Pay as You Go: A Generic Crypto Tolling Architecture

The imminent pervasive adoption of vehicular communication, based on dedicated short-range technology (ETSI ITS G5 or IEEE WAVE), 5G, or both, will foster a richer service ecosystem for vehicular applications. The appearance of new cryptography based solutions envisaging digital identity and currency exchange are set to stem new approaches for existing and future challenges. This paper presents a novel tolling architecture that harnesses the availability of 5G C-V2X connectivity for open road tolling using smartphones, IOTA as the digital currency and Hyperledger Indy for identity validation. An experimental feasibility analysis is used to validate the proposed architecture for secure, private and convenient electronic toll payment

Security of 5G-V2X: Technologies, Standardization and Research Directions

Cellular-Vehicle to Everything (C-V2X) aims at resolving issues pertaining to the traditional usability of Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) and Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) networking. Specifically, C-V2X lowers the number of entities involved in vehicular communications and allows the inclusion of cellular-security solutions to be applied to V2X. For this, the evolvement of LTE-V2X is revolutionary, but it fails to handle the demands of high throughput, ultra-high reliability, and ultra-low latency alongside its security mechanisms. To counter this, 5G-V2X is considered as an integral solution, which not only resolves the issues related to LTE-V2X but also provides a function-based network setup. Several reports have been given for the security of 5G, but none of them primarily focuses on the security of 5G-V2X. This article provides a detailed overview of 5G-V2X with a security-based comparison to LTE-V2X. A novel Security Reflex Function (SRF)-based architecture is proposed and several research challenges are presented related to the security of 5G-V2X. Furthermore, the article lays out requirements of Ultra-Dense and Ultra-Secure (UD-US) transmissions necessary for 5G-V2X.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, Preprin

The Evolution of 5G Communications within the Scope of the Fourth Industrial Revolution

A Quarta Revolução Industrial é uma consequência da última transformação digital e consiste na substituição de seres humanos por robôs. Está associada à utilização massiva de robôs, inteligência artificial, grandes dados, Internet das Coisas (IoT), computação quântica ou impressão 3D. A transformação digital e a transformação ambiental estão amplamente associadas, uma vez que a primeira permite uma utilização mais eficiente dos recursos, o que tende a reduzir a pegada de carbono, e permite a geração de energias renováveis. A Quinta Geração de Comunicações Celulares (5G) é disruptiva, uma vez que consiste numa mudança de paradigma relacionado com as gerações anteriores. As Comunicações 5G dão uma forte contribuição para a implementação da Quarta Revolução Industrial numa vasta gama de áreas, tais como em veículos autónomos, cidades inteligentes, indústrias e agricultura inteligentes, cirurgias remotas, etc. Enquanto as comunicações 5G visam implementar alguns dos requisitos da Quarta Revolução Industrial, a Sexta Geração de Comunicações Celulares (6G), prevista para 2030, visa complementar essa implementação de uma forma mais profunda.The Fourth Industrial Revolution is a consequence of the latest digital transformation and consists of the replacement of humans by robots. It is associated to the massive use of robots, artificial intelligence, big data, Internet of Things (IoT), quantum computing or 3D printing. Digital transformation and environmental transformation are widely associated as the former allows a more efficient use of the resources, which tends to reduce the carbon footprint, and allows the generation of renewable energies. The Fifth Generation of Cellular Communications (5G) is disruptive, as it consists of a change of paradigm relating to the previous generations. 5G Communications give a strong contribution to the implementation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in a wide range of areas, such as in autonomous vehicles, smart cities, smart industries and agriculture, remote surgeries, etc. While 5G communications aim to implement some of the requirements of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the Sixth Generation of Cellular Communications (6G), expected by 2030, aims to complement such implementation in a deeper manner.La Cuarta Revolución Industrial es una consecuencia de la última transformación digital y consiste en la sustitución de los humanos por robots. Está asociada al uso masivo de robots, inteligencia artificial, big data, Internet de las Cosas (IoT), computación cuántica o impresión 3D. La transformación digital y la transformación medioambiental están ampliamente asociadas ya que la primera permite un uso más eficiente de los recursos, lo que tiende a reducir la huella de carbono, y permite la generación de energías renovables. La Quinta Generación de Comunicaciones Celulares (5G) es disruptiva, ya que consiste en un cambio de paradigma respecto a las generaciones anteriores. Las comunicaciones 5G contribuyen fuertemente a la implementación de la Cuarta Revolución Industrial en una amplia gama de áreas, como en los vehículos autónomos, las ciudades inteligentes, las industrias y la agricultura inteligentes, las cirugías a distancia, etc. Mientras que las comunicaciones 5G pretenden implementar algunos de los requisitos de la Cuarta Revolución Industrial, la Sexta Generación de Comunicaciones Celulares (6G), prevista para 2030, pretende complementar dicha implementación de manera más profunda.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

The Evolution of 5G: Delineating the Impact and Limitations across Transportation, Education, Healthcare, Agriculture, and Manufacturing

A world previously only thought possible in science fiction is about to become a reality. A world where doctors can operate on patients thousands of miles away. A world where students can experience ancient cities and distant galalike they are physically there. A world of fully self-driving cars. A world where every step of the supply chain is automated. A world where factories have a handful of employees overseeing robots handling the entire manufacturing process. A world of fully autonomous farms, where one farmer can manage an entire farm from seed to harvest from their smartphone. The development, implementation, and adoption of 5G cellular networks will make this world a possibility. 5G is the fifth generation of cellular networks. It is the successor of the current fourth generation (4G) networks. 5G technology is characterized by ultra-low latency, massive data rates, near perfect reliability, extreme density of connection, and wide coverage areas. 5G is not just another “G”, it has the potential to completely disrupt the way we work and live (Binney, 2020). 5G networks will impact the world in an almost infinite number of ways. Business models will change, the way people work will change, the way students learn will change, the way patients get health care will change, the way people get their food will change, the way people drive will change. In this thesis, I examine the development, applications, benefits, and socioeconomic impacts of 5G technology, as well as current limitations facing the industry and ways to address them

Technologies and solutions for location-based services in smart cities: past, present, and future

Location-based services (LBS) in smart cities have drastically altered the way cities operate, giving a new dimension to the life of citizens. LBS rely on location of a device, where proximity estimation remains at its core. The applications of LBS range from social networking and marketing to vehicle-toeverything communications. In many of these applications, there is an increasing need and trend to learn the physical distance between nearby devices. This paper elaborates upon the current needs of proximity estimation in LBS and compares them against the available Localization and Proximity (LP) finding technologies (LP technologies in short). These technologies are compared for their accuracies and performance based on various different parameters, including latency, energy consumption, security, complexity, and throughput. Hereafter, a classification of these technologies, based on various different smart city applications, is presented. Finally, we discuss some emerging LP technologies that enable proximity estimation in LBS and present some future research areas