UWB Analog Multiplier in 90nm CMOS SoC Pulse Radar Sensor for Biomedical Applications

This thesis reports the description and results of the doctoral research programme in Information Engineering (University of Pisa), carried out in the three years from 2008 to 2010. The doctoral research programme has been originated by the European project ProeTEX aimed at developing a new generation of equipments for the market of emergency operators, like fire-fighters and Civil Protection rescuers. In this context, the multidisciplinary research group originated by the international cooperation of the research groups led by Prof. Danilo De Rossi (University of Pisa, Italy) as for Bio-engineering and Dr. Domenico Zito (University College Cork and Tyndall National Institute, Cork, Ireland) as for Microelectronics, has focused on the implementation of an innovative ultra-wide-band (UWB) pulse radar sensor fully integrated on a single silicon die for non-invasive and contact-less cardio-pulmonary monitoring within a wearable textile sensor platform. The radar sensor is designed to detect the heart and respiratory rates, which can be transmitted to a personal server that coordinates the entire Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). Such radar sensor should sense the mechanical activity instead of the electrical activity of the heart. UWB bio-sensing allows low risk preliminary monitoring without discomfort since the radar system permits continuous monitoring without requiring any contact with the skin of the patient unlike the traditional technologies (i.e. ultrasounds). In detail, the radar transmits a sequence of extremely short electromagnetic pulses towards the heart and, due to the capability of microwaves to penetrate body tissues, detects the heart wall movement by correlating the echoes reflected with local replicas of the transmitted pulses properly delayed (i.e. time of flight). The specific aim of the doctoral research program has been the design and experimental characterization of the CMOS UWB analog multiplier, which is a crucial circuit in the receiver chain that implements the correlation between the received and amplified echo and the local replica, generated on-chip, of the transmitted pulse. The fully-differential circuit consists of a p-MOSFET common-gate differential pair as input stage for a wideband impedance matching, a p-MOSFET Gilbert’s quad as multiplier stage, and active loads. The circuit has been designed and fabricated in 90nm CMOS. Given the few works on similar analog circuits having inferior performance with respect to those requested, an innovative circuit solution has been identified. Moreover, a novel time-domain metric has been introduced in order to put in evidence the real behaviour of the system that differs from a traditional mixer commonly analyzed using frequency-domain metrics. This new metric, namely Input-Output Energy Ratio (IOER), aims at the optimization of the multiplier circuit design so that the output voltage corresponding to maximum correlation between two input pulses is maximized. The experimental characterization and the comparison with the state of the art have shown that the multiplier exhibits one of the best set of performance available in literature. The novel multiplier has been co-integrated with the other building blocks of the radar. The preliminary experimental characterization of the test-chips carried out by the research group, has demonstrated that the proposed UWB radar sensor works properly. It can detect a reflective target consisting of a half-centimetre-thick board surface (26×26 cm2) covered by aluminium foil, up to a distance of 70 cm. Moreover, it can detect the respiratory rate of a person placed at a distance of 25 cm. This work presents the first implementation, including experimental evidences, of a SoC UWB pulse radar front-end based on a correlation receiver, in 90nm CMOS technology

IC design, UWB synchronization circuit

Master'sMASTER OF ENGINEERIN

The Design of Low Power Ultra-Wideband Transceiver

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

Advances in Integrated Circuit Design and Implementation for New Generation of Wireless Transceivers

