42 research outputs found

    Models and Algorithms for the Optimisation of Replenishment, Production and Distribution Plans in Industrial Enterprises

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    Tesis por compendio[ES] La optimizaci贸n en las empresas manufactureras es especialmente importante, debido a las grandes inversiones que realizan, ya que a veces estas inversiones no obtienen el rendimiento esperado porque los m谩rgenes de beneficio de los productos son muy ajustados. Por ello, las empresas tratan de maximizar el uso de los recursos productivos y financieros minimizando el tiempo perdido y, al mismo tiempo, mejorando los flujos de los procesos y satisfaciendo las necesidades del mercado. El proceso de planificaci贸n es una actividad cr铆tica para las empresas. Esta tarea implica grandes retos debido a los cambios del mercado, las alteraciones en los procesos de producci贸n dentro de la empresa y en la cadena de suministro, y los cambios en la legislaci贸n, entre otros. La planificaci贸n del aprovisionamiento, la producci贸n y la distribuci贸n desempe帽a un papel fundamental en el rendimiento de las empresas manufactureras, ya que una planificaci贸n ineficaz de los proveedores, los procesos de producci贸n y los sistemas de distribuci贸n contribuye a aumentar los costes de los productos, a alargar los plazos de entrega y a reducir los beneficios. La planificaci贸n eficaz es un proceso complejo que abarca una amplia gama de actividades para garantizar que los equipos, los materiales y los recursos humanos est茅n disponibles en el momento y el lugar adecuados. Motivados por la complejidad de la planificaci贸n en las empresas manufactureras, esta tesis estudia y desarrolla herramientas cuantitativas para ayudar a los planificadores en los procesos de la planificaci贸n del aprovisionamiento, producci贸n y distribuci贸n. Desde esta perspectiva, se proponen modelos realistas y m茅todos eficientes para apoyar la toma de decisiones en las empresas industriales, principalmente en las peque帽as y medianas empresas (PYMES). Las aportaciones de esta tesis suponen un avance cient铆fico basado en una exhaustiva revisi贸n bibliogr谩fica sobre la planificaci贸n del aprovisionamiento, la producci贸n y la distribuci贸n que ayuda a comprender los principales modelos y algoritmos utilizados para resolver estos planes, y pone en relieve las tendencias y las futuras direcciones de investigaci贸n. Tambi茅n proporciona un marco hol铆stico para caracterizar los modelos y algoritmos centr谩ndose en la planificaci贸n de la producci贸n, la programaci贸n y la secuenciaci贸n. Esta tesis tambi茅n propone una herramienta de apoyo a la decisi贸n para seleccionar un algoritmo o m茅todo de soluci贸n para resolver problemas concretos de la planificaci贸n del aprovisionamiento, producci贸n y distribuci贸n en funci贸n de su complejidad, lo que permite a los planificadores no duplicar esfuerzos de modelizaci贸n o programaci贸n de t茅cnicas de soluci贸n. Por 煤ltimo, se desarrollan nuevos modelos matem谩ticos y enfoques de soluci贸n de 煤ltima generaci贸n, como los algoritmos matheur铆sticos, que combinan la programaci贸n matem谩tica y las t茅cnicas metaheur铆sticas. Los nuevos modelos y algoritmos comprenden mejoras en t茅rminos de rendimiento computacional, e incluyen caracter铆sticas realistas de los problemas del mundo real a los que se enfrentan las empresas de fabricaci贸n. Los modelos matem谩ticos han sido validados con un caso de una importante empresa del sector de la automoci贸n en Espa帽a, lo que ha permitido evaluar la relevancia pr谩ctica de estos novedosos modelos utilizando instancias de gran tama帽o, similares a las existentes en la empresa objeto de estudio. Adem谩s, los algoritmos matheur铆sticos han sido probados utilizando herramientas libres y de c贸digo abierto. Esto tambi茅n contribuye a la pr谩ctica de la investigaci贸n operativa, y proporciona una visi贸n de c贸mo desplegar estos m茅todos de soluci贸n y el tiempo de c谩lculo y rendimiento de la brecha que se puede obtener mediante el uso de software libre o de c贸digo abierto.[CA] L'optimitzaci贸 a les empreses manufactureres 茅s especialment important, a causa de les grans inversions que realitzen, ja que de vegades aquestes inversions no obtenen el rendiment esperat perqu猫 els marges de benefici dels productes s贸n molt ajustats. Per aix貌, les empreses intenten maximitzar l'煤s dels recursos productius i financers minimitzant el temps perdut i, alhora, millorant els fluxos dels processos i satisfent les necessitats del mercat. El proc茅s de planificaci贸 茅s una activitat cr铆tica per a les empreses. Aquesta tasca implica grans reptes a causa dels canvis del mercat, les alteracions en els processos de producci贸 dins de l'empresa i la cadena de subministrament, i els canvis en la legislaci贸, entre altres. La planificaci贸 de l'aprovisionament, la producci贸 i la distribuci贸 t茅 un paper fonamental en el rendiment de les empreses manufactureres, ja que una planificaci贸 inefica莽 dels prove茂dors, els processos de producci贸 i els sistemes de distribuci贸 contribueix a augmentar els costos dels productes, allargar els terminis de lliurament i reduir els beneficis. La planificaci贸 efica莽 茅s un proc茅s complex que abasta una 脿mplia gamma d'activitats per garantir que els equips, els materials i els recursos humans estiguen disponibles al moment i al lloc adequats. Motivats per la complexitat de la planificaci贸 a les empreses manufactureres, aquesta tesi estudia i desenvolupa eines quantitatives per ajudar als planificadors en els processos de la planificaci贸 de l'aprovisionament, producci贸 i distribuci贸. Des d'aquesta perspectiva, es proposen models realistes i m猫todes eficients per donar suport a la presa de decisions a les empreses industrials, principalment a les petites i mitjanes empreses (PIMES). Les aportacions d'aquesta tesi suposen un aven莽 cient铆fic basat en una exhaustiva revisi贸 