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The 1900 Turn in Bertrand Russellâs Logic, the Emergence of his Paradox, and the Way Out
Russellâs initial project in philosophy (1898) was to make mathematics rigorous reducing it to logic. Before August 1900, however, Russellâs logic was nothing but mereology. First, his acquaintance with Peanoâs ideas in August 1900 led him to discard the part-whole logic and accept a kind of intensional predicate logic instead. Among other things, the predicate logic helped Russell embrace a technique of treating the paradox of infinite numbers with the help of a singular concept, which he called âdenoting phraseâ. Unfortunately, a new paradox emerged soon: that of classes. The main contention of this paper is that Russellâs new conception only transferred the paradox of infinity from the realm of infinite numbers to that of class-inclusion.
Russellâs long-elaborated solution to his paradox developed between 1905 and 1908 was nothing but to set aside of some of the ideas he adopted with his turn of August 1900: (i) With the Theory of Descriptions, he reintroduced the complexes we are acquainted with in logic. In this way, he partly restored the pre-August 1900 mereology of complexes and simples. (ii) The elimination of classes, with the help of the âsubstitutional theoryâ, and of propositions, by means of the Multiple Relation Theory of Judgment, completed this process
When is .999... less than 1?
We examine alternative interpretations of the symbol described as nought,
point, nine recurring. Is "an infinite number of 9s" merely a figure of speech?
How are such alternative interpretations related to infinite cardinalities? How
are they expressed in Lightstone's "semicolon" notation? Is it possible to
choose a canonical alternative interpretation? Should unital evaluation of the
symbol .999 . . . be inculcated in a pre-limit teaching environment? The
problem of the unital evaluation is hereby examined from the pre-R, pre-lim
viewpoint of the student.Comment: 28 page
Bertrand Russsell's Religion without God
The task of this paper is to reconstruct Bertrand Russell project for religion without God and dogma. Russell made two attempts in this direction, first in the essay âFree Manâs Worshipâ (1903), and then, in theoretical form, in the paper âThe Essence of Religionâ (1912). Russellâs explorations of religious impulses run in parallel with his work on technical philosophy.
According to Russell from 1903â12, religion is an important part of human pursuits. However, whereas the ordinary man believes in God, the freeman embraces a religion without fear and dogma. He strives for a union with the universe achieved in contemplation made from many perspectives through âimpartiality of visionâ. For this reason freemen renounce the Self and the Will.
Russell abandoned his project for religion without God mainly because of Wittgensteinâs criticism. In his later writings he continued to criticize the religion of the ordinary man, without to further develop a positive philosophy of religion, though
Invariant Set Theory: Violating Measurement Independence without Fine Tuning, Conspiracy, Constraints on Free Will or Retrocausality
Invariant Set (IS) theory is a locally causal ontic theory of physics based
on the Cosmological Invariant Set postulate that the universe can be
considered a deterministic dynamical system evolving precisely on a (suitably
constructed) fractal dynamically invariant set in 's state space. IS theory
violates the Bell inequalities by violating Measurement Independence. Despite
this, IS theory is not fine tuned, is not conspiratorial, does not constrain
experimenter free will and does not invoke retrocausality. The reasons behind
these claims are discussed in this paper. These arise from properties not found
in conventional ontic models: the invariant set has zero measure in its
Euclidean embedding space, has Cantor Set structure homeomorphic to the p-adic
integers () and is non-computable. In particular, it is shown that
the p-adic metric encapulates the physics of the Cosmological Invariant Set
postulate, and provides the technical means to demonstrate no fine tuning or
conspiracy. Quantum theory can be viewed as the singular limit of IS theory
when when is set equal to infinity. Since it is based around a top-down
constraint from cosmology, IS theory suggests that gravitational and quantum
physics will be unified by a gravitational theory of the quantum, rather than a
quantum theory of gravity. Some implications arising from such a perspective
are discussed.Comment: In Proceedings QPL 2015, arXiv:1511.0118
Menorah Review (No. 39, Winter, 1997)
An Interpretive Methodology With Supersessionist Forebodings -- Through a Glass Brightly: Seeing the Unseeable -- The 12th Annual Selma and Jacob Brown Lecture -- Controversy and the Dead Sea Scrolls -- Book Listing -- Jewish Civics -- Leah -- Book Briefing
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