User’s everyday outgrowing demand for high-data and high performance mobile devices pushes industry and researchers into more sophisticated systems to fulfill those expectations. Besides new modulation techniques and new system designs, significant improvement is required in the transceiver building blocks to handle higher data rates with reasonable power efficiency. In this research the challenges and solution to improve the performance of wireless communication transceivers is addressed. The building block that determines the efficiency and battery life of the entire mobile handset is the power amplifier. Modulations with large peak to average power ratio severely degrade efficiency in the conventional fixed-biased power amplifiers (PAs). To address this challenge, a novel PA is proposed with an adaptive load for the PA to improve efficiency. A nonlinearity cancellation technique is also proposed to improve linearity of the PA to satisfy the EVM and ACLR specifications. Ultra wide-band (UWB) systems are attractive due to their ability for high data rate, and low power consumption. In spite of the limitation assigned by the FCC, the coexistence of UWB and NB systems are still an unsolved challenge. One of the systems that is majorly affected by the UWB signal, is the 802.11a system (5 GHz Wi-Fi). A new analog solution is proposed to minimize the interference level caused by the impulse Radio UWB transmitter to nearby narrowband receivers. An efficient 400 Mpulse/s IR-UWB transmitter is implemented that generates an analog UWB pulse with in-band notch that covers the majority of the UWB spectrum. The challenge in receiver (RX) design is the over increasing out of blockers in applications such as cognitive and software defined radios, which are required to tolerate stronger out-of-band (OB) blockers. A novel RX is proposed with a shunt N-path high-Q filter at the LNA input to attenuate OB-blockers. To further improve the linearity, a novel baseband blocker filtering techniques is proposed. A new TIA has been designed to maintain the good linearity performance for blockers at large frequency offsets. As a result, a +22 dBm IIP3 with 3.5 dB NF is achieved. Another challenge in the RX design is the tough NF and linearity requirements for high performance systems such as carrier aggregation. To improve the NF, an extra gain stage is added after the LNA. An N-path high-Q band-pass filter is employed at the LNA output together with baseband blocker filtering technique to attenuate out-of-band blockers and improve the linearity. A noise-cancellation technique based on the frequency translation has been employed to improve the NF. As a result, a 1.8dB NF with +5 dBm IIP3 is achieved. In addition, a new approach has been proposed to reject out of band blockers in carrier aggregation scenarios. The proposed solution also provides carrier to carrier isolation compared to typical solution for carrier aggregation

Learning-Based Hardware Design for Data Acquisition Systems

This multidisciplinary research work aims to investigate the optimized information extraction from signals or data volumes and to develop tailored hardware implementations that trade-off the complexity of data acquisition with that of data processing, conceptually allowing radically new device designs. The mathematical results in classical Compressive Sampling (CS) support the paradigm of Analog-to-Information Conversion (AIC) as a replacement for conventional ADC technologies. The AICs simultaneously perform data acquisition and compression, seeking to directly sample signals for achieving specific tasks as opposed to acquiring a full signal only at the Nyquist rate to throw most of it away via compression. Our contention is that in order for CS to live up its name, both theory and practice must leverage concepts from learning. This work demonstrates our contention in hardware prototypes, with key trade-offs, for two different fields of application as edge and big-data computing. In the framework of edge-data computing, such as wearable and implantable ecosystems, the power budget is defined by the battery capacity, which generally limits the device performance and usability. This is more evident in very challenging field, such as medical monitoring, where high performance requirements are necessary for the device to process the information with high accuracy. Furthermore, in applications like implantable medical monitoring, the system performances have to merge the small area as well as the low-power requirements, in order to facilitate the implant bio-compatibility, avoiding the rejection from the human body. Based on our new mathematical foundations, we built different prototypes to get a neural signal acquisition chip that not only rigorously trades off its area, energy consumption, and the quality of its signal output, but also significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art in all aspects. In the framework of big-data and high-performance computation, such as in high-end servers application, the RF circuits meant to transmit data from chip-to-chip or chip-to-memory are defined by low power requirements, since the heat generated by the integrated circuits is partially distributed by the chip package. Hence, the overall system power budget is defined by its affordable cooling capacity. For this reason, application specific architectures and innovative techniques are used for low-power implementation. In this work, we have developed a single-ended multi-lane receiver for high speed I/O link in servers application. The receiver operates at 7 Gbps by learning inter-symbol interference and electromagnetic coupling noise in chip-to-chip communication systems. A learning-based approach allows a versatile receiver circuit which not only copes with large channel attenuation but also implements novel crosstalk reduction techniques, to allow single-ended multiple lines transmission, without sacrificing its overall bandwidth for a given area within the interconnect's data-path

