Методичні вказівки та завдання для самостійної роботи студентів з практики письмового англо-українського науково-технічного перекладу. Для студентів 3 курсу факультету іноземних мов

Методичні вказівки розраховані на студентів освітньо-кваліфікаційного рівня «Бакалавр» денної форми навчання факультету іноземних мов, а також на фахівців, які прагнуть вдосконалити власні навички та вміння ідентифікації та успішного подолання граматичних і лексичних труднощів англо-українського науково-технічного перекладу. Посібник містить автентичні англомовні тексти з різноманітних галузей науки (математики, фізики, хімії, біології, фізіології, медицини, астрономії, геології тощо), розподілені відповідно до граматичних та лексичних труднощів перекладу, що в них зустрічаються

Planar waveguide CO2 laser amplifiers

The scaling of diffusion-cooled planar waveguide carbon dioxide laser oscillators to very high average power levels (> 5 kilowatts) is limited by mechanical constraints, associated with the physical size of the laser electrodes. Moreover, the operation of such lasers in pulsed mode is limited to pulse duration larger than - 50flS. However, there are important laser applications, for example in material processing, where the requirement is for high peak power level and short pulses combined with high average power. The principal objective of this project is to investigate a laser architecture based on the master oscillator power amplifier concept, but involving planar waveguide gain medium structures. Such an amplifier system may be used either for simple power amplification (long pulse/cw) or for amplifying short pulses using a 'pulse forming' modulator at the input for the amplifier. The laser excitation method involves transverse radio frequency discharges designed to match the large area slab-like structures. This excitation technique would permit multiple "stacked" slab operation with a single power generator, and in the future, may facilitate an "integrated" MOPA construction. The gain and power amplification characteristics of RF discharge excited planar waveguide amplifiers have been investigated over a range of operating parameters (gas pressure, RF power density, input beam intensity etc.) for both pulsed and cw input beams and also for single and multiple (folded) passes of the planar amplifier. Short pulses at the input to the amplifier ('p ~ 1 flSec) were generated using a long pulse oscillator and an acousto-optic modulator as a pulse slicer. In all cases, beam transformation optics were designed and utilised to ensure the excitation of the fundamental waveguide mode with minimal mode coupling. Studies of discharge-induced mode matching effects (phase shifts, amplitude variations) have also been conducted, and techniques for the elimination of parasitic oscillation have been developed. The future potential for the MOP A concept utilising this technology is evaluated for high power laser applications

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as a method of investigation of semiconductor plasma etching

Plasma etching is a complicated process in the way it involves many ion and neutral species that, depending on plasma conditions, give rise to difficulties in controlling the etch mechanism both from a sputtering and a deposition perspective. To investigate and understand the dynamics of interactions at the interface between the plasma and the solid, surface characterization techniques are necessary: here we investigate the suitability of FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) as a nondestructive, real-time, characterization method complementary to the standard characterization techniques such as XPS (X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) and SIMS (Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy). The work presented here therefore focuses the attention on both etched silicon dioxide substrates and ultra low dielectric substrates, with the purpose of studying and characterizing the surface modification due to reactions with the etching components and products, in particular to the presence of chemical bonds between silicon and fluorine and carbon. The possibility of non-destructive infrared detection of the sample surface condition would be of great help as it could be suitable for in-line characterization of the semiconductor devices during manufacturing

Whitepaper: Understanding land-atmosphere interactions through tower-based flux and continuous atmospheric boundary layer measurements

Executive summary ● Target audience: AmeriFlux community, AmeriFlux Science Steering Committee & Department of Energy (DOE) program managers [ARM/ASR (atmosphere), TES (surface), and SBR (subsurface)] ● Problem statement: The atmospheric boundary layer mediates the exchange of energy and matter between the land surface and the free troposphere integrating a range of physical, chemical, and biological processes. However, continuous atmospheric boundary layer observations at AmeriFlux sites are still scarce. How can adding measurements of the atmospheric boundary layer enhance the scientific value of the AmeriFlux network? ● Research opportunities: We highlight four key opportunities to integrate tower-based flux measurements with continuous, long-term atmospheric boundary layer measurements: (1) to interpret surface flux and atmospheric boundary layer exchange dynamics at flux tower sites, (2) to support regionalscale modeling and upscaling of surface fluxes to continental scales, (3) to validate land-atmosphere coupling in Earth system models, and (4) to support flux footprint modelling, the interpretation of surface fluxes in heterogeneous terrain, and quality control of eddy covariance flux measurements. ● Recommended actions: Adding a suite of atmospheric boundary layer measurements to eddy covariance flux tower sites would allow the Earth science community to address new emerging research questions, to better interpret ongoing flux tower measurements, and would present novel opportunities for collaboration between AmeriFlux scientists and atmospheric and remote sensing scientists. We therefore recommend that (1) a set of instrumentation for continuous atmospheric boundary layer observations be added to a subset of AmeriFlux sites spanning a range of ecosystem types and climate zones, that (2) funding agencies (e.g., Department of Energy, NASA) solicit research on land-atmosphere processes where the benefits of fully integrated atmospheric boundary layer observations can add value to key scientific questions, and that (3) the AmeriFlux Management Project acquires loaner instrumentation for atmospheric boundary layer observations for use in experiments and short-term duration campaigns