bibliogr脿fica sobre la planificaci贸 de l'aprovisionament, la producci贸 i la distribuci贸 que ajuda a comprendre els principals models i algorismes utilitzats per resoldre aquests plans, i posa de relleu les tend猫ncies i les futures direccions de recerca. Tamb茅 proporciona un marc hol铆stic per caracteritzar els models i algorismes centrant-se en la planificaci贸 de la producci贸, la programaci贸 i la seq眉enciaci贸. Aquesta tesi tamb茅 proposa una eina de suport a la decisi贸 per seleccionar un algorisme o m猫tode de soluci贸 per resoldre problemes concrets de la planificaci贸 de l'aprovisionament, producci贸 i distribuci贸 en funci贸 de la seua complexitat, cosa que permet als planificadors no duplicar esfor莽os de modelitzaci贸 o programaci贸 de t猫cniques de soluci贸. Finalment, es desenvolupen nous models matem脿tics i enfocaments de soluci贸 d'煤ltima generaci贸, com ara els algoritmes matheur铆stics, que combinen la programaci贸 matem脿tica i les t猫cniques metaheur铆stiques. Els nous models i algoritmes comprenen millores en termes de rendiment computacional, i inclouen caracter铆stiques realistes dels problemes del m贸n real a qu猫 s'enfronten les empreses de fabricaci贸. Els models matem脿tics han estat validats amb un cas d'una important empresa del sector de l'automoci贸 a Espanya, cosa que ha perm茅s avaluar la rellev脿ncia pr脿ctica d'aquests nous models utilitzant inst脿ncies grans, similars a les existents a l'empresa objecte d'estudi. A m茅s, els algorismes matheur铆stics han estat provats utilitzant eines lliures i de codi obert. Aix貌 tamb茅 contribueix a la pr脿ctica de la investigaci贸 operativa, i proporciona una visi贸 de com desplegar aquests m猫todes de soluci贸 i el temps de c脿lcul i rendiment de la bretxa que es pot obtindre mitjan莽ant l'煤s de programari lliure o de codi obert.[EN] Optimisation in manufacturing companies is especially important, due to the large investments they make, as sometimes these investments do not obtain the expected return because the profit margins of products are very tight. Therefore, companies seek to maximise the use of productive and financial resources by minimising lost time and, at the same time, improving process flows while meeting market needs. The planning process is a critical activity for companies. This task involves great challenges due to market changes, alterations in production processes within the company and in the supply chain, and changes in legislation, among others. Planning of replenishment, production and distribution plays a critical role in the performance of manufacturing companies because ineffective planning of suppliers, production processes and distribution systems contributes to higher product costs, longer lead times and less profits. Effective planning is a complex process that encompasses a wide range of activities to ensure that equipment, materials and human resources are available in the right time and the right place. Motivated by the complexity of planning in manufacturing companies, this thesis studies and develops quantitative tools to help planners in the replenishment, production and delivery planning processes. From this perspective, realistic models and efficient methods are proposed to support decision making in industrial companies, mainly in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The contributions of this thesis represent a scientific breakthrough based on a comprehensive literature review about replenishment, production and distribution planning that helps to understand the main models and algorithms used to solve these plans, and highlights trends and future research directions. It also provides a holistic framework to characterise models and algorithms by focusing on production planning, scheduling and sequencing. This thesis also proposes a decision support tool for selecting an algorithm or solution method to solve concrete replenishment, production and distribution planning problems according to their complexity, which allows planners to not duplicate efforts modelling or programming solution techniques. Finally, new state-of-the-art mathematical models and solution approaches are developed, such as matheuristic algorithms, which combine mathematical programming and metaheuristic techniques. The new models and algorithms comprise improvements in computational performance terms, and include realistic features of real-world problems faced by manufacturing companies. The mathematical models have been validated with a case of an important company in the automotive sector in Spain, which allowed to evaluate the practical relevance of these novel models using large instances, similarly to those existing in the company under study. In addition, the matheuristic algorithms have been tested using free and open-source tools. This also helps to contribute to the practice of operations research, and provides insight into how to deploy these solution methods and the computational time and gap performance that can be obtained by using free or open-source software.This work would not have been possible without the following funding sources: Conselleria de Educaci贸n, Investigaci贸n, Cultura y Deporte, Generalitat Valenciana for hiring predoctoral research staff with Grant (ACIF/2018/170) and the European Social Fund with the Grant Operational Programme of FSE 2014-2020. Conselleria de Educaci贸n, Investigaci贸n, Cultura y Deporte, Generalitat Valenciana for predoctoral contract students to stay in research centers outside the research centers outside the Valencian Community (BEFPI/2021/040) and the European Social Fund.Guzm谩n Ortiz, BE. (2022). Models and Algorithms for the Optimisation of Replenishment, Production and Distribution Plans in Industrial Enterprises [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Polit猫cnica de Val猫ncia. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/187461Compendi

