2 research outputs found

    A Study on Low-Power Voltage Reference Circuits

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    Doctor๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ €์ „๋ ฅ์„ ํƒ€๊ฒŸ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ „์•• ์ƒ์„ฑ ํšŒ๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•œ ํšŒ๋กœ์—์„œ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ „์••๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ 10nW ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ํŒŒ์›Œ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐญ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ „์•• ํšŒ๋กœ์ด๋‹ค. ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” 0.18-ฮผm CMOS ๊ณต์ •์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 9.3nW์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•˜์—ฌ 1.238V์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ „์••๊ณผ 6.64nA์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ „์••์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณต์ •/์ „์••/์˜จ๋„ ์˜์กด์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0.21%, 0.08%/V, 26ppm/ยฐC, ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณต์ •/์ „์••/์˜จ๋„ ์˜์กด์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 4.07%, 1.16%/V, 283ppm/ยฐC์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์— ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š”, ์†Œ์ž์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๊ณต์ • ์˜์กด์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ „์•• ํšŒ๋กœ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์ • ์˜์กด์„ฑ์„ ์ค„์ž„๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— 1nW ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ํŒŒ์›Œ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ด ํšŒ๋กœ ์—ญ์‹œ 0.18-ฮผm CMOS ๊ณต์ •์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 192pW์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•˜์—ฌ 0.6926V์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ „์••์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐญ ์ „์••๊ณผ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ณต์ •์˜ ๋ฌธํ„ฑ ์ „์••์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ, ๊ณต์ •์ด ์ •ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜ˆ์ธก์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ „์••์€ ๊ณต์ •/์ „์••/์˜จ๋„ ์˜์กด์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0.53%, 0.02%/V, 33ppm/ยฐC๋กœ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋•Œ ๊ณต์ • ์˜์กด์„ฑ์€ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›จ์ดํผ์— ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.This thesis describes two low-power voltage reference circuits. Firstly, a sub-10nW bandgap-reference (BGR) circuit that implements both voltage and current references in one circuit is proposed. The BGR circuit is implemented with a 0.18-ฮผm CMOS technology and generates voltage and a current references of 1.238V and 6.64nA while consuming 9.3nW. The voltage and current references show standard deviations of 0.43% and 1.19% with temperature coefficients of 26ppm/ยฐC and 283ppm/ยฐC, respectively. Secondly, a hybrid circuit scheme that generates a reference voltage associated with both the bandgap (VBG) and the threshold voltage (Vth) is proposed. The circuit generates a nominal value of (VBG โ€“ Vth) with process dependence compensated by a dimension-induced side-effect. The proposed circuit, fabricated in a 0.18-ฮผm CMOS technology, generates a reference voltage of 0.6926V and consumes 192pW from a supply voltage of 1V. Measurements show a standard deviation of 0.53% over process corners with an average temperature coefficient of 33ppm/ยฐC
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