Typology of small producers in transition to agroecological production

ArticleAgroecology is now emerging as the fundamental science to guide the conversion of conventional production systems to more diversified and self-sufficient systems. The agroecological transition is defined as the gradual change that farmers undergo to adapt and move from more conventional towards agroecological farming principles, encompassing technological, societal, institutional and organisational changes in the food system. To analyze a transition process, it is initially necessary to understand how agroecosystems work (their structure and processes), and the different ways human beings intervene an ecosystem in order to transform it for productive purposes.Farm systems typology and classification techniques are used to guide strategic lines of research, sectorial policies, and promote sustainable development in response to farmer’s needs. Determining multidimensional classification methods in agricultural systems is necessary, considering both the variables inherent to the production system and those of an external nature that indirectly impact the development and long-term sustainability of production systems. One of the purposes of this research was to characterize agricultural production based on sustainability systems and environmental, social, and economic indicators. The study was carried out based on data collected from 71 farm surveys, considering the social, economic, environmental, and technological dimensions. Multiple correspondence and cluster analysis were done. Three types of production systems were obtained: Group I, organic producers in transition; Group II, conventional producers in transition to organic production; and Group III, conventional producers interested in organic production. Producers need to focus on processes that allow them to improve their skills to develop human talent and social capital in terms of integration, collaborative work, trust, political and cultural capital, so that they can make progress easily and start implementing agroecological, infrastructure, and natural resources management practices, while improving their living standards. The information yielded by a typology process allows for us to know the current state of agricultural production systems based on the implementation of agroecological practices; thus facilitating the preparation and implementation of participatory plans and/or integrative proposals that promote agrofood sustainability

THE CONCEPT OF EDUCATION ACCORDING TO IBN KHALDUN

The purpose of this study is to find out: (1) Ibn Khaldun's view of education and to know how the classification of knowledge according to Ibn Khaldun. (2) The curriculum according to Ibn Khaldun. (3) Ibn Khaldun's view of educators and knowing the nature of educators. (4) Ibn Khaldun's view of students and knowing how the learning process is.The method used is descriptive method. Descriptive method is a method used to examine the status of a human group, an object, a set of conditions, a system of thought or a class of events in the present. Thus, this research will examine a system of thought of figures who contribute to the world of education at this time.The results of this study are: (1) The concept of education according to Ibn Khaldun is not only about learning and teaching, but education is a process in which humans consciously capture, absorb and appreciate events that have occurred throughout the ages and learn Arabic as an effort to understand Al-Qur'an. -The Qur'an and the classification of knowledge according to Ibn Khaldun consist of 2, namely Naqliyyah Science and Aqliyyah Science. (2) The curriculum according to Ibn Khaldun consists of 2, Naqliyyah Science sourced from the Qur'an and As-Sunnah and Aqliyyah Science sourced from the human mind. (3) An educator according to Ibn Khaldun is someone who educates, protects, teaches, directs and guides students towards change for the better. (4) Students according to Ibn Khaldun are people who receive knowledge or parties who need guidance and direction from educators in accordance with their physical and spiritual development

TRAFFIC SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT

Our transport system is not on a sustainable path. Achievements in terms of mobility have come at some considerable environmental, economic and social cost. Sustainability is a long-term concept, also demanding attention to its social dimension. For transport, this underscores a need to link considerations of the environment and traffic safety together. An integrated strategy implies systematic translation of a broad field of goals into a set of mutually reinforcing packages of measures. The focus is on improving the manner in which different actors recognise the need for co-operation and their readiness to implement it. The starting point is in improving communication. There are clear benefits in integration, in regard of both the synergy of actions as well as improved optimisation, but integration may also bring problems. This article is based on an international survey of an expert group formed by the OECD to review the issues and opportunities of integrating environmental and traffic safety strategies. The group assessed case studies from 12 countries and the European Union, using a classification scheme focusing on the decision contexts and life stages represented by the cases. The group's full report was published in 1997. In its conclusions, the group presents a pragmatic way ahead, and identifies some basic research needs. There are some important persisting questions: how to influence transport demand, how to increase the role of non-motorised traffic and public transport, how to find packages of measures relevant for entire regions surrounding large urban areas, and how to respond to the process of rapid motorisation in developing countries. There are as yet few measures dealing effectively with these issues, or taking them up with a concern for both safety and environment. While the approaches that have shown some success underline the importance of tailoring policies and strategies to the concrete situation of each country, they also demonstrate the importance of the international exchange of know-how. Document type: Articl

Making navigation easier in object-oriented programming systems

It has been reported that non-expert users have difficulties in finding reusable software components in large object-oriented programming systems and there is a need for help tools. The research reported in this thesis addresses this issue. Described in this thesis is the design of a tool called BRRR, which aims to help non-expert users overcome such difficulties. It is developed for Smalltalk-80, the target system of this research.BRRR is a query tool with a browsing capacity. It allows users to find necessary components by query. Its design is based on the 'retrieval by reformulation' paradigm (Williams, 1984) which was originally used in the domain of information retrieval. This paradigm allows users to incrementally specify a query by reformulation. When users specify an initial query, BRRR presents the users with an example component which satisfies the query. The users can then construct further queries by using the information presented by the system. In this way, users who are not familiar with the system or who do not know exactly what they want can be guided towards the appropriate information.During this research, two versions of BRRR were developed: BRRRl and BRRR2. BRRRl was developed initially, based on the 'retrieval by reformulation' principle. After its implementation, a formative, empirical evaluation was conducted on it with a group of users. Based on the findings of the evaluation, BRRR2, an improved version of BRRR1 was developed. BRRR2 incorporates enhanced classification methods and explanation facilities. This new version of the tool was then evaluated empirically with a group of ten users.The empirical evaluation of BRRR2 showed encouraging results. It demonstrates that the 'retrieval by reformulation' approach used in this research could be used successfully in helping users find reusable software components in object-oriented programming systems

Development and Evaluation of a Natural Language Conversational Bot for Identifying Appropriate Clinician Referral from Patient Narratives

Digitized for IUPUI ScholarWorks inclusion in 2021.Recent years have seen a significant increase in automated conversational agent chatbots. Conversational agents like chatbots for health may provide timely and cost-effective support in clinical care. Some studies show that chatbots could have an impact on patient engagement. Additionally, health systems are attempting to connect with patients over social networks, mainly where specialists are limited. By 2025, the Association of American Medical Colleges estimates that the United States will have a shortfall of 61,700-94,700 physicians and critical shortage in many specialties, delaying available appointments by months in many cases. Thus, we need innovative solutions that can manage the time of limited specialists appropriately. Recent research has demonstrated that deep learning methods are superior for natural language classification tasks compared to other machine learning methods. The primary objective of this study was to develop a telegram chatbot which reads patient narratives and acts as a conversational agent by redirecting the case to the appropriate specialist. Besides simply working on improving conversational capabilities of chatbots, we developed a novel method for referring the cases to specialists based on their responses to previous cases on a social network group. As far as we know, no other chatbot has the level of accuracy or referral system like our developed chatbot

Spherical affine cones for maximal reductive subgroups in exceptional cases

Given a complex simply connected simple algebraic group G of exceptional type and a maximal parabolic subgroup P of G, we classify all triples (G,P,H) such that H is a maximal reductive subgroup of G acting spherically on G/P . In addition we derive branching rules for the restriction of the simple G-modules V(k\omega_i)* to H, where k \in N and \omega_i is the fundamental weight associated to P. Further we find the combinatorial invariants for the spherical affine cones over G/P