Silicon Strip Tracker for the PANDA Experiment

The PANDA detector at the future FAIR facility in Darmstadt will be a key experiment in the understanding of the strong interaction at medium energies where perturbative models fail to describe the quark-quark interaction. An important feature of the detector system is the ability to reconstruct secondary decay vertices of short-lived intermediate states by means of a powerful particle tracking system with the the Micro-Vertex Detector (MVD) as central element to perform high-resolution charmonium and open-charm spectroscopy. The MVD is conceived with pixel detectors in the inner parts and double-sided silicon strip detectors at the outer half in a very lightweight design. The PANDA detector system shall be operated in a self-triggering broadband acquisition mode. Implications on the read-out electronics and the construction of the front-end assemblies are analyzed and evaluation of prototype DSSD-detectors wrt. signal-to-noise ratio, noise figures, charge sharing behavior, spacial resolution and radiation degradation discussed. Methods of electrical sensor characterization with different measurement setups are investigated which may be useful for future large-scale QA procedures. A novel algorithm for recovering multiple degenerate cluster hit patterns of double-sided strip sensors is introduced and a possible architecture of a Module Data Concentrator ASIC (MDC) aggregating multiple front-end data streams conceived. A first integrative concept for the construction and assembly of DSSD modules for the barrel part of the MVD is introduced as a conclusion of the thesis. Furthermore, a detailed description of a simplified procedure for the calculation of displacement damage in compound materials is given as reference which was found useful for the retrieval of non-ionizing energy loss for materials other than silicon.Der PANDA Detektor im zukünftigen FAIR-Beschleunigerkomplex in Darmstadt wird ein Schlüsselexperiment im Verständnis der starken Wechselwirkung bei mittleren Energien, bei denen kein Zugang über perturbative Methoden zur Quark-Quark Interaktion existiert, sein. Eine wichtige Eigenschaft des Detektorsystems, die Ortsrekonstruktion sekundärer Zerfallsvertizes kurzlebiger Zwischenzustände, wird dabei durch ein Spurverfolgungssystem mit dem Mikro-Vertex Detektor (MVD) als wichtigstem Element zur hochauflösenden Charmoniumund Open-Charm Spektroskopie garantiert. Der MVD ist konzipiert als leichtgewichtiges, geteiltes Silizium-Detektorsystem mit Pixeldetektoren im inneren Bereich und doppelseitigen Streifendetektoren (DSSD) in den äußeren Regionen. Das PANDA Detektorsystem soll in einem selbstgetriggertem Regime Daten breitbandig und ohne Totzeitverluste verarbeiten können. Die sich daraus ergebenden Implikationen auf den Aufbau der Ausleseelektronik und der Front-end-Baugruppen werden analysiert und es werden Ergebnisse von Messungen an DSSD-Prototypen im Hinblick auf Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis, Rauscheigenschaften, Ladungsteilungsverhalten, Ortsauflösung und Bestrahlungstoleranz diskutiert. Methoden zur elektrischen Charakterisierung von Sensoren werden untersucht, die bei zukünftigen großangelegten QA-Untersuchungen nützlich eingesetzt werden können. Ein neuartiger Cluster- Korrelationsalgorithmus, welcher mehrfach entartete Clusterhit-Muster zu erkennen vermag wird ebenso vorgestellt wie eine mögliche Architektur des noch zu entwickelnden Module-Data- Concentrator ASIC (MDC), welcher die Datenströme der Front-end Chips auf Modulebene zusammenfassen soll. Ein erstes integratives Konzept für Konstruktion und Zusammenbau von DSSD-Modulen des Barrel-Bereichs des MVD wird im Abschluss der Dissertation vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus wird eine detaillierte Beschreibung einer vereinfachten Vorschrift zur Berechnung des Versetzungsschadens durch Neutronen in zusammengesetzten Stoffen angegeben, welche sich als nützlich für die Ableitung des nicht-ionisierenden Energieverlustes in Materialien neben Silizium erwiesen hat

LHCb Particle Identification Upgrade: Technical Design Report

The LHCb upgrade will take place in the second long shutdown of the LHC, currently scheduled to begin in 2018. The upgrade will enable the experiment to run at luminosities of 2 x 10^33 cm^-2 s^-1 and will read out data at a rate of 40MHz into a exible software-based trigger. All sub-detectors of LHCb will be re-designed to comply with these new operating conditions. This Technical Design Report presents the upgrade plans of the Ring Imaging Cherenkov (RICH) system, the calorimeter system and the muon system, which together provide the particle identication capabilities of the experiment

Exploration of Novel Applications for Optical Communications using Silicon Nanophotonics