Application of Ultra-Wideband Technology to RFID and Wireless Sensors

Aquesta Tesi Doctoral estudia l'ús de tecnologia de ràdio banda ultraampla (UWB) per sistemes de identificació per radiofreqüència (RFID) i sensors sense fils. Les xarxes de sensors sense fils (WSNs), ciutats i llars intel•ligents, i, en general, l'Internet de les coses (IoT) requereixen interfícies de ràdio simples i de baix consum i cost per un número molt ampli de sensors disseminats. UWB en el domini temporal es proposa aquí com una tecnologia de radio habilitant per aquestes aplicacions. Un model circuital s'estudia per RFID d'UWB codificat en el temps. Es proposen lectors basats en ràdars polsats comercials amb tècniques de processat de senyal. Tags RFID sense xip (chipless) codificats en el temps son dissenyats i caracterizats en termes de número d'identificacions possible, distància màxima de lectura, polarització, influència de materials adherits, comportament angular i corbatura del tag. Es proposen sensors chipless de temperatura i composició de ciment (mitjançant detecció de permitivitat). Dos plataformes semipassives codificades en temps (amb un enllaç paral•lel de banda estreta per despertar el sensor i estalviar energia) es proposen com solucions més complexes i robustes, amb una distància de lectura major. Es dissenya un sensor de temperatura (alimentat per energia solar) i un sensor de diòxid de nitrogen (mitjançant nanotubs de carboni i alimentat per una petita bateria), ambdòs semipassius amb circuiteria analògica. Es dissenya un multi-sensor semipassiu capaç de mesurar temperatura, humitat, pressió i acceleració, fent servir un microcontrolador de baix consum digital. Combinant els tags RFID UWB codificats en temps amb tecnologia de ràdar de penetració del terra (GPR), es deriva una aplicació per localització en interiors amb terra intel•ligent. Finalment, dos sistemes actius RFID UWB codificats en el temps s'estudien per aplicacions de localització de molt llarg abast.Esta Tesis Doctoral estudia el uso de tecnología de radio de banda ultraancha (UWB) para sistemas de identificación por radiofrecuencia (RFID) y sensores inalámbricos. Las redes de sensores inalámbricas (WSNs), ciudades y casas inteligentes, y, en general, el Internet de las cosas (IoT) requieren de interfaces de radio simples y de bajo consumo y coste para un número muy amplio de sensores diseminados. UWB en el dominio temporal se propone aquí como una tecnología de radio habilitante para dichas aplicaciones. Un modelo circuital se estudia para RFID de UWB codificado en tiempo. Configuraciones de lector, basadas en rádar pulsados comerciales, son propuestas, además de técnicas de procesado de señal. Tags RFID sin chip (chipless) codificados en tiempo son diseñados y caracterizados en términos de número de identificaciones posible, distancia máxima de lectura, polarización, influencia de materiales adheridos, comportamiento angular y curvatura del tag. Se proponen sensores chipless de temperatura y composición de cemento (mediante detección de permitividad). Dos plataformas semipasivas codificadas en tiempo (con un enlace paralelo de banda estrecha para despertar el sensor y ahorrar energía) se proponen como soluciones más complejas y robustas, con una distancia de lectura mayor. Se diseña un sensor de temperatura (alimentado por energía solar) y un sensor de dióxido de nitrógeno (mediante nanotubos de carbono y alimentado por una batería pequeña), ambos semipasivos con circuitería analógica. Se diseña un multi-sensor semipasivo capaz de medir temperatura, humedad, presión y aceleración, usando un microcontrolador digital de bajo consumo. Combinando los tags RFID UWB codificados en tiempo y tecnología de radar de penetración de suelo (GPR), se deriva una aplicación para localización en interiores con suelo inteligente. Finalmente, dos sistemas activos RFID UWB codificados en tiempo se estudian para aplicaciones de localización de muy largo alcance.This Doctoral Thesis studies the use of ultra-wideband (UWB) radio technology for radio-frequency identification (RFID) and wireless sensors. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for smart cities, smart homes and, in general, Internet of Things (IoT) applications require low-power, low-cost and simple radio interfaces for an expected very large number of scattered sensors. UWB in time domain is proposed here as an enabling radio technology. A circuit model is studied for time-coded UWB RFID. Reader setups based on commercial impulse radars are proposed, in addition to signal processing techniques. Chipless time-coded RFID tags are designed and characterized in terms of number of possible IDs, maximum reading distance, polarization, influence of attached materials, angular behaviour and bending. Chipless wireless temperature sensors and chipless concrete composition sensors (enabled by permittivity sensing) are proposed. Two semi-passive time-coded RFID sensing platforms are proposed as more complex, more robust, and longer read-range solutions. A wake-up link is used to save energy when the sensor is not being read. A semi-passive wireless temperature sensor (powered by solar energy) and a wireless nitrogen dioxide sensor (enabled with carbon nanotubes and powered by a small battery) are developed, using analog circuitry. A semi-passive multi-sensor tag capable of measuring temperature, humidity, pressure and acceleration is proposed, using a digital low-power microcontroller. Combining time-coded UWB RFID tags and ground penetrating radar, a smart floor application for indoor localization is derived. Finally, as another approach, two active time-coded RFID systems are developed for very long-range applications