    Operational Research: Methods and Applications

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    Throughout its history, Operational Research has evolved to include a variety of methods, models and algorithms that have been applied to a diverse and wide range of contexts. This encyclopedic article consists of two main sections: methods and applications. The first aims to summarise the up-to-date knowledge and provide an overview of the state-of-the-art methods and key developments in the various subdomains of the field. The second offers a wide-ranging list of areas where Operational Research has been applied. The article is meant to be read in a nonlinear fashion. It should be used as a point of reference or first-port-of-call for a diverse pool of readers: academics, researchers, students, and practitioners. The entries within the methods and applications sections are presented in alphabetical order. The authors dedicate this paper to the 2023 Turkey/Syria earthquake victims. We sincerely hope that advances in OR will play a role towards minimising the pain and suffering caused by this and future catastrophes

    Arithmetic and Modularity in Declarative Languages for Knowledge Representation

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    The past decade has witnessed the development of many important declarative languages for knowledge representation and reasoning such as answer set programming (ASP) languages and languages that extend first-order logic. Also, since these languages depend on background solvers, the recent advancements in the efficiency of solvers has positively affected the usability of such languages. This thesis studies extensions of knowledge representation (KR) languages with arithmetical operators and methods to combine different KR languages. With respect to arithmetic in declarative KR languages, we show that existing KR languages suffer from a huge disparity between their expressiveness and their computational power. Therefore, we develop an ideal KR language that captures the complexity class NP for arithmetical search problems and guarantees universality and efficiency for solving such problems. Moreover, we introduce a framework to language-independently combine modules from different KR languages. We study complexity and expressiveness of our framework and develop algorithms to solve modular systems. We define two semantics for modular systems based on (1) a model-theoretical view and (2) an operational view on modular systems. We prove that our two semantics coincide and also develop mechanisms to approximate answers to modular systems using the operational view. We augment our algorithm these approximation mechanisms to speed up the process of solving modular system. We further generalize our modular framework with supported model semantics that disallows self-justifying models. We show that supported model semantics generalizes our two previous model-theoretical and operational semantics. We compare and contrast the expressiveness of our framework under supported model semantics with another framework for interlinking knowledge bases, i.e., multi-context systems, and prove that supported model semantics generalizes and unifies different semantics of multi-context systems. Motivated by the wide expressiveness of supported models, we also define a new supported equilibrium semantics for multi-context systems and show that supported equilibrium semantics generalizes previous semantics for multi-context systems. Furthermore, we also define supported semantics for propositional programs and show that supported model semnatics generalizes the acclaimed stable model semantics and extends the two celebrated properties of rationality and minimality of intended models beyond the scope of logic programs

    Operational Research: Methods and Applications

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    Throughout its history, Operational Research has evolved to include a variety of methods, models and algorithms that have been applied to a diverse and wide range of contexts. This encyclopedic article consists of two main sections: methods and applications. The first aims to summarise the up-to-date knowledge and provide an overview of the state-of-the-art methods and key developments in the various subdomains of the field. The second offers a wide-ranging list of areas where Operational Research has been applied. The article is meant to be read in a nonlinear fashion. It should be used as a point of reference or first-port-of-call for a diverse pool of readers: academics, researchers, students, and practitioners. The entries within the methods and applications sections are presented in alphabetical order
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