Silicon photonics is considered to have the potential to enable future communication systems with optical input-outputs to circumvent the shortcomings of electronics. Today silicon is the material of choice for photonic and optoelectronic circuits, mainly due to its excellent material properties, established processing technology, low-cost, compact device footprint, and high-density integration. From sensing and detection to computing and communications, silicon photonics has advanced remarkably in the last couple of decades and found numerous applications. This thesis work focusses on three novel applications of silicon photonics for optical communications. The first application is the design and demonstration of a differential phase shift keying (DPSK) demodulator circuit using a ring resonator. DPSK-based transceivers are being actively considered for short-haul optical communication systems due to their advantages in terms of high extinction ratio, dispersion tolerance, and improved sensitivity. The ring resonator utilizes the concept of coherent perfect absorption and results into a compact demodulator circuit that can be easily integrated into an all-optical system. The next application involves a nonlinear optical process, namely, four wave mixing (FWM) inside a silicon nanowire. For FWM to occur efficiently, phase matching between the real propagation constants of all the frequency components is a key requirement. However, this condition cannot be easily satisfied in integrated optics semiconductor platforms. We propose an altogether new approach to achieve signal gain within the context of non-Hermitian photonics and parity-time (PT) symmetry and show that the phase matching criterion is not necessary to achieve efficient nonlinear interactions. Instead by introducing losses only to the idler components while leaving the pump and signal waves intact, we analyze a coupled-wave system of silicon nanowires using finite difference time domain technique and find that signal gain is indeed possible in such a system, irrespective of the fulfillment of the phase-matching condition. The final application of silicon photonics in this thesis is the engineering of zero group velocity dispersion (GVD) point in the C-band of communication channel. The problem of pulse broadening due to chromatic dispersion is becoming an increasingly important factor for signal degradation. We propose a hybrid silicon/plasmonic waveguide that can change the zero-GVD point by altering the geometry and material of the waveguide components. In addition, such hybrid system also has the potential to transmit both optical and electronic signals along the same circuitry

JUNO Conceptual Design Report

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is proposed to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy using an underground liquid scintillator detector. It is located 53 km away from both Yangjiang and Taishan Nuclear Power Plants in Guangdong, China. The experimental hall, spanning more than 50 meters, is under a granite mountain of over 700 m overburden. Within six years of running, the detection of reactor antineutrinos can resolve the neutrino mass hierarchy at a confidence level of 3-4$\sigma$, and determine neutrino oscillation parameters $\sin^2\theta_{12}$, $\Delta m^2_{21}$, and $|\Delta m^2_{ee}|$ to an accuracy of better than 1%. The JUNO detector can be also used to study terrestrial and extra-terrestrial neutrinos and new physics beyond the Standard Model. The central detector contains 20,000 tons liquid scintillator with an acrylic sphere of 35 m in diameter. $\sim$17,000 508-mm diameter PMTs with high quantum efficiency provide $\sim$75% optical coverage. The current choice of the liquid scintillator is: linear alkyl benzene (LAB) as the solvent, plus PPO as the scintillation fluor and a wavelength-shifter (Bis-MSB). The number of detected photoelectrons per MeV is larger than 1,100 and the energy resolution is expected to be 3% at 1 MeV. The calibration system is designed to deploy multiple sources to cover the entire energy range of reactor antineutrinos, and to achieve a full-volume position coverage inside the detector. The veto system is used for muon detection, muon induced background study and reduction. It consists of a Water Cherenkov detector and a Top Tracker system. The readout system, the detector control system and the offline system insure efficient and stable data acquisition and processing.Comment: 328 pages, 211 figure

Development and Characterisation of a Radiation Hard Readout Chip for the LHCb-Experiment

Within this doctoral thesis parts of the radiation hard readout chip Beetle have been developed and characterised, before and after irradiation. The design work included the analogue memory with the corresponding readout amplifier as well as components of the digital control circuitry. An interface compatible with the I2C-standard and the control logic for event readout have been implemented. A scheme has been developed which ensures the robustness of the Beetle chip against Single Event Upset (SEU). This includes the consistent use of triple-redundant memory devices together with a self-triggered correction in parts of the circuit. The Beetle ASIC is a 128 channel pipelined readout chip for silicon strip detectors. The front-end consists of a charge-sensitive preamplifier and a CR-RC pulse shaper. It features an equivalent noise charge of ENC = 497 e + 48.3 e/pF Cin. The analogue memory is a switched capacitor array, which provides a latency of max. 4 us. The 128 channels are transmitted off chip in 900 ns via a current driver. Beside the pipelined readout path, the Beetle provides a fast discrimination of the front-end pulse. A total ionising dose irradiation of Beetle1.1 up to 45 Mrad showed no functional failure and only slight degradation in the analogue performance. Chip version 1.2 fulfils the requirements of the vertex detector (VELO), the inner tracker (ITR) and the RICH detectors of the LHCb experiment

Photodetectors

In this book some recent advances in development of photodetectors and photodetection systems for specific applications are included. In the first section of the book nine different types of photodetectors and their characteristics are presented. Next, some theoretical aspects and simulations are discussed. The last eight chapters are devoted to the development of photodetection systems for imaging, particle size analysis, transfers of time, measurement of vibrations, magnetic field, polarization of light, and particle energy. The book is addressed to students, engineers, and researchers working in the field of photonics and advanced technologies