Cooperative Radio Communications for Green Smart Environments

The demand for mobile connectivity is continuously increasing, and by 2020 Mobile and Wireless Communications will serve not only very dense populations of mobile phones and nomadic computers, but also the expected multiplicity of devices and sensors located in machines, vehicles, health systems and city infrastructures. Future Mobile Networks are then faced with many new scenarios and use cases, which will load the networks with different data traffic patterns, in new or shared spectrum bands, creating new specific requirements. This book addresses both the techniques to model, analyse and optimise the radio links and transmission systems in such scenarios, together with the most advanced radio access, resource management and mobile networking technologies. This text summarises the work performed by more than 500 researchers from more than 120 institutions in Europe, America and Asia, from both academia and industries, within the framework of the COST IC1004 Action on "Cooperative Radio Communications for Green and Smart Environments". The book will have appeal to graduates and researchers in the Radio Communications area, and also to engineers working in the Wireless industry. Topics discussed in this book include: • Radio waves propagation phenomena in diverse urban, indoor, vehicular and body environments• Measurements, characterization, and modelling of radio channels beyond 4G networks• Key issues in Vehicle (V2X) communication• Wireless Body Area Networks, including specific Radio Channel Models for WBANs• Energy efficiency and resource management enhancements in Radio Access Networks• Definitions and models for the virtualised and cloud RAN architectures• Advances on feasible indoor localization and tracking techniques• Recent findings and innovations in antenna systems for communications• Physical Layer Network Coding for next generation wireless systems• Methods and techniques for MIMO Over the Air (OTA) testin

Cooperative Radio Communications for Green Smart Environments

The demand for mobile connectivity is continuously increasing, and by 2020 Mobile and Wireless Communications will serve not only very dense populations of mobile phones and nomadic computers, but also the expected multiplicity of devices and sensors located in machines, vehicles, health systems and city infrastructures. Future Mobile Networks are then faced with many new scenarios and use cases, which will load the networks with different data traffic patterns, in new or shared spectrum bands, creating new specific requirements. This book addresses both the techniques to model, analyse and optimise the radio links and transmission systems in such scenarios, together with the most advanced radio access, resource management and mobile networking technologies. This text summarises the work performed by more than 500 researchers from more than 120 institutions in Europe, America and Asia, from both academia and industries, within the framework of the COST IC1004 Action on "Cooperative Radio Communications for Green and Smart Environments". The book will have appeal to graduates and researchers in the Radio Communications area, and also to engineers working in the Wireless industry. Topics discussed in this book include: • Radio waves propagation phenomena in diverse urban, indoor, vehicular and body environments• Measurements, characterization, and modelling of radio channels beyond 4G networks• Key issues in Vehicle (V2X) communication• Wireless Body Area Networks, including specific Radio Channel Models for WBANs• Energy efficiency and resource management enhancements in Radio Access Networks• Definitions and models for the virtualised and cloud RAN architectures• Advances on feasible indoor localization and tracking techniques• Recent findings and innovations in antenna systems for communications• Physical Layer Network Coding for next generation wireless systems• Methods and techniques for MIMO Over the Air (OTA) testin